DocketNumber： Docket 267364
Judges： Whitbeck, C.J., and Murphy and Cooper
Filed Date： 10/11/2007
Status： Precedential
Modified Date： 11/10/2024
Court of Appeals of Michigan.
*890 Anna Marie Anzalone, Adrian, for Clair A. Morse.
Burke and Rennell, Ann Arbor, Saline, (by Robert J. Rennell) and Lahn & Associates (by Jeffery T. Hall) for Valerie Sharkey and others.
Before: WHITBECK, C.J., and MURPHY and COOPER, JJ.
WHITBECK, C.J.
Respondents[1] appeal as of right the probate court's order denying their claim for a *891 share in the residue of the estate of testator Alice J. Raymond. We affirm.
Testator and her husband, Claude C. Raymond (Raymond), prepared mirror-image wills in January 1979. Testator died on February 27, 2005. Testator and Raymond did not have any children; thus, testator's will provided that, after funeral expenses, administration costs, and taxes were paid, the residue of her estate should pass to Raymond. However, if Raymond predeceased her, which did in fact occur, testator's will stated that the residue and remainder of her estate should be divided as follows:
A. Fifty (50%) per cent thereof to my brother [sic] and sisters that survive me share and share alike or to the survivor or survivors thereof.
B. Fifty (50%) per cent thereof to the brothers and sisters of my husband that survive me, share and share alike or to the survivor or survivors thereof.
The record indicated that testator had five brothers and three sisters. When testator died, only two of her brothers and none of her sisters were still alive. Raymond had six sisters and two brothers. However, when testator died, only Raymond's two brothers and one of his sisters were still alive. Respondents are descendants of those siblings of testator and Raymond who predeceased testator. Although the lower court record does not contain any accounting of the estate, the inventory indicates that the estate's total assets were $796,796.31.
In June 2005, petitioner Clair A. Morse, testator's brother, filed a petition for probate. One month later, Morse filed a petition to construe testator's will. Morse requested that the probate court construe paragraph A of the residuary clause to mean that the brothers of testator who survived her should receive 50 percent of the residue, with no share going to the descendants of testator's predeceased brothers and sisters. Morse similarly requested that the probate court construe paragraph B of the residuary clause to mean that the brothers and sister of Raymond who survived testator should receive 50 percent of the residue, with no share going to the descendants of Raymond's predeceased sisters. Morse asserted that there was no ambiguity in the residuary clause and claimed that testator's use of survivorship language demonstrated an intent to avoid the antilapse statute.[2]
Respondents argued that the probate court should construe the residuary clause to mean that the descendants of the deceased siblings could take their deceased ancestors' shares by representation. Respondents asserted that a patent ambiguity resulted from the combination of the phrases "that survive me" and "or to the survivor or survivors thereof." They argued that, if the phrase "or to the survivor or survivors thereof" was simply ignored, the antilapse statute would apply, which would create a result contrary to testator's intent that each side of her and Raymond's family receive an equal one-half share of the estate. Respondents explained that this intent would be defeated by Morse's suggested interpretation, under which one side of the family could take the entire residue if all the siblings on the other side of the family were dead.
*892 The probate court granted Morse's petition for probate and appointed a temporary personal representative. The probate court then conducted a hearing and stated the following with respect to the residuary clause of testator's will:
[Paragraph A] may appear on its face to be confusing. In this court's eyes it does not appear to be confusing. It may be inarticulate meaning that there were words thrown in there that were not necessary to reach the result and desire, but, I think in reading the clause one has to look at the first phrase, "Fifty per cent thereof to my brother and sisters that survive me", then there is a coma [sic]. It would appear to this court that the group that Ms. Raymond was dealing with were to [sic] her brother and sisters. Then she qualified that group by "those that survive me". The remaining clause, in this court's eyes, would be descriptive of the earlier group, the earlier group being "my brothers and sisters that survive me". The remaining phrase, "to share and share alike or to the survivors thereof" would mean to my brothers and sisters, to those that predecease me, to those that are left, to share and share alike and to the survivors thereof. The court would so rule as this court reading the language that way. Likewise on paragraph "B" the court's similar logic would be concerning "the brothers and sisters of my husband that survive me", and once again coma [sic], "and the balance share and share alike or to the survivors thereof" are descriptive of the benefit to be received by the class before it which would be to [sic] the brothers and sisters of my husband that have to survive, and, I'm using the term "have to". The term in the will was "survive me", and, to me that is a clarifying term and it narrows the class down. They have to survive him [sic] to share and share alike or to be a survivor thereof.
