Felicia Talley v. Detroit Public Schools

STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
FELICIA TALLEY, UNPUBLISHED
January 24, 2017
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v No. 329005
Wayne Circuit Court
DETROIT PUBLIC SCHOOLS, ROBYNN LC No. 14-007836-CZ
DIAMOND and VICKIE HALL,
Defendants-Appellees.
Before: RIORDAN, P.J., and HOOD and SERVITTO, JJ.
PER CURIAM.
Plaintiff appeals as of right the trial court’s order granting summary disposition in favor
of defendants, in this action where plaintiff alleged discrimination on the basis of race and
gender. We affirm.
On appeal, the thrust of plaintiff’s arguments focus on her allegations that defendants’
(employer Detroit Public Schools, now former Chief of Human Resources Vickie Hall, and now
former Human Resources executive Director of Talent Acquisition Robynn Diamond) proffered
reasons for not selecting plaintiff for the positions of Executive Director of Compensation and
Benefits and Director of Compensation were mere pretext for otherwise unlawful discrimination.
We disagree.
In Dawoud v State Farm Mut Auto Ins Co, ___ Mich App ___, ____; ___ NW2d ___
(2016) (Docket Nos. 327915, 327927); slip op at 3, this Court set forth the standard for
reviewing a trial court’s ruling on a motion brought pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(10):
This Court reviews de novo a trial court’s ruling on a motion for summary
disposition. Marilyn Froling Revocable Living Trust v Bloomfield Hills Country
Club, 283 Mich. App. 264, 279; 769 NW2d 234 (2009). A motion under this
subrule is properly granted if there is no genuine issue with respect to any
material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Id.
at 278. All documentary evidence submitted by the parties is considered, and it is
considered in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Id.
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MCL 37.2202 provides, in pertinent part, as follows:
(1) An employer shall not do any of the following:
(a) Fail or refuse to hire or recruit, discharge, or otherwise discriminate against an
individual with respect to employment, compensation, or a term, condition, or
privilege of employment, because of religion, race, color, national origin, age,
sex, height, weight, or marital status.
(b) Limit, segregate, or classify an employee or applicant for employment in a
way that deprives or tends to deprive the employee or applicant of an employment
opportunity, or otherwise adversely affects the status of an employee or applicant
because of religion, race, color, national origin, age, sex, height, weight, or
marital status.
In Hazle v Ford Motor Co, 464 Mich. 456, 462; 628 NW2d 515 (2001), the Michigan
Supreme Court recognized that in some discrimination cases, a plaintiff can present direct
evidence of discrimination. In those cases, a plaintiff’s case will move forward and the plaintiff
can establish discrimination in the same manner as any other civil case. Direct evidence is
evidence, which, if believed, would lead to the conclusion that unlawful discrimination at least
partly motivated an employer’s actions. Id. at 462. Conversely, in cases where a plaintiff cannot
produce direct evidence of discrimination, to withstand summary disposition, the plaintiff must
adhere to the steps set forth in McDonnell Douglas Corp v Green, 411 U.S. 792; 93 S. Ct. 1817; 36
L. Ed. 2d 668 (1973). Id. By doing so, a plaintiff can “present a rebuttable prima facie case on
the basis of proofs from which a factfinder could infer that the plaintiff was the victim of
unlawful discrimination.” Hazle, 464 Mich. at 462, quoting Debrow v Century 21 Great Lakes,
Inc (After Remand), 463 Mich. 534, 537-538; 620 NW2d 836 (2001). This approach may be used
in both race and gender discrimination cases. Hazle, 464 Mich. at 462-463. Where plaintiff in
the instant case has not brought forward direct evidence of race and gender discrimination, she
must rely on “the McDonnell Douglas framework.” Id. at 463.
Under McDonnell Douglas, a plaintiff must first offer a “prima facie case”
of discrimination. Here, plaintiff was required to present evidence that (1) she
belongs to a protected class, (2) she suffered an adverse employment action, (3)
she was qualified for the position, and (4) the job was given to another person
under circumstances giving rise to an inference of unlawful discrimination.
