People v. Cathey

681 N.W.2d 661 (2004) 261 Mich. App. 506

PEOPLE of the State of Michigan, Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
Jason William CATHEY, Defendant-Appellee.

Docket No. 244626.

Court of Appeals of Michigan.

Submitted February 4, 2004, at Grand Rapids. Decided April 6, 2004, at 9:00 a.m. Released for Publication June 24, 2004.

Michael A. Cox, Attorney General, Thomas L. Casey, Solicitor General, Ronald J. Frantz, Prosecuting Attorney, and Jon Hulsing, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for the people.

State Appellate Defender (by Anne Yantus), for the defendant on appeal.

Before: MURRAY, P.J., and MURPHY and MARKEY, JJ.

MURRAY, P.J.

By order of our Supreme Court we consider as on leave granted the issues of "[1] whether pregnancy is a bodily injury within the meaning of Offense Variable 3, M.C.L. § 777.33, and [2] whether the rule of People v. Woods, 204 Mich.App. 472 [517 N.W.2d 239] (1994), remains in effect under the legislative guidelines, M.C.L. § 777.1 et seq." People v. Cathey, 467 Mich. 898, 654 N.W.2d 328 (2002). We answer affirmatively to both questions and, therefore, reverse the lower court and remand for proceedings consistent with this opinion.

I. Facts And Lower Court Proceedings

Defendant, aged nineteen at the time, was charged with criminal sexual conduct (CSC) in two cases, one involving a fifteen-year-old (the instant case) and the other involving a twelve-year-old. Pursuant to a plea agreement, one count of first-degree CSC in one case was dismissed, and defendant pleaded guilty of third-degree CSC in each case. As a result of defendant's conduct related to his third-degree CSC conviction in this case, the fifteen-year-old victim became pregnant and gave birth to a child.

During sentencing, the prosecution argued that ten points should be scored under Offense Variable (OV) 3, physical injury to victim, because the resulting pregnancy constituted a "bodily injury" as defined by case law. Defendant responded that the presentence report scored OV 3 at zero, that the pregnancy was not an injury but a "normal condition that results from intercourse," and that the Legislature would have given specific guidelines had it intended for pregnancy to be considered a bodily injury under the sentencing guidelines.

In refusing to score any points for OV 3 because of the victim's pregnancy, the trial court stated:

With respect to physical injury, I think the prosecutor makes an excellent argument, and certainly there is some case law that would suggest that at least in terms of the criminal sexual conduct statute pregnancy can be a personal injury.

However, under the context of the sentencing guideline manuals, it would have been very easy for the legislature to have included that, and instead they chose the term physical injury. They did not include in that definition of physical injury pregnancy.

I believe that it is the legislation's [sic] role to determine the definition of these terms. And when the legislature uses a term like physical injury, I am not sure that that clearly encompasses pregnancy.

If that was their intent, they certainly could have said so. And I think it is the judicial role to refrain from acting on these matters.

So I will leave it to the legislature to determine whether or not they wish pregnancy to be included as a physical injury and, certainly would encourage the prosecutor to consider seeking appellate review on the decision.

But I do not find that pregnancy falls within the definition of physical injury as used in the Offense Variable 3.

Under the trial court's scoring, defendant's guidelines range was thirty-six to sixty months' imprisonment. Ultimately, in the instant case, defendant was sentenced to 36 to 180 months' imprisonment, which sentence is to be served concurrently with his sentence of 51 to 180 months' imprisonment in the other case.

II. Analysis

A. Mootness

Defendant first argues that this scoring issue is moot because he is already serving a longer sentence in Case No. 01-25048-FC, which sentence runs concurrently with his sentence in this case and that, therefore, this Court can offer the prosecution no remedy. We disagree.

An issue is moot when an event occurs that renders it impossible for the reviewing court to fashion a remedy to the controversy. In re Contempt of Dudzinski, 257 Mich.App. 96, 112, 667 N.W.2d 68 (2003), citing People v. Rutherford, 208 Mich.App. 198, 204, 526 N.W.2d 620 (1994). In this case, the prosecution appeals the trial court's scoring, which affected the lesser of defendant's two concurrent sentences. So, even if this Court finds no scoring error, the time to be served by defendant will not change. However, a question is not moot if it will continue to affect a party in some collateral way. In re Dodge Estate, 162 Mich.App. 573, 583-584, 413 N.W.2d 449 (1987), citing Swinehart v. Secretary of State, 27 Mich.App. 318, 320, 183 N.W.2d 397 (1970).

