Grimmer v. Lee

STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
DONALD GRIMMER, as Personal Representative FOR PUBLICATION
of the Estate of MELODY GRIMMER, Deceased, March 26, 2015
9:05 a.m.
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v No. 318046
Bay Circuit Court
DANIEL T. LEE, M.D., STEPHEN J. LC No. 13-003094-NH
MATTICHAK, M.D., BAY REGIONAL
MEDICAL CENTER, BAY REGIONAL HEART
AND VASCULAR, and MICHIGAN
CARDIOVASCULAR INSTITUTE, Jointly and
Severally,
Defendant-Appellees,
and
ANTONIO VASQUEZ, M.D., ANTONIO
VASQUEZ, M.D., P.C., and BAY CITY
VASCULAR,
Defendants.
Before: SHAPIRO, P.J., and GLEICHER and RONAYNE KRAUSE, JJ.
PER CURIAM.
Plaintiff Donald Grimmer brought a medical malpractice action against a handful of
defendants including two cardiologists (defendants Daniel T. Lee, M.D. and Stephen J.
Mattichak, M.D.) and a vascular surgeon (defendant Antonio Vasquez, M.D.). The cardiology
defendants and their principals sought summary disposition based on Grimmer’s failure to file an
affidavit of merit signed by a cardiologist. Before hearing that motion, the circuit court
dismissed Dr. Vasquez and his professional corporation without prejudice for want of service.
Grimmer’s complaint alleged that two defendants, Bay Regional Medical Center
(BRMC) and Bay Regional Heart and Vascular (BRHV), bore vicarious liability for Dr.
Vasquez’s negligence. Neither defendant filed a motion seeking summary disposition of the
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vicarious liability claims. Nevertheless, the circuit court dismissed the vicarious liability
allegations with prejudice. This was error, and we reverse and remand for further proceedings.
I. BACKGROUND FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS
Melody Grimmer died one day after undergoing a cardiac catheterization performed by
Dr. Mattichak. An autopsy concluded that a retroperitoneal hematoma containing 3,000 grams
of unclotted blood triggered a fatal cardiopulmonary arrest. According to the complaint,
defendant Vasquez had examined Melody after the catheterization, recognized the presence of
the hematoma, but declined to operate. The complaint and an accompanying affidavit of merit
charge that Dr. Vasquez’s failure to intercede constitutes professional negligence.
The complaint also sets forth malpractice claims against Dr. Mattichak and another
cardiologist, Dr. Daniel Lee. However, Grimmer never filed an affidavit of merit attesting to the
cardiologists’ negligence. They filed a summary disposition motion on that ground, invoking
MCL 600.2912d(1) and MCL 600.2169(1)(a). Counsel for the BRMC and the professional
corporations employing Drs. Lee and Mattichak joined in the motion.1 Notably, none of the
summary disposition motions or accompanying briefs mentioned Dr. Vasquez, and none sought
summary disposition regarding the complaint’s averments of Dr. Vasquez’s direct liability or the
vicarious liability flowing from his conduct.
After the cardiologists’ summary disposition motion was filed but before it was heard, the
circuit court entered an order dismissing Dr. Vasquez and his professional corporation without
prejudice, noting that these two defendants had not been served with process.
During the summary disposition hearing, the circuit court read aloud an e-mail written by
Grimmer’s counsel and provided by the attorney for the cardiologists, BRMC and BRHV. The
email stated: “I am writing to advise you that I will not be appearing at [the] motion today. We
will not oppose your motion for summary disposition as to the cardiologists but we cannot
stipulate.” Defendants’ counsel then reminded the court that Dr. Vasquez and his professional
corporation had been dismissed for failure to serve, continuing:
In view of that, your Honor, I have prepared an order that dismisses Dr.
Lee, Dr. Mattichak, and [BRMC], with prejudice, because the only claims against
[BRMC] is [sic] vicarious for the acts of Dr. Lee and Dr. Mattichak, as well as Dr.
