People of Michigan v. Timothy Matthew Parker

Court of Appeals, State of Michigan
ORDER
Michael J. Riordan
People of MI v Timothy Matthew Parker Presiding Judge
Docket No. 335541 Amy Ronayne Krause
LC No. 2016-001135-FH Brock A. Swartzle
Judges
The Court orders that the May 18, 2017 majority and concurring opinions are hereby
VACATED, and new majority and concurring opinions are attached.
/s/ Michael J. Riordan
May 25, 2017
STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN, FOR PUBLICATION
May 25, 2017
Plaintiff-Appellant, 9:05 a.m.
v No. 335541
St. Clair Circuit Court
TIMOTHY MATTHEW PARKER, LC No. 2016-001135-FH
Defendant-Appellee.
Before: RIORDAN, P.J., and RONAYNE KRAUSE and SWARTZLE, JJ.
SWARTZLE, J.
Under Michigan Court Rule 6.110(C), a district court is required to conduct a preliminary
examination “in accordance with the Michigan Rules of Evidence,” including the rule against
hearsay (MRE 802). In 2014, the Legislature created a statutory exception to this rule, whereby
“[t]he rules of evidence apply at the preliminary examination except” that the hearsay rule does
not preclude certain laboratory reports from being admitted, among other things. MCL
766.11b(1). This statutory exception is not reflected in any court rule, thereby creating an
irreconcilable conflict between the two.
To resolve the conflict, we look to whether the subject matter of the rule/statute is a
procedural or substantive one. Under our Constitution, a court rule will trump a statute when the
two irreconcilably conflict on a procedural matter. With respect to a substantive matter,
however, a statute will trump a court rule. Neither the Supreme Court nor our Court has yet
addressed the issue of whether, during a preliminary examination, a district court should
preclude a laboratory report as hearsay under MCR 6.110(C) and MRE 802 or, instead, admit the
report under the statutory hearsay exception in MCL 766.11b(1). As explained below, we
conclude that the conflict involves a substantive matter and, accordingly, a district court should
apply the statutory exception.
I. BACKGROUND
Defendant Timothy Parker was charged with operating while intoxicated (OWI), MCL
257.625(1), driving with a suspended license, MCL 257.904, and possessing an open container
of alcohol in a vehicle, MCL 257.624a. At defendant’s preliminary examination, Officer Robert
Jenkins testified that, on August 4, 2015, he was dispatched to the Harsens Island ferry to
respond to an OWI complaint. He arrived at the ferry at approximately 12:45 a.m. and found
defendant’s running vehicle parked at a stop sign with defendant sleeping in the driver’s seat.
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Officer Jenkins observed a box of wine on the passenger seat and a glass containing ice and a
liquid in the center console. The officer testified that he knocked on the window for
approximately ten minutes before defendant finally woke up. Defendant admitted he had been
drinking and stated that he was on his way to Harsens Island to go home.
Officer Jenkins testified that defendant’s speech was slurred, his eyes were bloodshot,
and he appeared disoriented. Defendant failed two field sobriety tests and refused a third.
Officer Jenkins placed defendant under arrest and obtained a warrant for a blood draw. During
the preliminary examination, the district court admitted a laboratory report outlining the results
of that blood draw over defendant’s objection. The report indicated that defendant’s blood
alcohol content was 0.163.
The district court found the prosecution had presented sufficient evidence to find
probable cause that defendant was operating while intoxicated and bound defendant over to the
circuit court. Defendant then filed a motion with the circuit court to quash the bind over, arguing
that the laboratory report was inadmissible under MCR 6.110. Defendant acknowledged that
MCL 766.11b appeared to render the report admissible but argued that MCR 6.110 trumped
MCL 766.11b. The circuit court agreed and remanded the case for continuation of the
preliminary examination.
The prosecution sought leave to appeal, which this Court granted.1 On appeal, the
prosecution argues that the statutory exception to the hearsay rule in MCL 766.11b supersedes
MCR 6.110 as a statement of substantive law by the Legislature.