For several reasons, defendant's mootness argument is somewhat disingenuous. First, at oral argument before this Court, defense counsel indicated that defendant's sentence in this case would be affected if this Court were to determine that pregnancy is a bodily injury under the offense variable. Thus, a remedy could be fashioned because the sentence on appeal would be modified if the prosecution prevailed. Dodge, supra. Second, and more importantly, as defendant recognizes, in its order of remand, the Supreme Court required us to review the issues. Third, and finally, defendant has offered no case law to suggest that the issue is moot, and we will not search for authority to support defendant's position. People v. Watson, 245 Mich.App. 572, 587, 629 N.W.2d 411 (2001). We therefore turn to the substantive issues to be decided.

B. People v. Woods

In Woods, supra, the defendant pleaded nolo contendere to one count of third-degree CSC and was sentenced to a term of imprisonment of seven to fifteen years. Woods, supra at 473, 517 N.W.2d 239. The victim became pregnant, and subsequently had an abortion. Id. at 474, 517 N.W.2d 239. The trial court scored twenty-five points under OV 2 of the former judicial sentencing guidelines, which provided for a twenty-five point score if the victim suffers "bodily injury." Id.^[1] There was no definition of "bodily injury" under the judicial guidelines, id., just as there is none under the legislative sentencing guidelines.

Because there was no judicial definition of "bodily injury," the Woods Court looked for guidance in our sister states' case law and found persuasive the following decision from the California Court of Appeals:

Looking to other jurisdictions for guidance, we find the language in People v. Sargent, 86 Cal.App.3d 148, 151-152, 150 Cal.Rptr. 113 (1978), persuasive:

"A pregnancy resulting from a rape (and, in this case, a resulting abortion) are not injuries necessarily incidental to an act of rape. The bodily injury involved in a pregnancy (and, in this case, a resulting abortion) are significant and substantial. Pregnancy cannot be termed a trivial, insignificant matter. It amounts to significant and substantial bodily injury or damage. It involves more than the psychological and emotional distress necessarily incident to a rape which psychological or emotion distress the authors of [People v. Caudillo [21 Cal.3d 562, 146 Cal.Rptr. 859, 580 P.2d 274 (1978), overruled on other grounds People v. Martinez, 20 Cal.4th 225, 83 Cal.Rptr.2d 533, 973 P.2d 512 (1999)] deemed not to constitute significant or substantial physical injury. Major physical changes begin to take place at the time of pregnancy. It involves a significant bodily impairment primarily affecting a woman's health and well being. It is all the more devastating when imposed on a woman by forcible rape.

Pregnancy can have one of three results—childbirth, abortion or miscarriage. Childbirth is an agonizing experience. An abortion by whatever method used constitutes a severe intrusion into a woman's body. A miscarriage speaks for itself. Just what the dimensions of a "normal" rape might be, we leave to the authors of Caudillo. We merely find that the facts in this case, i.e., a pregnancy followed by an abortion, clearly support a finding of great bodily injury." [Woods, supra, at 474-475, 517 N.W.2d 239 (emphasis added).]

Although both pregnancies in Woods and Sargent were aborted, we believe the italicized language above supports the conclusion that under Woods and Sargent a pregnancy that results from criminal sexual conduct constitutes a bodily injury. The ultimate question, however, is whether the Woods definition of "bodily injury" applies to the statutorily undefined term "bodily injury" within M.C.L. § 777.33.^[2] We now turn to that issue, which entails a de novo review. People v. Thousand, 465 Mich. 149, 156, 631 N.W.2d 694 (2001).

C. OV 3

OV 3 is codified in M.C.L. § 777.33 and is the offense variable utilized when there is "physical injury to a victim." M.C.L. § 777.33(1). In scoring OV 3, the Legislature instructed that ten points be scored if "bodily injury requiring medical treatment occurred to a victim." M.C.L. § 777.33(1)(d). If a "bodily injury not requiring medical treatment occurred to a victim," then a trial court is to score five points. M.C.L. § 777.33(1)(e). The phrase "requiring medical treatment" refers to "the necessity for treatment and not the victim's success in obtaining treatment." M.C.L. § 777.33(3).