The probate court's order provided as follows:
[T]he language used in paragraph "Second" [of the will] is to be construed to mean that the two surviving brothers of [testator] will receive fifty percent of the residue of the estate and that the two surviving brothers and one surviving sister of the husband of [testator], being [Raymond], shall receive fifty percent of the residue. The surviving descendants of the predeceased brothers and sisters of [testator] and the surviving descendants of the predeceased brothers and sisters of the husband of [testator], being [Raymond], are not entitled to any share in the residue.
Respondents now appeal.
Respondents argue that the probate court erred in construing testator's will. A probate court's construction of a will is a legal question that we review de novo.[3] "Findings of the probate court, sitting without a jury, are to be reversed by this Court only when clearly erroneous."[4]
The probate court's role is to ascertain and give effect to a testator's intent, which it gleans solely from the plain language of the will unless there is an *893 ambiguity.[5] If possible, each word of a will should be given meaning.[6] "A patent ambiguity exists if an uncertainty concerning the meaning appears on the face of the instrument and arises from the use of defective, obscure, or insensible language."[7]
As stated, testator's will provides that the residue of the estate should be divided as follows:
A. Fifty (50%) per cent thereof to my brother[s] and sisters that survive me share and share alike or to the survivor or survivors thereof.
B. Fifty (50%) per cent thereof to the brothers and sisters of my husband that survive me, share and share alike or to the survivor or survivors thereof.
Respondents argue that the probate court erred in construing the will so that testator's surviving siblings received 50 percent of the residue, Raymond's surviving siblings received 50 percent, and respondents received nothing. Respondents contend that the inclusion of the phrase "or to the survivor or survivors thereof" meant that testator intended for the "survivors" that is, descendants of the predeceased siblings to inherit. Conversely, Morse contends that the probate court properly concluded that the phrase "or to the survivor or survivors thereof" refers solely to testator's and Raymond's surviving siblings.
As the parties have presented it, the dispute here hinges on reconciling two important clauses of the residuary clause: (1) "to my brother[s] and sisters that survive me share and share alike"[8] and (2) "or to the survivor or survivors thereof."
It is undeniable that the language of the first clause expressly qualifies the class of "brothers and sisters" with the phrase "that survive me." Indeed, respondents concede that "the first part of the disputed clause established a ``qualified group' of ``those that survive me.'" Thus, the plain language of this half of the first clause, taken alone, clearly limits the class of devisees to the siblings still alive at testator's death. As the probate court put it, the siblings first have to survive testator to be considered among the class of devisees. Therefore, this language alone indicates that testator intended that any predeceased siblings be excluded from the class because they did not survive her.
Although overlooked by both Morse and respondents, the second half of the first clause "share and share alike" bolsters an interpretation limiting the class solely to the surviving siblings. The Michigan Supreme Court has held that a class gift that directs that a devise be divided "share and share alike" indicates the testator's intent to create an equal division among the members of the class, whose members are usually related to the testator in equal degrees, using a per capita distribution.[9] Further, Black's Law Dictionary specifically *894 defines the phrase "share and share alike" as: "To divide (assets, etc.) in equal shares or proportions; to engage in per capita division."[10] Black's Law Dictionary defines "per capita" as: "[Latin ``by the head'] 1. Divided equally among all individuals, [usually] in the same class ."[11] Therefore, by stating that she wished the residue of her estate to pass to the siblings who survived her "share and share alike," testator indicated that she desired a per capita distribution, under which the court must distribute the devise among the surviving heads on the generational line the surviving brothers and sisters of Raymond and testator thereby shutting out any claims by the descedants of any predeceased siblings.
