People of Michigan v. David Darnell Robinson

If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.
STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN, UNPUBLISHED
April 18, 2019
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v No. 339593
Macomb Circuit Court
DAVID DARNELL ROBINSON, LC No. 2015-003253-FH
Defendant-Appellant.
Before: JANSEN, P.J., and METER and GLEICHER, JJ.
PER CURIAM.
Defendant appeals as of right his jury trial conviction for embezzlement from a
vulnerable adult, MCL 750.174a(4)(a). Defendant was sentenced to two years’ probation, with
10 months’ jail, and was ordered to pay $16,017.46 in restitution to the victim which would be
reduced if he returned certain property to the victim. We affirm.
I. SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE
Defendant first contends that there was insufficient evidence to demonstrate that the
victim, an 89-year-old man, was a vulnerable adult because no evidence was introduced that the
victim needed or required supervision or personal care. We disagree.
This Court reviews de novo a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence in a jury trial,
while viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution, “to determine whether
the trier of fact could have found that the essential elements of the crime were proved beyond a
reasonable doubt.” People v Gaines, 306 Mich. App. 289, 296; 856 NW2d 222 (2014). All
conflicts in the evidence are resolved in favor of the prosecution, and all circumstantial evidence
and resulting reasonable inferences drawn therefrom can establish satisfactory proof of the
crime. People v Solloway, 316 Mich. App. 174, 180-181; 891 NW2d 255 (2016). “A jury, and
not an appellate court, observes the witnesses and listens to their testimony; therefore, an
appellate court must not interfere with the jury’s role in assessing the weight of the evidence and
the credibility of the witnesses.” People v Mikulen, 324 Mich. App. 14, 20; 919 NW2d 454
(2018).
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The crime of embezzlement from a vulnerable adult is set forth in MCL 750.174a. It
provides, in pertinent part: “[a] person shall not through fraud, deceit, misrepresentation,
coercion, or unjust enrichment obtain or use or attempt to obtain or use a vulnerable adult’s
money or property to directly or indirectly benefit that person knowing or having reason to know
the vulnerable adult is a vulnerable adult.” MCL 750.174a(1). MCL 750.174a(4)(a) additionally
provides that a person is guilty of a felony if the money or property used or obtained has a value
greater than or equal to $1,000 but less than $20,000. MCL 750.174a(15)(c) provides that the
applicable definition of a “vulnerable adult” is found in MCL 750.145m(u). Under that
provision, a vulnerable adult is “[a]n individual age 18 or over who, because of age,
developmental disability, mental illness, or physical disability requires supervision or personal
care or lacks the personal and social skills required to live independently.” People v Cline, 276
Mich. App. 634, 643; 741 NW2d 563 (2007), quoting MCL 750.145m(u)(i).
Evidence was introduced during trial that allowed the jury to reasonably infer that the
victim was a vulnerable adult as defined by Cline and MCL 750.145m(u)(i). The victim was 89-
years-old at the time of the events and lived in a supervised care home. Although the victim had
previously lived independently, he moved into the supervised care home after failing to
adequately care for himself for several days after becoming ill. The victim had gone without
food or water during that time which resulted in his hospitalization. Additionally, Kimberlie
Johnson, a long-time friend of defendant, testified that the victim was not mentally alert or
coherent at times and that he could be emotionally unstable. The victim had also asked
defendant, who was the victim’s great-nephew, to help him. Even though the victim could not
remember whether he had asked defendant to have power of attorney, Johnson heard the victim
ask that of defendant. Detective Thomas Hill’s investigation subsequently revealed that
defendant had power of attorney. That testimony was sufficient to allow the jury to reasonably
infer that, because of the victim’s age, it was difficult for the victim to take care of his physical
needs when and after he became ill. The jury could also infer that the victim knew that he
needed physical and financial help because he had asked defendant to help him. Therefore, the
jury could also reasonably infer that the victim required some form of supervision or personal
care. Viewing that evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, sufficient evidence
existed to allow the jury to find that the victim was a vulnerable adult.
II. CONSTITUTIONAL VAGUENESS
Second, defendant argues that the term “vulnerable adult” is unconstitutionally vague
because it conferred unlimited discretion on the jury to define that term. We disagree.