As our Supreme Court noted in People v. Hegwood, 465 Mich. 432, 439, 636 N.W.2d 127 (2001), when enacting the statutory sentencing guidelines, the Legislature utilized terms and phrases familiar to Michigan judges from applying the judicial sentencing guidelines:

[T]he Legislature opted for a system with many features that were easily recognizable by courts familiar with the format previously employed in Michigan. The transition to the new guidelines was facilitated by this choice since Michigan's sentencing judges were acquainted with, and fully understood, concepts such as prior record variables, offense variables, and sentencing ranges.

Consistent with this overarching policy, the Legislature drafted OV 3 using certain language pertinent to this case and which is identical to that of OV 2 of the judicial sentencing guidelines, i.e., that a "bodily injury" can be scored as a "physical injury."^[3] Thus, the Legislature carried forward the term "bodily injury" from OV 2 of the judicial sentencing guidelines to OV 3 of the statutory sentencing guidelines. And, since we must presume that the Legislature was aware of existing case law definitions of terms enacted into law, People v. Mendoza, 468 Mich. 527, 532 n. 2, 664 N.W.2d 685 (2003); Pulver v. Dundee Cement Co., 445 Mich. 68, 75, 515 N.W.2d 728 (1994), it seems evident that the Legislature knew of and accepted the Woods definition of "bodily injury" when it enacted into law the same words used and interpreted under the judicial guidelines. Because the Legislature utilized the same words, we hold that the Woods definition applies to the Legislature's use of the words "bodily injury" within M.C.L. § 777.33(1).^[4]

Even without the authority of Woods, we would still hold that, in the context of CSC cases, "bodily injury" includes pregnancy. Looking to the technical dictionary definition of "bodily injury," People v. Meyers, 250 Mich.App. 637, 643, 649 N.W.2d 123 (2002), we note that it is defined as "[p]hysical damage to a person's body." Black's Law Dictionary (7th ed.). As noted in other decisions, by necessity, a woman's body suffers "physical damage" when carrying a child through delivery as the body experiences substantial changes to accommodate the growing child and to ultimately deliver the child. See, e.g., United States v. Shannon, 110 F.3d 382, 388 (C.A.7, 1997) (en banc) ("Apart from the nontrivial discomfort of being pregnant (morning sickness, fatigue, edema, back pain, weight gain, etc.), giving birth is intensely painful...."). These types of physical manifestations to a woman's body during pregnancy and delivery clearly fall within the definition of "bodily injury," for the manifestations can and do cause damage to the body.^[5]Id. ("Pregnancy resulting from rape is routinely considered a form of grave bodily injury.").

Finally, we reject defendant's contention that because "personal injury" under M.C.L. § 750.520a is defined to include both "bodily injury" and "pregnancy," the Legislature must consider the two terms to be mutually exclusive. Again, we believe the Woods Court came to the proper resolution of this argument:

Although defendant correctly observes that "bodily injury" and "pregnancy" are listed separately under this definition, the two are not mutually exclusive. Indeed, "disfigurement" or "loss or impairment of a sexual or reproductive organ" would constitute "bodily injury" within the meaning of OV 2, even though all three constitute "personal injury" under the statute. [Woods, supra at 474, 517 N.W.2d 239.]

Our dissenting colleague's opinion seems to be premised upon two erroneous propositions. One, he opines that we cannot look to Woods if there is no ambiguity in the statute and, two, that under a "textual" approach, pregnancy cannot be included within the term "bodily injury." We address these issues seriatim.

Since "bodily injury" is undefined, this case does not involve the "text" of the statute, as the Legislature neglected to provide a definition (i.e., the text) that the courts could apply. See Clackamas Gastroenterology Assoc., PC v. Wells, 538 U.S. 440, 447-48, 123 S.Ct. 1673, 1679, 155 L.Ed.2d 615 (2003) ("[C]ongressional silence often reflects an expectation that courts will look to the common law to fill gaps in statutory text, particularly when an undefined term has a settled meaning at common law.") Because the lack of legislative definition causes a "gap" in the statutory text, our opinion is not the type of impermissible situation where we are reading nonexisting words into a statute.^[6] As such, our Supreme Court and the United States Supreme Court will look to a dictionary, as opposed to legislative history, for example, to determine the ordinary meaning of the words used. See Northville Charter Twp. v. Northville Pub. Schools, 469 Mich. 285, 292, 666 N.W.2d 213 (2003) (Justice Taylor, writing for the Court, used a dictionary to determine the ordinary meaning of the statutorily undefined terms "site plan," "sole," and "exclusive"); Asgrow Seed Co. v. Winterboer, 513 U.S. 179, 187, 115 S.Ct. 788, 130 L.Ed.2d 682 (1995) (Justice Scalia, writing for the Court, used Black's Law Dictionary to determine the meaning of the statutorily undefined term "marketing").^[7]