[Hazle, 464 Mich. at 463 (citations and footnote omitted).]
Once a plaintiff has made out a prima facie case, a presumption of discrimination will
arise. Hazle, 464 Mich. at 463. The prima facie case results in an inference of discrimination,
“because [a Court will] presume these acts, if otherwise unexplained, are more likely than not
based on the consideration of impermissible factors.” Id., quoting Furnco Constr Corp v Waters,
438 U.S. 567, 577; 98 S. Ct. 2943; 57 L. Ed. 2d 957 (1978). Then, in an attempt to rebut the
presumption of discrimination established by the creation of the prima facie case, “the defendant
has the opportunity to articulate a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for its employment
decision in an effort to rebut the presumption created by the plaintiff’s prima facie case.” Hazle,
464 Mich. at 464.
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The articulation requirement means that the defendant has the burden of
producing evidence that its employment actions were taken for a legitimate,
nondiscriminatory reason . . . . If the employer makes such an articulation, the
presumption created by the McDonnell Douglas prima facie case drops away. [Id.
at 464-465 (footnotes omitted).]
On appeal, as in the trial court, defendants do not challenge that plaintiff belongs to a
member of a protected class or that she has suffered adverse employment action in that she was
not given two positions with her company that she applied for (although she is still employed
with the company). Defendants also do not dispute that plaintiff was otherwise qualified for the
positions applied for and it appears they do not dispute that the jobs were given to another person
under circumstances giving rise to an inference of unlawful discrimination. In effect, there
appears to be no contention that plaintiff failed to make out a prima facie case of discrimination.
Therefore, we may properly narrow our review of the trial court’s decision to the second two
stages of the McDonnell Douglas burden-shifting analysis.
Arguing that they did not discriminate when they did not select plaintiff for the EDCB
and DOC positions, defendants offered the following reasons for declining to promote plaintiff.
With regard to the EDCB position, defendants asserted that Todd Faison was selected over
plaintiff because the Chief Human Resource Officer for Detroit Public Schools, Vickie Hall
determined that Faison was the better candidate “based upon his strategic background in
compensation and benefits[.]” In support, defendants produced Hall’s May 27, 2015 affidavit, in
which she averred, in pertinent part, as follows:
The [human resources] department was staffed with approximately 43
employees/contract workers. I was tasked with evaluating a plan of
reorganization that was initiated by a consulting firm. However, the suggested
plan had not been executed prior to my starting. The goal of the reorganization
plan was to properly situate talent, gain better efficiencies and provide better
customer service to our internal and external clients. Emergency Manager Roy
Roberts was interested in bringing a business model into the department to gain
greater efficiencies and to develop policies and procedures that were current and
up to date in this area.
* * *
I considered Mr. Faison to be the best candidate for the position, based on
his strategic background in compensation and benefits. He had a business
acumen that was strong and analytical. He was able to provide very definite
examples of his work. Of particular interest was his work on developing
employee assistance programs, understanding compensation bands based on
market and similar situated [sic] businesses and his ability to make to assess [sic]
a situation and make a decision to the well-being of the organization.
Concerning the DOC position, defendants stated that William Bogle was selected over plaintiff
because plaintiff did not perform well in her interview. In support of this assertion, defendants
pointed to the deposition testimony of Cassandra Washington, an executive director with DPS,
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who testified that she and Faison sat on a panel together, interviewing four or five candidates for
the position. Washington asked questions of the candidates that had been drafted by DPS’s
Talent Acquisition Division, and it was ultimately Faison, who held the EDCB position, that
selected Bogle for the DOC position. After stating that she recommended Bogle and another
candidate for the DOC position, Washington explained why she did not recommend plaintiff for
the position:
Q. Okay. So what is it about the interview process that caused you not to
recommend Ms. Talley?
A. Well, during the interview, from what I recall, there were specific
questions that were asked that she did not articulate well, as to her knowledge
base, experience, as well as forward thinker, innovation, creativity with respects
to the position.
The division was going through a reorganization as some of the job – well,
all of the job descriptions were rewritten, and what was currently being performed
in the role was being expanded.
