People v. Endres

711 N.W.2d 398 (2006) 269 Mich. App. 414

PEOPLE of the State of Michigan, Plaintiff-Appellee,
v.
Jeremy Steven ENDRES, Defendant Appellant.

Docket No. 256991.

Court of Appeals of Michigan.

Submitted December 6, 2005, at Grand Rapids. Decided January 12, 2006, at 9:05 a.m. Released for Publication March 31, 2006.

Michael A. Cox, Attorney General, Thomas L. Casey, Solicitor General, Gordon Shane McNeill, Prosecuting Attorney, and Nancy Mullett, Assistant Attorney General, for the people.

State Appellate Defender (by Desiree M. Ferguson) for the defendant.

Before: WHITBECK, C.J., and BANDSTRA and MARKEY, JJ.

BANDSTRA, J.

Defendant's application for leave to appeal to this Court was denied, but our Supreme Court remanded the case to us for consideration as on leave granted. People v. Endres, 471 Mich. 863, 683 N.W.2d 673 (2004). Defendant pleaded nolo contendere to charges of third-degree criminal sexual conduct, MCL 750.520d(1)(a), and accosting a minor for an immoral purpose, MCL 750.145a, relating to sexual acts perpetrated on his younger cousin. Defendant was sentenced to 10 to 15 years in prison for his CSC conviction and to time served for his conviction of accosting a minor. Defendant challenges the minimum sentence imposed for his CSC conviction on several grounds. We conclude, in part, that defendant's prior alcohol-related convictions not related to operating a motor vehicle while under the influence of liquor (OUIL) were improperly counted against him in calculating the minimum sentence range under the sentencing guidelines because they were not "controlled substance offense[s]" under MCL 777.55(2)(a). We vacate defendant's sentence and remand for resentencing.

Under MCL 769.34(10), if a minimum sentence is within the appropriate guidelines sentence range, we must affirm the sentence and may not remand for resentencing absent an error in scoring the sentencing guidelines or reliance on inaccurate information in determining the sentence. See People v. Kimble, 470 Mich. 305, 309, 684 N.W.2d 669 (2004). A sentencing court has discretion in determining the number of points to be scored, provided that evidence of record adequately supports a particular score. People v. Hornsby, 251 Mich.App. 462, 468, 650 N.W.2d 700 (2002). Scoring decisions for which there is any evidence in support will be upheld. People v. Elliott, 215 Mich.App. 259, 260, 544 N.W.2d 748 (1996). Additionally, we review de novo as a question of law the interpretation of the statutory sentencing guidelines. People v. Babcock, 469 Mich. 247, 253, 666 N.W.2d 231 (2003). Defendant preserved his objections to the scoring of prior record variable (PRV) 5, offense variable (OV) 3, and OV 19 by objecting to PRV 5 at sentencing and objecting to the scores of all three variables in his motion for resentencing. Kimble, supra at 309-311, 684 N.W.2d 669.

Defendant argues that the trial court erroneously assessed five points for OV 3 (physical injury to victim). MCL 777.33(1)(e) provides that five points are to be scored if "[b]odily injury not requiring medical treatment occurred to a victim[.]" While the prosecutor's file notes indicated that the victim experienced rectal pain as a result of defendant's assaults, that information was not placed on the record. Despite the trial court's determination that there "appears to be some basis to have scored" OV 3 at five points, we find that such an assessment was erroneous when there was no record evidence to support the score. Hornsby, supra at 468, 650 N.W.2d 700; Elliott, supra at 260, 544 N.W.2d 748.^[1]

Defendant also argues that the trial court erroneously assessed 20 points for PRV 5 (prior misdemeanor convictions or prior misdemeanor juvenile adjudications). MCL 777.55(1)(a) provides that 20 points are to be scored if "[t]he offender has 7 or more prior misdemeanor convictions or prior misdemeanor juvenile adjudications[.]" A conviction or adjudication is counted "only if it is an offense against a person or property, a controlled substance offense, or a weapon offense," MCL 777.55(2)(a), and defendant contends that some of his alcohol-related convictions should not have been counted as "controlled substance offense[s]."^[2] We agree.