To preserve an issue regarding the constitutionality of a statute, the defendant must raise
the issue before the trial court. People v Vandenberg, 307 Mich. App. 57, 61; 859 NW2d 229
(2014). Defendant failed to object to the constitutionality of MCL 750.145m(u)(i) below,
therefore, this issue is unpreserved on appeal.
While constitutional issues are generally reviewed de novo on appeal, unpreserved claims
of constitutional error are reviewed for plain error. Vandenberg, 307 Mich. App. at 61. “To avoid
forfeiture under the plain error rule, three requirements must be met: 1) error must have
occurred, 2) the error was plain, i.e., clear or obvious, 3) and the plain error affected substantial
rights.” People v Carines, 460 Mich. 750, 763; 597 NW2d 130 (1999). “The third requirement
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generally requires a showing of prejudice, i.e., that the error affected the outcome of the lower
court proceedings.” Id. Reversal is warranted when the plain error leads to “the conviction of an
actually innocent defendant[,]” or where the error affects the “fairness, integrity, or public
reputation” of the proceeding. Id. at 763-764.
The void for vagueness doctrine is derived from constitutional due process guarantees.
People v Roberts, 292 Mich. App. 492, 497; 808 NW2d 290 (2011). A statute may be challenged
as unconstitutionally vague on three grounds: “(1) it is overbroad and impinges on First
Amendment freedoms; (2) it does not provide fair notice of the conduct proscribed; or (3) it is so
indefinite that it confers unstructured and unlimited discretion on the trier of fact to determine
whether an offense has been committed.” Id., quoting People v Heim, 206 Mich. App. 439; 441;
522 NW2d 675 (1994).
A defendant who challenges a statute as unconstitutionally vague has the burden of
proving that the statute is invalid. People v Bosca, 310 Mich. App. 1, 71; 871 NW2d 307 (2015).
“For a statute to be sufficiently definite, its meaning must be fairly ascertainable by reference to
judicial interpretations, the common law, dictionaries, treatises, or the commonly accepted
meanings of words.” People v Lawhorn, 320 Mich. App. 194, 200; 907 NW2d 832 (2017),
quoting People v Sands, 261 Mich. App. 158, 161; 680 NW2d 500 (2004) (quotation marks
omitted). Even if a statute is susceptible to impermissible interpretations, “reversal is not
required where the statute can be narrowly construed so as to render it sufficiently definite to
avoid vagueness and where the defendant’s conduct falls within that prescribed by the properly
construed statute.” Lawhorn, 320 Mich. App. at 200, quoting People v Al-Saiegh, 244 Mich. App.
391, 397 n 5; 625 NW2d 419 (2001) (quotation marks omitted).
The statutory definitions and the trial court’s instructions to the jury defining the term
“vulnerable adult” demonstrate that the jury had sufficient guidance in determining whether the
victim was a vulnerable adult. The statute refers to the definition of a “vulnerable adult” in
“[S]ection 145m, whether or not the individual has been determined by the court to be
incapacitated.” MCL 750.174a(15)(c). MCL 750.145m(u)(i) defines a “vulnerable adult” as
“[a]n individual age 18 or over who, because of age, developmental disability, mental illness, or
physical disability requires supervision or personal care or lacks the personal and social skills
required to live independently.” Contrary to defendant’s assertion that that definition allowed
the jury to decide the meaning of “vulnerable adult” on a subjective basis, the statutory definition
required the jury to find that the victim objectively required assistance or lacked the ability to
live an independent life. Thus, the statute provides sufficient guidance in determining whether a
person is a vulnerable adult.
Additionally, the trial court provided the definition found in MCL 750.145m(u)(i) to the
jury during jury instructions. That definition is the definition found in the statute and in other
decisions of this Court, thus, it is sufficiently definite. See Cline, 276 Mich. App. at 643 (quoting
the definition of “vulnerable adult” in MCL 750.145m(u)(i)). Defendant did not object to those
instructions in the trial court or on appeal. Because the statute clearly indicates the necessary
traits of a vulnerable adult, and no error was clear or obvious from the record, the jury had
sufficient direction to determine whether the victim was a vulnerable adult.
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III. PROSECUTORIAL ERROR
Third, defendant argues that the prosecutor committed misconduct1 by impermissibly
stating, during closing arguments, her own personal opinion and by making factual statements
not supported by the evidence. We disagree.