And so during the interview process, we asked questions that were – that
honed in currently on what they were doing and how they would move that
position forward. And she did not give the best articulation of that in her
responses.
Washington also testified, in response to questioning from plaintiff’s counsel, that DPS’s Human
Resources Division was undergoing significant changes pertaining to compensation:
Well, the compensation package, to my knowledge, was, you know, an
addition to the department. And so there were questions about the current
compensation structure, and comparison to what the idea of that individual’s
compensation philosophy was. Where did they see the District moving forward?
Where was [sic] some of the best practices? How did it coordinate, you know,
across industry? And give me your experience and your knowledge relative to
compensation.
After being questioned by plaintiff’s counsel about how duties related to compensation may have
changed in the Human Resources Division, Washington further testified about plaintiff’s
performance during the interview:
Yeah, I – yes, there were several questions that I asked that were relative
to compensation. But I don’t remember specifically what I asked. I do recall that
there was minimum interjection and that [plaintiff] did not expand upon her
responses. And when asked certain behavioral questions or situational questions,
you know, there was not articulation beyond what was [already] occurring [at
DPS].
Therefore, as the trial court correctly noted, once defendants presented evidence that their
reasons for not selecting plaintiff for the EDCB and DOC positions were legitimate and non-
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discriminatory in nature, the presumption of discrimination created by the prima facie case was
eliminated, and the burden shifted to plaintiff to establish that these reasons were merely pretext
for otherwise unlawful discrimination. Hazle, 464 Mich. at 465.
As the Michigan Supreme Court recognized in Hazle, 464 Mich. at 465, at the third stage
of the burden-shifting analysis, the plaintiff must undertake the following to withstand a motion
for summary disposition:
[T]he plaintiff must demonstrate that the evidence in the case, when construed in
the plaintiff’s favor, is “sufficient to permit a reasonable trier of fact to conclude
that discrimination was a motivating factor for the adverse action taken by the
employer toward the plaintiff.” Lytle, supra at 176. As we first held in Town v
Michigan Bell Telephone Co, 455 Mich. 688, 698; 568 NW2d 64 (1997), and then
reaffirmed in Lytle, supra at 175-176, a plaintiff “must not merely raise a triable
issue that the employer’s proffered reason was pretextual, but that it was a pretext
for [unlawful] discrimination.”
The pivotal inquiry at this stage is “whether consideration of a protected characteristic was a
motivating factor, namely, whether it made a difference in the contested employment decision.”
Hazle, 464 Mich. at 466 (citation and footnote omitted).
Plaintiff’s arguments on appeal are focused on whether defendants’ stated reasons for not
selecting her for the EDCB and DOC positions were merely a pretext for otherwise unlawful
discrimination. Plaintiff raises four arguments in support of her claims of pretext and each will
be discussed in turn.
Plaintiff first asserts that Faison was not properly qualified for the EDCB position
because of his lack of relevant experience, and that plaintiff had more experience. In support of
this assertion, plaintiff points to the job posting for the EDCB position, which stated that “[a]
minimum of 5-7 years of direct experience in Benefits and Compensation” is required. After a
close and thorough review of the record evidence, we conclude that plaintiff’s characterization of
Faison’s experience is not supported by the record. During Hall’s deposition, she detailed the
merits of Faison’s experience yielded both from his resume and during his interview for an
Employee Relations position that led her to conclude that he was a viable candidate with the
required qualifications for the EDCB position. According to Hall, her extensive background in
human resources allowed her to “know and [ ] identify knowledge that is needed, [as well as]
expertise and fit for an organization when I’m looking for someone to fill a position.”