II. ANALYSIS
A. Standard of Review
This Court reviews a trial court’s ruling on a motion to quash for an abuse of discretion.
People v McKerchie, 311 Mich. App. 465, 470-471; 875 NW2d 749 (2015). An abuse of
discretion occurs when, for example, a trial court premises its decision on an error of law. Id. at
471. The interpretation of a statute or court rule, including whether a statute is unconstitutional,
involves a question of law that we review de novo. McDougall v Schanz, 461 Mich. 15, 23-24;
597 NW2d 148 (1999). When reviewing the constitutionality of a statute, we apply “the well-
established rule that a statute is presumed to be constitutional unless its unconstitutionality is
clearly apparent.” Id. at 24.
B. When a Statute and Court Rule Irreconcilably Conflict
Under our Constitution, the Michigan Legislature is vested with the authority to enact
substantive law, Const 1963, art 4 § 1, while the Supreme Court is vested with the authority “by
general rules [to] establish, modify, amend and simplify the practice and procedure” of state
courts, Const 1963, art 6 § 5. Thus, the Legislature is not authorized to enact statutes that
“establish, modify, amend [or] simplify the practice and procedure” of courts. McDougall, 461
Mich. at 26. By the same token, the Supreme Court “is not authorized to enact court rules that
1
People v Parker, unpublished order of the Court of Appeals, entered December 12, 2016
(Docket No. 335541).
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establish, abrogate, or modify the substantive law.” Id. When a court rule irreconcilably
conflicts with a statute, the conflict is resolved in the rule’s favor if it is a matter of procedure,
but in the statute’s favor if it is matter of substance.
Before deciding whether a legislative enactment amounts to a procedural rule or a
substantive law, we must first address the penultimate question—whether there exists an
irreconcilable conflict between MCR 6.110(C) and MCL 766.11b in the context of admitting a
laboratory report during a preliminary examination. People v Watkins, 491 Mich. 450, 467; 818
NW2d 296 (2012). Beginning with MCR 6.110, subrule (C) provides that the district court must
conduct a preliminary examination “in accordance with the Michigan Rules of Evidence.” And
for its part, MRE 802 prohibits a district court from admitting hearsay evidence absent an
exception found in the rules of evidence (e.g., MRE 803).
We agree with the parties that the laboratory report in this case qualified as hearsay, as it
was offered to prove the truth of the matters asserted within the report. While the rules of
evidence provide certain exceptions to the hearsay rule, case law makes clear that laboratory
reports prepared in anticipation of litigation do not generally qualify for one of the exceptions.
People v McDaniel, 469 Mich. 409, 412-414; 670 NW2d 659 (2003) (concluding that a similar
laboratory report was not admissible under the hearsay exceptions of MRE 803(6) (business
records) or (8) (public records)). Thus, were the district court to have applied MCR 6.110(C)
here, the court would have had to exclude the report as hearsay.
Turning to MCL 766.11b, the Legislature provided in subdivision (1)(d) that, although
the rules of evidence generally apply at a preliminary examination, a laboratory report is not to
be excluded from a preliminary examination under the hearsay prohibition. Thus, were the
district court to have applied MCL 766.11b here—which it in fact did—the court would have had
to admit the report irrespective of the hearsay rule. Given these two opposed outcomes, it is
clear that MCR 6.110(C) and MCL 766.11b create an irreconcilable conflict with respect to the
admission of laboratory reports during a preliminary examination.
C. Is MCL 766.11b Procedural or Substantive?
Finding an irreconcilable conflict, we turn next to whether the Legislature addressed a
procedural or substantive matter with the statute. As noted earlier, if the statute covers a
procedural matter, then we would conclude that the Legislature was impermissibly attempting to
infringe on the Supreme Court’s authority to promulgate rules relating to judicial practice and
procedure. If, instead, the statute covers a substantive matter, then the Legislature would be well
within its legislative authority and the statutory language would prevail over the court rule.
McDougall, 461 Mich. at 27.