Vasquez. If Dr. Vasquez is not a party to this lawsuit, we can’t be vicariously
liable for him. And, therefore, the order I have prepared would be a permanent
dismissal for Dr. Lee, Dr. Mattichak, and [BRMC].
The court entered an order providing in relevant part:
1
BRMC, BRHV, and defendant Michigan Cardiovascular Institute all sought summary
disposition of claims alleging vicarious liability for the negligence of Drs. Lee and Mattichak.
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It is hereby ordered that Defendants [BRMC]; [BRHV]; Dr. Daniel Lee
and Dr. Stephen Mattichak’s Motion for Summary Disposition is GRANTED and
all claims against Dr. Daniel Lee and Dr. Stephen Mattichak and any claims of
vicarious liability against [BRHV] and [BRMC] related to Dr. Daniel Lee, Dr.
Stephen Mattichak and Dr. Antonio Vasquez, M.D., are dismissed with prejudice.
Grimmer now appeals as of right from the portion of this order granting summary disposition of
Grimmer’s vicarious liability claims against BRMC and BRHV premised on Dr. Vasquez’s
negligence.
II. ANALYSIS
The circuit court should not have summarily dismissed the vicarious liability claims
stemming from Dr. Vasquez’s negligence for two reasons. First, none of the defendants filed a
motion seeking summary disposition of the Vasquez-related allegations. Second, had such a
motion been filed, it would have been unsuccessful.
Defendants sought summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(7) and (C)(8). A motion
brought under either of these subrules “must specify the grounds on which it is based[.]” MCR
2.116(C). Defendants’ summary disposition motions and briefs made no mention whatsoever of
the vicarious liability claims pleaded in Grimmer’s complaint flowing from Dr. Vasquez’s
actions and inactions. Nowhere in the summary disposition pleadings did defendants “specify”
that summary disposition was sought regarding the claims related to Dr. Vasquez. Although the
court rules afford a circuit court the authority to grant summary disposition based on the
pleadings, “the trial court may not do so in contravention of a party’s due process rights.” Al-
Maliki v LaGrant, 286 Mich App 483, 489; 781 NW2d 853 (2009).
Grimmer’s counsel had no notice that the circuit court intended to consider the dismissal
of the indirect liability claims raised in relation to Dr. Vasquez, and no reason to anticipate that
defense counsel and the court would sua sponte enlarge the pending summary disposition motion
to incorporate a legal issue never before mentioned. In summarily dismissing the defendants
who allegedly bore vicarious liability for Dr. Vasquez’s negligent acts, the circuit court bypassed
the basic due process requirements of notice and an opportunity to be heard. For this reason, we
must reverse the circuit court.
Further, we respectfully reject defense counsel’s contention, made during oral argument
in this Court, that Grimmer should be penalized for his counsel’s failure to personally attend the
motion hearing. Counsel cannot be faulted for deferring a personal appearance after having
clearly communicated that she had no objection to the specific relief sought in the motions
actually filed. Alternatively stated, Grimmer’s attorney was entitled to rely on the good faith of
her opposing counsel.
Summary disposition of the vicarious liability claims involving Dr. Vasquez was
improper for a second reason as well. Defense counsel’s declaration that “[i]f Dr. Vasquez is not
a party to this lawsuit, we can’t be vicariously liable for him” is fundamentally incorrect.
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In a medical malpractice case, “[a] hospital may be 1) directly liable for malpractice,
through claims of negligence in supervision of staff physicians as well as selection and retention
of medical staff, or 2) vicariously liable for the negligence of its agents.” Cox v Flint Bd of Hosp
Managers, 467 Mich 1, 11; 651 NW2d 356 (2002). This Court explained in Nippa v Botsford
Gen Hosp, 257 Mich App 387, 392; 668 NW2d 628 (2003), that “the law creates a practical
identity between a principal and an agent, and, by a legal fiction, the hospital is held to have
done what its agents have done.” In Cox and Nippa, the defendant hospitals were charged with
the vicarious liability of nurses or physicians who were not named as individual defendants. In
Al-Shimmari v Detroit Med Ctr, 477 Mich 280, 294-295; 731 NW2d 29 (2007), the Supreme
Court elucidated, “Nothing in the nature of vicarious liability . . . requires that a judgment be
rendered against the negligent agent. Rather, to succeed on a vicarious liability claim, a plaintiff
need only prove that an agent has acted negligently.” As these cases demonstrate, a plaintiff
need not necessarily name the agent as a defendant when suing the principal. Alternatively
stated, a plaintiff may elect to sue the principal alone, or to sue the principal and the agent
together.