In support of her argument that Faison’s lack of qualifications demonstrate that
defendants’ stated reasons for not selecting plaintiff for the EDCB position were mere pretext,
plaintiff also relies on Farber v Massillon Bd of Ed, 917 F2d 1391, 1398 (CA 6, 1990), where the
United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit concluded that the employer’s proffered
reasons for selecting another candidate for a position amounted to pretext for discrimination. In
Farber, the plaintiff was a teacher, and the position at issue called for 10 years of experience, but
did not require seniority. Id. at 1397. The plaintiff’s competitor for the position had only 8 years
of experience, and when challenged, the defendant employer gave the explanation that the
competitor was hired because of seniority. Id. at 1398. The United States Court of Appeals for
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the Sixth Circuit concluded that the district court erred in not finding evidence of pretext for
unlawful discrimination under those circumstances. Id. at 1398. In contrast, in the present case,
Hall clearly stated that she concluded, both on the basis of Faison’s resume and information
provided in his interview, that Faison satisfied the qualifications of the EDCB position and that
she determined him to be the best candidate for the EDCB position. During her deposition, after
extensively reviewing Faison’s qualifications set forth in his resume, Hall stated that he had 6
years of necessary experience that satisfied the requirements for the EDCB position.
Accordingly, unlike in Farber, this is not a case where the defendant employer is relying on
qualifications that are not even relevant to a position to justify its employment decision.
Accordingly, plaintiff’s argument that defendants’ proffered reasons were merely pretext for
unlawful discrimination is not persuasive.
Plaintiff also argues that the fact that Faison was considered for the EDCB position
without applying in compliance with DPS procedures supports a conclusion that defendants
acted with discriminatory intent. Plaintiff points to the DPS Handbook, as well as the job
posting for the EDCB position, asserting that they required Faison to apply online for the EDCB
position.
During her deposition, Hall herself clearly stated that as DPS’s Chief Human Resources
Officer, she was authorized to overlook the requirement that Faison apply online for the EDCB
position where she concluded that he had the knowledge, background and expertise necessary for
the EDCB position.1 Hall also testified that Faison had applied online for a different position
and she did not feel it was necessary for him to go through the online process again since they
had all of the relevant information. Plaintiff directs this Court to the United States Court of
Appeals for the Sixth Circuit’s decision in Kimble v Wasylyshyn, 439 Fed Appx 492, 495, 499-
500 (CA 6, 2011), for support of her position. In that case, the defendant employer stated that its
reasons for not promoting the plaintiff, a police officer, were related to its desire to increase
citation and arrest statistics, and the plaintiff did not meet that standard. The plaintiff pointed to
an earlier promotion of another individual whose enforcement statistics were the lowest in the
relevant applicant pool, arguing that the defendant’s proffered reasons for not promoting the
plaintiff were thus contrived. Id. at 499. The United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth
Circuit agreed, noting that the plaintiff’s argument “cast[ ] doubt” on the sincerity of the
defendant employer’s motives. Id. at 500.
Unlike in Kimble, the record evidence here, while uncontroverted that Faison did not
apply for the specific EDCB position online, does not yield a showing of discriminatory animus.
In other words, even if defendants relaxed the applicable policies and procedures to allow Faison
to apply for the EDCB position, there is no indication from the record that this decision was
motivated by discrimination against plaintiff on the basis of her gender. Instead, the record
reflects that defendants’ actions and decisions followed principled business judgments.
1
Accordingly, the trial court did not need to rely on evidence not of record, as plaintiff asserts, in
concluding that Faison’s hiring was not improper where he did not apply online for the EDCB
position.
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Plaintiff also directs this Court’s attention to its decision in Coleman-Nichols v Tixon
Corp, 203 Mich. App. 645, 651-653; 513 NW2d 441 (1994). In Coleman-Nichols, this Court
concluded that factual issues existed with regard to whether the plaintiff suffered discrimination
on the basis of her gender where she was paid less than a male counterpart who was less
experienced, and where that same male counterpart was chosen over the plaintiff for an
employment position, even where the plaintiff had more experience. Id. at 652. Coleman-
Nichols is factually distinguishable from the instant case, where the record evidence here
confirms that Hall, with extensive human resources experience, determined Faison to be properly
qualified for the EDCB position. Put another way, the record demonstrates that Faison was
selected because of the skills and credentials he could offer to DPS at a time when DPS was
specifically looking for candidates that met its strategic vision during a period of significant
transition. The record evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to plaintiff, does not yield
anything to show that defendants considered plaintiff’s gender or race in making the final
employment decision. Hazle, 464 Mich. at 466. Indeed, defendants put forth evidence that their
decision was one grounded in business judgment, something that appellate courts are reluctant to
interfere in. Id. at 475-476. In sum, plaintiff has not demonstrated that the evidence that Faison
did not follow exact DPS protocol in applying for the EDCB position would permit a jury to
conclude that DPS’s proffered reasons for hiring Faison were a pretext for unlawful
discrimination. Id. at 476.