When looking at similar questions involving evidentiary matters, the Supreme Court has
eschewed the position that when it creates a rule of evidence, “that rule is, ipse dixit, one
encompassing only procedure.” Id. at 27 n 11. Instead, the Supreme Court has “adopt[ed] a
more thoughtful analysis that takes into account the undeniable distinction between procedural
rules of evidence and evidentiary rules of substantive law.” Id. at 29 (internal quotation marks
and ellipsis omitted). Thus, if a statutory rule of evidence reflects some policy consideration
beyond mere “court administration” or the “judicial dispatch of litigation,” then the statute will
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survive constitutional challenge and will be enforced. Id. at 30-31 (internal quotation marks and
citation omitted). Examples of procedural rules of evidence include those “designed to let the
jury have evidence freed from the risks of irrelevancy, confusion and fraud.” Id. at 30 n 15
(quoting 3 Honigman & Hawkins, Michigan Court Rules Annotated (2d ed), p 403). Examples
of substantive rules of evidence include those governing the admission of expert medical
testimony as well as certain other-acts evidence against minors. See id. at 36-37; Watkins, 491
Mich. at 476-477.
In determining whether MCL 766.11b is a procedural or substantive rule of evidence, we
first note that the statutory exception against hearsay does not implicate a rule designed to
protect juries against irrelevant, confusing, or fraudulent evidence. The exception exists only at
the district court level during a preliminary examination, and a defendant does not have the right
to have the examination heard by a jury. MCL 767.42(1); People v Glass, 464 Mich. 266, 278-
279; 627 NW2d 261 (2001) (stating that there is no constitutional right to indictment by a grand
jury). Moreover, as a trained jurist, a district court judge is presumed to know how to sift
through reliable versus unreliable evidence, lessening any prejudicial impact of hearsay admitted
into evidence. See People v Jones, 168 Mich. App. 191, 194; 423 NW2d 614 (1998).
With respect to the policy of admitting a laboratory report during a preliminary
examination in lieu of testimony by the report’s author, this Court long ago recognized that the
policy was “designed to reduce the number of times a drug analyst is required to testify in
criminal proceedings.” People v Anderson, 88 Mich. App. 513, 518; 276 NW2d 924 (1979)
(reviewing a prior version of the policy in MCL 600.2167 (repealed by 2014 PA 124)). Before
2014, this policy was found in MCL 600.2167; in 2014, a stronger version of this policy was
added to MCL 766.11b. Although MCL 600.2167 was repealed at the same time that MCL
766.11b was amended,2 we see nothing in the code or public act to suggest that the Legislature
was no longer concerned about burdening laboratory technicians’ resources. In fact, the
Legislature strengthened the exception by removing the defendant’s right to request that the
technician testify in-person with sufficient written notice. Compare MCL 600.2167(4) (2013)
with MCL 766.11b (2014). Rather, it appears clear that the additions to MCL 766.11b made the
prior language in MCL 600.2167 superfluous.
Read in light of this history, the current version of MCL 766.11b continues the
Legislature’s long-adopted goal of reducing the number of times a laboratory professional has to
testify in a criminal case by suspending the hearsay rule during the preliminary examination.
This policy conserves local and state law-enforcement resources, and while there may be some
similar savings to district courts, the policy does, in fact, go beyond mere court administration or
the dispatch of judicial business. Thus, MCL 766.11b is an enactment of a substantive rule of
evidence, not a procedural one. Accordingly, the specific hearsay exception in MCL 766.11b
takes precedence over the general incorporation of the Michigan Rules of Evidence found in
MCR 6.110(C).
III. CONCLUSION
2
2014 PA 123 amended MCL 766.11b and 2014 PA 124 repealed MCL 600.2167. The two
public acts were tie-barred.
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The district court properly admitted the laboratory report pursuant to the statutory hearsay
exception in MCL 766.11b. The circuit court abused its discretion by remanding defendant’s
case to the district court for continuation of the preliminary examination. We reverse the circuit
court’s order and remand this action for continuation of the proceedings before the circuit court.
We do not retain jurisdiction.
/s/ Brock A. Swartzle
/s/ Michael J. Riordan
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