Despite two important indicators in the first clause that testator desired to limit the class gift to the surviving brothers and sisters, respondents contend that the second clause "or to the survivor or survivors thereof" must be given effect, whereby they are also entitled to take a portion of the residue. Although disagreeing on their significance, in interpreting this second clause both parties direct us to consider the language used in two Michigan cases: In re Burruss Estate and In re Holtforth's Estate.[12]
In In re Burruss Estate, the decedent's will provided as follows:
In the event my said husband . . . should predecease me, or in the event that my husband and I should meet our deaths simultaneously, as in some common catastrophe, then in either of such cases, I give, devise and bequeath all the rest, residue and remainder of my estate, both real and personal, wheresoever situated, in equal amounts, share and share alike, to my daughters, Anna Mary Vollick of Redford Township, Wayne County, Michigan, Jeanne Glaeser of Detroit, Michigan and Audrey Larson of Detroit, Michigan, or to the survivor or survivors of them.[[13]]
The decedent's husband and Audrey Larson both predeceased the decedent. Upon the decedent's death, Audrey Larson's three children claimed that they were entitled to Audrey Larson's one-third share of the estate. Anna Mary Vollick and Jeanne Glaeser claimed that they alone were entitled to the residue. The pivotal issue was interpretation of the language "share and share alike, to my daughters . . . or to the survivor or survivors of them." Quoting the probate court's opinion, this Court concluded: "``"Them" refers to decedent's three daughters, Anna, Jeanne and Audrey. The survisor(s) [sic] of "them" are Anna and Jeanne because they survived Audrey's death.'"[14] Citing use of the term "rights of survivorship" in the context of joint tenancies, this Court found it significant that the will drafter specifically used the word "survivor." This Court explained that, if the will drafter had wanted to effectuate the grandchildren's interpretation, then he could have used language like "their children," "their issue," or "their heirs." Therefore, this Court held that the clear language in the will showed the decedent's intent that only her children, *895 not their descendants, inherit under her will.[15]
In reaching its resolution in Burruss, this Court relied in part on the Michigan Supreme Court's opinion in Holtforth. There, the Court considered a similar will that devised property "[t]o the seven children of [the decedent's brother], and the survivor of them. . . ."[16] The Court held the language to mean that only the surviving children were entitled to inherit.[17]
Respondents nevertheless contend that "the word ``survivors,' except where it has a specific legal meaning resulting from a legal precedent, is a generic term that includes descendants." We, however, conclude that Burruss and Holtforth are in fact significant legal precedents that provide a specific legal meaning to the word "survivor" in this context. Moreover, it may be true that a layperson might interpret that term "survivor" to be synonymous with "descendant." But in a legal context, "survivor" is defined as "[o]ne who outlives another,"[18] as, for example, when one person out of two or more remains alive after the others die.[19]
Respondents also argue that Burruss and Holtforth are distinguishable because the wills in those cases stated "to the survivor or survivors of them" and "the survivor of them," respectively, rather than "or to the survivor or survivors thereof," as used here. Although not an exact match, we conclude that the second clause parallels the language used in Burruss and Holtforth. While the clause here employs the word "thereof" rather than "them," we do not find it unreasonable to construe the phrase used here, "or to the survivor or survivors thereof," as referring back to the brothers and sisters who survived testator. We therefore conclude that the phrase "or to the survivor or survivors thereof" in paragraph A modifies the phrase "my brother[s] and sisters that survive me," thereby referring to those of testators' siblings who survived testator, and indicates that testator intended only for her surviving siblings, i.e., not the descendants of any of her deceased siblings, to inherit. Similarly, the phrase "or to the survivor or survivors thereof" in paragraph B modifies the phrase "the brothers and sisters of my husband that survive me"; therefore, it refers to those of Raymond's siblings who survived testator and indicates that testator intended for only the siblings of Raymond who survived her, i.e., not the descendants of any of his deceased siblings, to inherit. Stated differently, under the plain language of the will, respondents are not entitled to inherit because they are not the "survivors thereof," where "thereof" refers to the surviving siblings.
Respondents further argue that the phrase "brother[s] and sisters that survive me" and the phrase "to the survivor or survivors thereof" are redundant and that our interpretation renders the clause "to the survivor or survivors thereof" surplusage, which goes against the tenet of will construction that, if possible, each word of a will should be given meaning.[20] Respondents contend that, if testator had wanted to give a class gift solely to her brothers and sisters who were alive at her death, then she would have simply stopped at the end of the first clause. They contend that the second clause must be given some meaning and insist that the meaning given *896 inure to their benefit. We acknowledge that the first and second clauses are seemingly redundant; however, we find it nonsensical to conclude that the will drafter intentionally constructed the residuary clause in such a way as to indicate contradictory intents within a single sentence. Indeed, were we to agree with respondents, we would have to rewrite the will to instead state: "Fifty (50%) per cent thereof to my brother[s] and sisters or to the descendants thereof." This we cannot do.[21] Rather than reading the two clauses as competing with each other, we find that the better course of action is to read the clauses together as reinforcing testator's intent to equally divide the residue among the surviving siblings.