Plaintiff also contends that where she presented evidence that she was more qualified
than Bogle for the DOC position, and that defendants’ contention that Bogle was hired because
he was “more articulate” than plaintiff during his interview does not amount to a legitimate, non-
discriminatory reason for his selection, particularly where the scoring sheet that defendants relied
on from plaintiff’s interview contained incomplete scores.
Plaintiff relies on Campbell v Dep’t of Human Servs, 286 Mich. App. 230, 242; 780 NW2d
586 (2009), asserting that this case stands for the legal proposition that where scores from an
interview are not provided, a genuine issue of material fact arises with regard to whether the
selection process resulted from unlawful discrimination. In Campbell, this Court reviewed the
trial court’s decision to deny the defendant’s motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict
(JNOV), concluding that there was evidence for the jury to conclude that the defendant’s
proffered reasons for its employment decision were pretextual. Id. at 242. The Court reached
this conclusion where the defendant stated that it promoted another male candidate over the
plaintiff on the basis of objective scoring criteria and written recommendations, but failed to
produce this evidence, even when it was available. Id. at 242. Specifically, the defendant stated
that the other candidate had the highest score in the interview process, but failed to produce the
actual evidence of that. Id. In affirming the trial court’s denial of the defendant’s motion for
JNOV, this Court stated, in pertinent part, as follows:
Defendant claimed Johnson had the highest interviewing score, but failed
to introduce the actual scores as corroborating evidence, despite their availability.
This was of particular importance because interview performance apparently was
the key factor in the promotion decision. Further, plaintiff’s written qualifications
were more than sufficient and she had been trained in the type of interviewing
employed. In light of these facts, along with the evidence on the record that
supported an inference of discrimination based on defendant’s pattern of
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promoting men who were less qualified than plaintiff, plaintiff created a triable
issue regarding whether defendant’s stated reason for promoting Johnson was a
mere pretext for gender discrimination. [Id. (Emphasis added.)]
Defendants, in their brief on appeal, concede, “Todd Faison’s scores were not located,
but it is undisputed that Plaintiff was not selected by Mr. Faison.” Accordingly, unlike the facts
in Campbell, there is no evidence to suggest that defendants had access to Faison’s scores and
failed to produce them, and there is also no evidence in this case that defendants routinely
promoted men over plaintiff who are less qualified. Therefore, Campbell, decided in the context
of a JNOV motion, is distinguishable, and plaintiff’s claims of pretext for unlawful
discrimination are not persuasive, where the record evidence does not demonstrate that plaintiff’s
race played any role in defendants’ decision to select Bogle over plaintiff for the DOC position.
Hazle, 464 Mich. at 466.
Finally, plaintiff contends that the trial court’s decision ought to be reversed where it
relied on what plaintiff characterizes as a “same group inference,” which has been rejected by the
United States Supreme Court, as well as this Court. In Oncale v Sundowner Offshore Serv, Inc,
523 U.S. 75, 78; 118 S. Ct. 998; 140 L. Ed. 2d 201 (1998), the male petitioner filed a lawsuit against
his employer claiming sexual harassment in violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of
1964. Oncale, 523 U.S. at 75. Where the lower courts in that case concluded that the petitioner
did not have a cause of action against his employer for harassment by male coworkers, in
Oncale, 523 U.S. at 78-79, the United States Supreme Court disagreed, ruling, in pertinent part, as
follows:
Title VII’s prohibition of discrimination “because of ... sex” protects men
as well as women, Newport News Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Co v EEOC, 462 U.S.