Regarding our reference to the Woods definition of "bodily injury," we believe, as did our Supreme Court in Mendoza and Pulver and the United States Supreme Court in Clackamas that it is quite reasonable and proper for a court to consider the Legislature to have approved the case law definition of a term that it subsequently uses, without definition, in a subsequent statute addressing the identical issue.^[8] This is particularly true in this case, where the Legislature has codified certain terms utilized in the former judicial sentencing guidelines, which were previously used by, and therefore familiar to, judges throughout the state. Hegwood, supra at 439, 636 N.W.2d 127. Contrary to the dissent's position, we do not look to this case law definition because the statute is ambiguous. Instead, it is because there is no statutory definition available that we must look to the dictionary and common law for definitions of the same terms used by the Legislature in M.C.L. § 777.33. Nor is there any surrounding text that is of any assistance. Id.^[9]

III. Conclusion

The trial court's decision that a pregnancy cannot constitute "bodily injury" under OV 3 is reversed. On remand, the trial court shall determine whether to score five or ten points for OV 3, which will depend on whether medical treatment was required for the bodily injury (pregnancy). M.C.L. § 777.33(1)(d) and (e). We do not retain jurisdiction.

MARKEY, J., concurred.

MURPHY, J. (dissenting).

I respectfully disagree with the majority's reliance on People v. Woods, 204 Mich.App. 472, 517 N.W.2d 239 (1994), and I further disagree with the conclusion that pregnancy constitutes a "bodily injury" within the meaning of Offense Variable (OV 3), M.C.L. § 777.33.

In Woods, supra, this Court was interpreting the judicial sentencing guidelines promulgated by the Michigan Supreme Court, not a statutory provision enacted by the Legislature such as M.C.L. § 777.33. Because a legislative enactment was not involved, the Woods panel did not apply the governing rules for statutory construction. In Pohutski v. City of Allen Park, 465 Mich. 675, 683, 641 N.W.2d 219 (2002), our Supreme Court stated:

When faced with questions of statutory interpretation, our obligation is to discern and give effect to the Legislature's intent as expressed in the words of the statute. We give the words of a statute their plain and ordinary meaning, looking outside the statute to ascertain the Legislature's intent only if the statutory language is ambiguous. Where the language is unambiguous, "we presume that the Legislature intended the meaning clearly expressed— no further judicial construction is required or permitted, and the statute must be enforced as written." Similarly, courts may not speculate about an unstated purpose where the unambiguous text plainly reflects the intent of the Legislature. [Citations omitted.]

Accordingly, we are mandated to interpret the the term "bodily injury" pursuant to the rules of statutory construction cited above, and in my opinion, Woods, which sought sole guidance from California law, is not implicated unless an ambiguity is found in M.C.L. § 777.33. M.C.L. § 769.34(10) permits appellate review of alleged scoring errors, and this Court reviews de novo matters involving statutory construction. Macomb Co. Prosecutor v. Murphy, 464 Mich. 149, 157, 627 N.W.2d 247 (2001).

"Bodily injury" is not defined in OV 3 or anywhere in the legislative sentencing guidelines. Where a term is not defined by the Legislature, it is appropriate to consult dictionary definitions in order to aid in construing the term in accordance with its ordinary and generally accepted meaning. Stanton v. Battle Creek, 466 Mich. 611, 617, 647 N.W.2d 508 (2002); Murphy, supra at 158-159, 627 N.W.2d 247; People v. Hill, 257 Mich.App. 126, 145, 667 N.W.2d 78 (2003). As reflected in the majority opinion, Black's Law Dictionary (7th ed) defines "bodily injury" as "[p]hysical damage to a person's body." The Random House Webster's College Dictionary (2001) defines "injury" as "harm or damage done or sustained, esp. bodily harm[.]" The recurring theme in both of these definitions is "damage," which is defined as "injury or harm that reduces value, usefulness[.]" Id. I cannot and will not equate pregnancy to harm or damage to the body. I agree with the majority's sentiment in footnote five of its opinion, which states "pregnancy is a wonderful event that is celebrated as one of life's greatest gifts." Although I fully recognize the horrific and abhorrent circumstances under which a pregnancy results in criminal sexual conduct (CSC) cases, the creation of a new life, innocent of any wrongdoing, cannot, in my opinion, be relegated to the designation of "damage" unless the Legislature has clearly expressed such an intent. While I find it appropriate to increase the offense variable scoring where a perpetrator has impregnated a victim, the Legislature, and not this Court, must express that sentiment through clear legislation.