In order to preserve a claim of prosecutorial error for review, “a defendant must have
timely and specifically objected below, unless objection could not have cured the error.” People
v Brown, 294 Mich. App. 377, 382; 811 NW2d 531 (2011). This issue is unpreserved because
defendant did not object to any of the prosecutor’s statements during closing arguments.
Generally, issues of prosecutorial error are reviewed de novo. People v Bennett, 290
Mich. App. 465, 475; 802 NW2d 627 (2010). However, unpreserved claims of prosecutorial error
are reviewed for plain error that affects the defendant’s substantial rights. Brown, 294 Mich. App.
at 382. The defendant must therefore demonstrate that an error occurred, the error was clear or
obvious, and the error affected the outcome of the lower court proceedings. Carines, 460 Mich.
at 763.
“To determine whether prosecutorial error has occurred, this Court looks to whether the
defendant received a fair and impartial trial.” People v Johnson, 315 Mich. App. 163, 200; 889
NW2d 513 (2016). When reviewing a claim of prosecutorial error, this Court examines the
pertinent portion of the record and evaluates the prosecutor’s remarks in context. People v
Jackson, 313 Mich. App. 409, 425-426; 884 NW2d 297 (2015).
During closing argument, a prosecutor may not make “a factual statement to the jury that
is not supported by the evidence,” or express “personal beliefs or opinions of a defendant’s
guilt.” Johnson, 315 Mich. App. at 201 (quotation marks and citation omitted). However, any
statements made by a prosecutor “are to be evaluated in light of defense arguments and the
relationship the comments bear to the evidence admitted at trial.” People v Mullins, 322 Mich
App 151, 172; 911 NW2d 201 (2017), quoting People v Dobek, 274 Mich. App. 58, 64; 732
NW2d 546 (2007) (quotation marks omitted). “Generally, prosecutors are given great latitude
regarding their arguments and are free to argue the evidence and all reasonable inferences from
the evidence as they relate to their theory of the case.” Mullins, 322 Mich. App. at 172, quoting
People v Seals, 285 Mich. App. 1, 22; 776 NW2d 314 (2009) (quotation marks omitted). A
prosecutor may also “comment on his own witnesses’ credibility during closing argument,
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This Court explained in People v Cooper, 309 Mich. App. 74, 87-88; 867 NW2d 452 (2015),
that the term “prosecutorial misconduct” has become a term of art used to describe any error that
has been committed by the prosecution. The Cooper Court concluded that claims of inadvertent
error by the prosecution are “better and more fairly presented as claims of ‘prosecutorial error,’
with only the most extreme cases rising to the level of ‘prosecutorial misconduct[,]’ ” such as
those actions that are fraudulent or that violate the Michigan Rules of Professional Conduct. Id.
For that reason, we will refer to defendant’s claims of “prosecutorial misconduct” as
“prosecutorial error.”
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especially when there is conflicting evidence and the question of the defendant’s guilt depends
on which witnesses the jury believes.” Jackson, 313 Mich. App. at 416, quoting People v
Thomas, 260 Mich. App. 450, 454; 678 NW2d 631 (2004) (quotation marks omitted).
The prosecutor’s comments during closing arguments permissibly related to the
credibility of the witnesses or reasonable inferences arising from the evidence presented. First,
defendant argues that the prosecutor’s comment that she “[didn’t] believe” that the victim had
signed the titles to his 1993 Lincoln Town Car and 1977 Chevrolet Corvette over to defendant
was an impermissible expression of a personal opinion. However, the context of that statement
demonstrates that the prosecutor was commenting on the credibility of the victim’s and
Johnson’s testimonies. The victim testified that he did not sign over the titles to those cars, while
Johnson testified that she had seen the victim do so. Juxtaposing the victim’s testimony with
Johnson’s testimony was a permissible comment on the victim’s credibility because there was
conflicting testimonial evidence and the question of defendant’s guilt depended on which witness
the jury believed. Jackson, 313 Mich. App. at 416.
Additionally, defendant contends that the prosecutor’s comments that defendant
“probably sold” the Town Car and Corvette and that the victim’s signature was not “a hard
signature to forge[]” were impermissible as they were not supported by the evidence presented.