669, 682; 103 S. Ct. 2622, 2630; 77 L. Ed. 2d 89 (1983), and in the related context
of racial discrimination in the workplace we have rejected any conclusive
presumption that an employer will not discriminate against members of his own
race. “Because of the many facets of human motivation, it would be unwise to
presume as a matter of law that human beings of one definable group will not
discriminate against other members of their group.” Castaneda v Partida, 430
U.S. 482, 499; 97 S. Ct. 1272, 1282; 51 L. Ed. 2d 498 (1977). See also id., at 514 n
6, 97 S. Ct. at 1290 n 6 (POWELL, J., joined by BURGER, C.J., and REHNQUIST, J.,
dissenting). In Johnson v Transportation Agency, Santa Clara Cty, 480 U.S. 616;
107 S. Ct. 1442; 94 L. Ed. 2d 615 (1987), a male employee claimed that his
employer discriminated against him because of his sex when it preferred a female
employee for promotion. Although we ultimately rejected the claim on other
grounds, we did not consider it significant that the supervisor who made that
decision was also a man. See id., at 624–625; 107 S Ct, at 1447–1448. If our
precedents leave any doubt on the question, we hold today that nothing in Title
VII necessarily bars a claim of discrimination “because of ... sex” merely because
the plaintiff and the defendant (or the person charged with acting on behalf of the
defendant) are of the same sex. [Emphasis added.]
Accordingly, pursuant to Oncale, it is clear that an individual may pursue a claim for race
or gender discrimination in violation of Title VII, even where the plaintiff and the offending
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party are of the same race or gender. In Robinson v Ford Motor Co, 277 Mich. App. 146, 152;
744 NW2d 363 (2008), this Court was asked to consider whether the plaintiff could pursue a
same-gender, hostile work environment claim against his employer. After reviewing the United
States Supreme Court’s holding in Oncale, as well as the pertinent language of Michigan’s CRA,
this Court held as follows:
The CRA contains a phrase identical to that which was interpreted by Oncale
under title VII. Specifically, MCL 37.2202(1)(a) prohibits, “discriminat[ion] . . .
because of . . . sex” in a “term” or “condition” of employment. The language of
the CRA does not exclude same-gender harassment claims. Accordingly, we
reject defendant’s claim that the CRA excludes same-gender, hostile-work-
environment claims. [Robinson, 277 Mich. App. at 153.]
Likewise, the CRA prohibits discrimination in employment on the basis of race, and does not
contain any language that excludes discrimination claims where the plaintiff, and those alleged to
have discriminated against the plaintiff, are of the same race. MCL 37.2202(1)(a).
Plaintiff points to several comments that the trial court made during the course of the
hearing on the cross-motions for summary disposition referring to the race and gender of those
who selected Faison and Bogle for the EDCB and DOC positions and the demographics of DPS,
asserting that they establish that the trial court concluded that members of the same race or
gender could not discriminate against each other. However, a close review of the trial court’s
ruling from the bench confirms that its decision to grant defendants’ motion for summary
disposition, and to deny plaintiff’s motion for summary disposition, was based on its conclusion
that plaintiff had not put forth evidence creating a genuine issue of material fact regarding
whether the decision to not select her for the positions was in any way related to her gender or
race. Specifically, the trial court stated very clearly, “there’s no inference of discrimination that
can be discerned from[ ]” the record evidence, even when viewed in the light most favorable to
plaintiff. The trial court clarified that defendants’ decision to not select plaintiff “was clearly a
business decision,” and that plaintiff’s race and gender did not motivate defendants’ decision.
The trial court also concluded that plaintiff had not withstood the third stage of the burden-
shifting analysis, where she had not established that defendants’ proffered non-discriminatory
reasons for not selecting her were a mere pretext for otherwise unlawful discrimination. In sum,
a close review of the trial court’s ruling reflects that its decision was grounded in its
determination that plaintiff had not produced evidence of unlawful discrimination on the part of
defendants, not an improper consideration of a same group inference.
Affirmed.
/s/ Michael J. Riordan
/s/ Karen M. Fort Hood
/s/ Deborah A. Servitto
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