Grimmer sued the two together. His complaint alleges that Dr. Vasquez acted as an agent
of BRMC and BRHV. Apparently, the circuit court believed that because it had dismissed Dr.
Vasquez from the litigation without prejudice, BRMC and BRHV could not be held legally
responsible for Dr. Vasquez’s negligence. In their appellate brief, defendants argue that due to
the dismissal, Grimmer’s direct liability claim against Dr. Vasquez is no longer “viable,” thereby
extinguishing defendants’ vicarious liability.
When a litigant chooses to proceed against an agent “and has been defeated, he is thereby
barred from litigating the same cause of action against the principal. It follows that a
determination of the issue in a suit brought against the principal bars an action against the
agents.” De Polo v Greig, 338 Mich 703, 709-710; 62 NW2d 441 (1954) (citations omitted). A
dismissal with prejudice amounts to an adjudication on the merits and bars a further action based
on the same facts. But a dismissal without prejudice is not a dismissal on the merits. Yeo v State
Farm Fire & Cas Ins Co, 242 Mich App 483, 484; 618 NW2d 916 (2000). Our Supreme Court
has described that the term “without prejudice” signifies “a right or privilege to take further legal
proceedings on the same subject, and show that the dismissal is not intended to be res adjudicata
of the merits.” McIntyre v McIntyre, 205 Mich 496, 499; 171 NW 393 (1919) (quotation marks
and citation omitted); “A dismissal of a suit without prejudice is no decision of the controversy
on its merits, and leaves the whole subject of litigation as much open to another suit as if no suit
had ever been brought.” Id. (quotation marks and citation omitted).
The Supreme Court’s opinion in Al-Shimmari, erects no barrier to reinstating this case.
In that case, the circuit court granted the physician-agent’s motion for summary disposition with
prejudice.2 The Supreme Court highlighted that “the trial court stated in its order that the
2
Like this case, the dismissal at issue in Al-Shimmari arose from a failure to serve process on a
defendant physician. But unlike this case, the parties in Al-Shimmari contested in an evidentiary
hearing whether service of process had been timely made. Al-Shimmari, 477 Mich at 286.
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dismissal was ‘with prejudice.’” Al-Shimmari, 477 Mich at 295. “Therefore,” the Court
continued, “under MCR 2.504(B)(3), the dismissal of the claims against [the physician] ‘operates
as an adjudication on the merits.’” Id.Because the remaining defendants may only be vicariously liable on the
basis of the imputed negligence of [plaintiff’s physician], plaintiff must
demonstrate that [his physician] was negligent in order for the remaining
defendants to be found vicariously liable. However, the dismissal of the claims
against [the physician] operates as an adjudication on the merits of the claims
against [him]. Plaintiff consequently is unable to show that the remaining
defendants are vicariously liable for the acts of [the physician], because the
dismissal of the claims against [the physician] prevents plaintiff from arguing the
merits of the negligence claim against [him]. [Id. at 295-296.]
The without-prejudice dismissal of Dr. Vasquez entered by the circuit court was not a
adjudication on the merits. Thus, it did not bar an action against Dr. Vasquez’s principals. The
circuit court erred by affording its “without prejudice” dismissal order preclusive effect.
Accordingly, we reverse and remand for proceedings consistent with this opinion. We do
not retain jurisdiction. Having prevailed in full, Grimmer may tax costs pursuant to MCR 7.219.
/s/ Douglas B. Shapiro
/s/ Elizabeth L. Gleicher
/s/ Amy Ronayne Krause
Following that hearing, the defendant physician moved for, and was granted, dismissal with
prejudice. Id. at 295.
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