Finally, respondents argue that our interpretation violates testator and Raymond's apparent intent that each side of the family receive an equal one-half share of the estate. To support this argument, they point out that if, for example, all of Raymond's siblings had been deceased at the time of testator's death, then testator's family would end up taking the whole residue under the laws of intestate succession. However, we believe that the specific terms of art used by the will drafter are more indicative of testator's intent than an interpretation based on speculation. In In re Bruin's Estate, the Michigan Supreme Court was urged to construe certain language in a will to avoid partial intestacy.[22] The Court, however, concluded that the intent demonstrated by the specific language used in the will was controlling.[23]
"The rule that such a construction should be given as will, if possible, avoid intestacy, is invoked; also, the rule that the will speaks from the time of the death of the testator; and undoubtedly the intention should be sought with both rules in mind, but neither rule should be so applied as to extend the force of terms which are obviously restricted."[[24]]
Thus, because there were surviving siblings on each side of the family at the time of testator's death, we decline to engage in speculative application of the rule of avoiding intestacy because it would unnecessarily extend the force of the specific terms of art used in the will.
Under the current antilapse statute, "words of survivorship, such as in a devise to an individual ``if he survives me' or in a devise to ``my surviving children,' are not, in the absence of additional evidence, a sufficient indication of an intent contrary to the application of this section."[25] However, we conclude that the language of the residuary clause taken as a whole specially taking into account the use of the three separate statements: "that survive me," "share and share alike," and "the survivor or survivors thereof" expresses an intent to make a provision for the death of the beneficiaries in a manner contrary to that provided for in the antilapse statute.[26]
The probate court correctly construed testator's will to mean that her surviving siblings receive 50 percent of the residue, Raymond's surviving siblings receive 50 percent, and the descendants of their predeceased siblings receive nothing. Accordingly, we affirm the probate court's order.
Affirmed.
COOPER, J., concurred.
MURPHY, J. (dissenting).
Because I conclude that the plain language of the will indicates that the estate would be shared by surviving siblings and the surviving descendants of siblings who had predeceased the testator, Alice J. Raymond, I respectfully dissent.
Respondents appeal as of right the probate court's order denying them a share of the residue of the testator's estate. Respondents argue that the probate court erred in construing the testator's will. Contrary to the majority opinion, I agree.
The testator and her husband, Claude C. Raymond (Raymond), prepared mirror-image wills that bequeathed, after the payment of funeral and administration costs and taxes, the residue and remainder of the estate to the other spouse should he or she still be living. Raymond predeceased the testator, and, under these circumstances, the testator's will provided that the residue and remainder of the estate was to be divided as follows:
A. Fifty (50%) per cent thereof to my brother [sic] and sisters that survive me share and share alike or to the survivor or survivors thereof.
B. Fifty (50%) per cent thereof to the brothers and sisters of my husband that survive me, share and share alike or to the survivor or survivors thereof.
When the testator died, two of her brothers and three of Raymond's siblings were living. Respondents are descendants of those siblings of the testator and Raymond who were deceased when the testator died. The testator's brother, petitioner Clair A. Morse, filed the probate petition and subsequently requested construction of the testator's will. He argued that the probate court should construe the residuary clause to mean that only the siblings of the testator and Raymond who survived the testator's death would share in the estate, with no share going to the surviving descendants of siblings who had predeceased the testator. The trial court agreed, concluding that the clause "or to the survivor or survivors thereof" referred only to siblings who survived the testator and not the descendants of predeceased siblings.
A probate court's construction of a will is a legal question that we review de novo. In re Reisman Estate, 266 Mich.App. 522, 526, 702 N.W.2d 658 (2005). The probate court's role is to ascertain and give effect to the testator's intent, which it gleans solely from the plain language of the will unless there is an ambiguity. Id. at 527, 702 N.W.2d 658. If possible, each word of a will should be given meaning. Id.
I conclude that the plain language of the will indicates that the estate would be shared by the surviving siblings and the surviving descendants of siblings who had predeceased the testator. The probate court's construction of the will would render the clause "or to the survivor or survivors thereof" redundant and without meaning.