The plain and ordinary meaning of "bodily injury" does not encompass a pregnancy. The visceral as well as intellectual reaction of most individuals would not place a correlation between "bodily injury" and pregnancy. This can be seen, for example, where the Legislature has found it necessary to expressly define an injury to include pregnancy as reflected in MCL 750.520a(l) ("``Personal injury' means bodily injury, disfigurement, mental anguish, chronic pain, pregnancy....")<sup>[1]</sup> and M.C.L. § 18.351(f) ("``Personal physical injury' means actual bodily harm and includes pregnancy.").^[2] If the plain and ordinary meaning of "bodily injury" includes pregnancy, I question why the Legislature saw the need to specify in other instances that an injury indeed includes pregnancy. Clearly, the Legislature viewed a need because a pregnancy is not the equivalent of an injury and, here, the Legislature chose not to define "bodily injury" as including pregnancy. I disagree with the majority's conclusion that physical manifestations of pregnancy constitute "bodily injury." Although undoubtedly there are physical manifestations that arise from being pregnant, they are not necessarily injurious or damaging, and they differ from pregnancy to pregnancy and from woman to woman. I conclude that, under a textual reading of the statute, the Legislature did not intend for "bodily injury," as used in M.C.L. § 777.33, to include pregnancy.

I would affirm.

NOTES

[1] Specifically, under the judicial sentencing guidelines, OV 2 was entitled "Physical attack and/or injury," and for twenty-five points it stated "bodily injury and/or subjected to terrorism." Michigan Sentencing Guidelines (2d ed., 1988), p. 26.

[2] There is no dispute that because the instant crime occurred after January 1, 1999, the legislative sentencing guidelines apply to defendant. M.C.L. § 769.34(2).

[3] The only substantive language contained in M.C.L. § 777.33(1)(d) and (e) not found in OV 2 is the "requiring medical treatment" phrase, which is an additional finding to that of "bodily injury."

[4] The trial court appeared reluctant to include pregnancy in the definition of "bodily injury" because the Legislature did not explicitly define that term. While it is certainly true that the judiciary is not empowered to alter a clear and unambiguous statute by judicial fiat, Kelly-Stehney & Assoc., Inc. v. MacDonald's Industrial Products, Inc., 254 Mich.App. 608, 615, 658 N.W.2d 494 (2003), lv. gtd. 468 Mich. 945, 664 N.W.2d 222 (2003), it is equally clear that it is our duty to "give undefined statutory terms their plain and ordinary meanings [by consulting] dictionary definitions." Koontz v. Ameritech Services, Inc., 466 Mich. 304, 313, 645 N.W.2d 34 (2002). See, also, M.C.L. § 8.3a; People v. Hill, 257 Mich.App. 126, 145, 667 N.W.2d 78 (2003).

[5] We note the importance of the circumstances in which this issue is discussed. Outside the instant context, i.e., a pregnancy resulting from an illegal act, it may seem peculiar to consider pregnancy to be a bodily injury. After all, pregnancy is a wonderful event that is celebrated as one of life's greatest gifts. However, we are dealing with a statutory definition in the context of a pregnancy resulting from CSC.

[6] For example, if the Legislature had defined "bodily injury" by an exhaustive list of items, and that definition did not include pregnancy, we would have a much different case. In that situation, we would be unconstitutionally ignoring the plain language of the statute to include an item not contained within the exhaustive list provided by the Legislature. We obviously do not have that situation in this case.

[7] We note that the dissent also consults a dictionary for the definition of "bodily injury."

[8] Justice Scalia, in his book A Matter of Interpretation (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1997), p. 27, indicates that there is nothing inconsistent with textualism when applying the common-law definition of a term when enacted into statutory law when the Legislature has provided no definition for the term.

[9] We also reject the dissent's reliance on the product of the pregnancy, the child, as having any relevance to the legal issue presented. The question presented to us is whether pregnancy itself falls within the term "bodily injury." There is no assertion by either party that the child born from the pregnancy has any bearing on that issue, and the two issues are completely unrelated in a legal sense.

[1] M.C.L. § 750.520a pertains to definitions of words used in the CSC statutes.

[2] M.C.L. § 18.351 concerns crime victims' compensation.