However, those comments were based on reasonable inferences arising from the evidence
presented. Detective Hill testified that defendant owned the titles to both the Town Car and
Corvette. However, Detective Hill was unable to locate either car during the course of his
investigation. One could reasonably infer from that evidence that defendant may have sold the
cars because the cars were no longer in defendant’s possession. Furthermore, the victim testified
that someone could have duplicated his signature on other documents. One could reasonably
infer from that testimony that someone, including defendant, could have forged the victim’s
signature on title documents to a new car. Therefore, those statements were reasonable
inferences arising from the evidence related to the prosecution’s theory that defendant had
illegally benefitted from his relationship with the victim. Mullins, 322 Mich. App. at 172.
Accordingly, the prosecutor’s statements during closing arguments do not rise to the level of
prosecutorial error.
IV. INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL
Finally, defendant argues that he was denied the effective assistance of counsel because
trial counsel failed to object to the prosecutor’s comments during closing arguments. We
disagree.
A defendant preserves the issue of ineffective assistance of counsel by moving in the trial
court either for a new trial or for an evidentiary hearing on the issue pursuant to People v
Ginther, 390 Mich. 436; 212 NW2d 922 (1973). People v Foster, 319 Mich. App. 365, 390; 901
NW2d 127 (2017). This issue is unpreserved because defendant neither moved for a new trial
nor requested a Ginther hearing before the trial court.
“Whether a defendant was deprived of the effective assistance of counsel presents a
mixed question of fact and constitutional law.” People v Head, 323 Mich. App. 526, 539; 917
NW2d 752 (2018). While an appellate court reviews the trial court’s constitutional
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determinations de novo, the trial court’s factual determinations are reviewed for clear error. Id.
A factual determination is clearly erroneous if the appellate court is “left with a definite and firm
conviction that the trial court made a mistake.” People v Franklin, 500 Mich. 92, 100; 894
NW2d 561 (2017). If an issue is unpreserved and no Ginther hearing is held, “review is limited
to errors apparent on the record.” People v Urban, 321 Mich. App. 198, 206; 908 NW2d 564
(2017).
“Effective assistance of counsel is presumed, and the defendant bears a heavy burden of
proving otherwise.” Urban, 321 Mich. App. at 206-207. To support a conclusion that a
defendant’s trial counsel was ineffective, the defendant must demonstrate that “(1) counsel’s
performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness and (2) but for counsel’s
deficient performance, there is a reasonable probability that the outcome would have been
different.” People v Trakhtenberg, 493 Mich. 38, 51; 826 NW2d 136 (2012); see also Strickland
v Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687; 104 S. Ct. 2052; 80 L. Ed. 2d 674 (1984). The defendant bears
the burden of establishing the factual predicate for his claim. Jackson, 313 Mich. App. at 432.
Additionally, “[f]ailing to advance a meritless argument or raise a futile objection does not
constitute ineffective assistance of counsel.” People v Green, 322 Mich. App. 676, 687; 913
NW2d 385 (2018), quoting People v Ericksen, 288 Mich. App. 192, 201; 793 NW2d 120 (2010)
(quotation marks omitted).
As discussed supra, the prosecutor’s comments during closing arguments did not rise to
the level of prosecutorial error because they were permissible comments on the credibility of the
prosecution’s witnesses or reasonable inferences from the evidence related to the prosecution’s
theory of the case. Mullins, 322 Mich. App. at 172; Jackson, 313 Mich. App. at 416. Even if
defense counsel had objected to those statements, the trial court should have overruled those
objections. Therefore, because such an objection would have been futile, defense counsel’s
failure to object to those statements does not constitute ineffective assistance of counsel. Green,
322 Mich. App. at 687.
However, even if the prosecutor did commit misconduct in making those comments, and
an objection to those comments would not have been futile, defendant failed to demonstrate that
he was prejudiced by those comments. The trial court instructed the jury that the lawyers’
statements and arguments were not evidence. “Jurors are presumed to follow the court’s
instructions, and instructions are presumed to cure most errors.” Mullins, 322 Mich. App. at 173.
That instruction would presumably have cured any error that may have occurred, and defendant
has not presented any evidence that would overcome that presumption. Therefore, defendant has
also failed to demonstrate that he was prejudiced by the prosecutor’s comments, and any
ineffective assistance of counsel claim must fail.
Affirmed.
/s/ Kathleen Jansen
/s/ Patrick M. Meter
/s/ Elizabeth L. Gleicher
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