In In re Burruss Estate, 152 Mich.App. 660, 662, 394 N.W.2d 466 (1986), this Court interpreted the following will provision:
". . . I give, devise and bequeath all the rest, residue and remainder of my estate, both real and personal, wheresoever *898 situated, in equal amounts, share and share alike, to my daughters, Anna Mary Vollick of Redford Township, Wayne County, Michigan, Jeanne Glaeser of Detroit, Michigan and Audrey Larson of Detroit, Michigan, or to the survivor or survivors of them."
Two of the daughters survived their decedent mother and claimed that, under the will, they alone should share in the estate, with no share being distributed to the children of the third daughter, who had predeceased her decedent mother. This Court, relying on In re Holtforth's Estate, 298 Mich. 708, 299 N.W. 776 (1941), agreed and held that the clear language of the will showed the decedent's intent that only her surviving daughters, not their descendants, inherit under her will. Burruss, supra at 664-665, 394 N.W.2d 466.
In Holtforth's Estate, supra at 709, 299 N.W. 776, the language in the will devised and bequeathed part of the decedent's estate to "the seven children of my brother, John Holtforth, and the survivor of them. . . ." The Michigan Supreme Court held:
We conclude it clearly appears from the context of the will itself the testator by the terms of this second paragraph [quoted above] intended and provided that in the event one or more of the children of John Holtforth predeceased the testator, the portion of the estate that passed under this second paragraph of the will should go to the survivors of the John Holtforth children. [Id. at 711, 299 N.W. 776.]
I find that Burruss and Holtforth's Estate are distinguishable because of a significant difference in the language of the wills. Before the clause "or to the survivor or survivors thereof," the will in this case specifically defines the brothers and sisters inheriting under the will as those "that survive me," with "me" being the testator. No such defining language is found in the wills at issue in Burruss and Holtforth's Estate. Reading the subsequent clause "or to the survivor or survivors thereof" to likewise narrow the field of devisees to the testator's and Raymond's surviving siblings is illogical because that point had already been established. Clearly, the concluding clause was meant to refer to a group other than the surviving siblings, and the only logical conclusion is that this group consisted of the descendants of predeceased siblings, i.e., their survivors. To construe the clause otherwise would render it meaningless, and every word in a will should be given meaning. Reisman Estate, supra at 527, 702 N.W.2d 658. In both Burruss and Holtforth's Estate, there was no redundancy in the interpretations rendered by the courts, but such a redundancy would exist in the case at bar were we to agree with the probate court's construction. Under the probate court's and the majority's interpretation of the will, the testator was essentially stating that she wished to leave her brothers and sisters part of the estate if they were alive when the testator died or she wished to leave her brothers and sisters part of the estate if they were alive when the testator died. Clearly, this is an unsound and duplicative construction of the will. In general, the "disjunctive term ``or' refers to a choice or alternative between two or more things." Yankee Springs Twp. v. Fox, 264 Mich.App. 604, 608, 692 N.W.2d 728 (2004); see also Auto-Owners Ins. Co. v. Stenberg Bros., Inc., 227 Mich.App. 45, 50, 575 N.W.2d 79 (1997); Root v. Ins. Co. of North America, 214 Mich.App. 106, 109, 542 N.W.2d 318 (1995). In looking at the result reached by the majority, it is evident that the majority basically interprets the first and second clauses in the same manner instead of properly treating the second clause as an *899 alternate devise should a sibling not survive the testator.
In my opinion, the majority's reliance on the phrase "share and share alike" does not bolster a construction that limits the class solely to surviving siblings because the analysis ignores the second clause that makes an alternate gift if a sibling predeceased the testator. The phrase "share and share alike" simply indicates an intent that any surviving siblings be treated equally. With respect to the majority's reliance on the definition of "survivor," words must be read and understood in their grammatical context, see Shinholster v. Annapolis Hosp., 471 Mich. 540, 549, 685 N.W.2d 275 (2004), and the majority fails to read the term in the context of the second clause as affected by the first clause. A "survivor" is "[o]ne who outlives another." Black's Law Dictionary (7th ed). Read in context, "survivor," as used in the second clause, refers to an alternate devisee should a sibling have predeceased the testator, and there can be no dispute that a deceased sibling's descendant "outlived" the deceased sibling.
The majority states, "We therefore conclude that the phrase ``or to the survivor or survivors thereof' in paragraph A modifies the phrase ``my brother[s] and sisters that survive me,' thereby referring to those of testators' siblings who survived testator. . . ." Ante at 895. The problem with this analysis is again the redundancy and the majority's disregard of survivor-type language in both clauses. In the first clause, brothers and sisters as a class taking under the will are limited to surviving brothers and sisters because the words "that survive me" define or describe the class. And thus the second clause's reference to "survivor or survivors thereof" necessarily speaks of survivors of those already surviving, that is if one accepts the majority's analysis that the second clause modifies the first clause. But I cannot conceive of how a living individual survives himself or herself. The proper approach to examining the language at issue is to view the first clause as creating a potential class that will not take under the will, i.e., the deceased siblings, and then read the second clause as an alternate clause used when a sibling has indeed predeceased the testator. I would hold that the plain language of the will indicates that the estate would be shared by surviving siblings and the surviving descendants of the siblings who had predeceased the testator.
Furthermore, the 50-percent family-division language found in the will supports my interpretation. This language indicates a clear intent that the two families share equally. This intent would not be honored were one to interpret the will as done by the majority and the probate court. For example, if none of Raymond's siblings had outlived the testator, there would be no gift whatsoever to Raymond's side of the family because the prospective 50-percent gift would presumptively be awarded to the testator's side of the family under intestate succession. By way of another example, had Raymond outlived the testator and, at Raymond's death, had none of the testator's siblings remained alive, the entire estate would go to Raymond's side of the family. This was clearly not the intent of Raymond or the testator, and her intent can only be honored by allowing the descendants of predeceased siblings to share in the residue of the estate.
I would reverse and remand for entry of a judgment in favor of respondents. Accordingly, I respectfully dissent.
[1] Although all the respondents are included in the claim of appeal, only respondents Valerie Sharkey, Gail Thomas, Gary Zeigler, Deanna Conant, Caryn Nuzhet, Jay Curry, Mary Jean Mandela, John Packard, Frank Packard, Lisa Morse, and Elliot Guillory filed a brief on appeal. Throughout this opinion, we refer to these individuals collectively as the respondents.
[2] MCL 700.2603.
[3] In re Reisman Estate, 266 Mich.App. 522, 526, 702 N.W.2d 658 (2005).
[4] In re Burruss Estate, 152 Mich.App. 660, 663-664, 394 N.W.2d 466 (1986) (emphasis added).
[5] Reisman, supra at 527, 702 N.W.2d 658.
[6] Id.
[7] In re Woodworth Trust, 196 Mich.App. 326, 327-328, 492 N.W.2d 818 (1992).
[8] We use the language here from paragraph A as representative of the similar language also found in paragraph B.
[9] Rendle v. Wiemeyer, 374 Mich. 30, 44, 131 N.W.2d 45 (1964); Van Gallow v. Brandt, 168 Mich. 642, 649-650, 134 N.W. 1018 (1912); see also Granger v. Duryea, 218 Mich. 616, 619, 188 N.W. 372 (1922).
[10] Black's Law Dictionary (8th ed).
[11] Id.
[12] In re Holtforth's Estate, 298 Mich. 708, 299 N.W. 776 (1941).
[13] Burruss, supra at 662, 394 N.W.2d 466 (emphasis added).
[14] Id. at 663, 394 N.W.2d 466.
[15] Id. at 664-665, 394 N.W.2d 466.
[16] Holtforth, supra at 709, 299 N.W. 776.
[17] Id. at 711, 299 N.W. 776.
[18] Black's Law Dictionary (8th ed).
[19] Id. (defining "survivorship").
[20] Reisman, supra at 527, 702 N.W.2d 658.
[21] See In re Allen Estate, 150 Mich.App. 413, 417, 388 N.W.2d 705 (1986).
[22] In re Bruin's Estate, 370 Mich. 34, 39, 120 N.W.2d 752 (1963).
[23] Id. at 38-39, 120 N.W.2d 752 (concluding that use of the specific term "any cash" indicated that the testator did not intend to include bonds).
[24] Id. at 39, 120 N.W.2d 752, quoting Williams v. McKeand, 119 Mich. 507, 510, 78 N.W. 553 (1899).
[25] MCL 700.2603(1)(c).
[26] See Burruss, supra at 665, 394 N.W.2d 466 (stating that the "survivorship language in the instant case indicates" an intent contrary to the statute); see also Holtforth, supra at 710-711, 299 N.W. 776.