Neither the PRV statutes nor the other statutes applicable to the calculation of a minimum sentence under the sentencing guidelines contain a definition of "controlled substance offense." Accordingly, we turn to the only legislatively enacted definition of that term in article 7 of the Public Health Code. A "controlled substance" is "a drug, substance, or immediate precursor included in schedules 1 to 5 of part 72" of the Public Health Code, MCL 333.7201 et seq. MCL 333.7104(2). Alcohol is not included as a controlled substance in schedules 1 to 5. See MCL 333.7201 to 333.7231. In addition, MCL 333.7208 states, in pertinent part, that the "[a]uthority to control under this article does not extend to distilled spirits, wine, [or] malt beverages. . . ."

The Public Health Code definition of "controlled substance" does not directly apply to the statutory sentencing guidelines. See MCL 333.7101. However, we presume that the Legislature was aware of this limited definition of "controlled substance" when it used that same term in the statute establishing PRV 5.^[3] See People v. Rahilly, 247 Mich.App. 108, 112, 635 N.W.2d 227 (2001). Further, the Public Health Code provisions on controlled substances serve a penal purpose similar to that of the sentencing guidelines, see, e.g., MCL 333.7401c, and the sentencing guidelines apply to controlled substance offenses that are designated as felonies by the Public Health Code, MCL 777.13m. We conclude it appropriate to apply the Public Health Code definition of "controlled substance" for purposes of PRV 5.

Further, our interpretation of "controlled substance" as not including alcohol finds support in subsection 2(b) of the PRV 5 statute, MCL 777.55(2)(b). That subsection directs that prior convictions and adjudications for operating various vehicles "while under the influence of or impaired by alcohol, a controlled substance, or a combination of alcohol and a controlled substance" should be counted against a defendant. If alcohol is a "controlled substance," these "operating under the influence" offenses would already be counted under preceding subsection 2(a), making subsection 2(b) a nullity. See People v. McLaughlin, 258 Mich.App. 635, 673, 672 N.W.2d 860 (2003) ("In construing a statute, the statutory provisions must be read in the context of the entire statute in order to produce a harmonious whole; courts must avoid a construction that would render statutory language nugatory."). Finally, the language of subsection 2(b) itself clearly indicates that "alcohol" and "a controlled substance" are not to be considered one and the same. Each is a distinct category of substances that can be ingested separately or in combination, with the result that the ability of a vehicle operator is impaired.

Accordingly, defendant's alcohol-related convictions cannot be counted against him. The only prior misdemeanor convictions or prior misdemeanor juvenile adjudications that can be used to score PRV 5 are defendant's two 1999 retail fraud juvenile adjudications, which result in a score of five points for PRV 5. MCL 777.55(1)(d). This reduces defendant's total PRV score from 27 to 12 points, and reduces defendant's PRV level from D to C. Defendant's current sentence of 10 to 15 years in prison thus constitutes an upward departure from the guidelines. Defendant is entitled to resentencing.

Defendant also argues that the trial court erroneously assessed 15 points for OV 19 (security threat to penal institution or court or interference with administration of justice or emergency services). MCL 777.49(b) provides that 15 points are to be scored if "[t]he offender used force or the threat of force against another person or the property of another person to interfere with, attempt to interfere with, or that results in the interference with the administration of justice. . . ." There was evidence that defendant threatened to kill his victim, but defendant argues that his threats did not jeopardize "the administration of justice" as required by this statutory language. We disagree.

Both parties cite People v. Barbee, 470 Mich. 283, 681 N.W.2d 348 (2004), in support of their respective arguments. In Barbee, the trial court scored OV 19 at ten points because the defendant gave a police officer a false name during a traffic stop. Id. at 285, 681 N.W.2d 348. Our Supreme Court reasoned that conduct occurring before criminal charges are filed can form the basis for "interference, or attempted interference, with the administration of justice," because that is "a broad phrase that can include acts that constitute `obstruction of justice,'" but is not limited to those acts. Id. at 284, 286, 681 N.W.2d 348 (emphasis in original). The Court held that the phrase "interfered with or attempted to interfere with the administration of justice" applies to "more than just the actual judicial process" and includes providing false information to law enforcement officers in the process of investigating a crime. Id. at 287-288, 681 N.W.2d 348.

Defendant's conduct here in threatening his victim with death was certainly more egregious than that of the defendant in Barbee who merely provided a false name to an investigating officer. And, as the trial court reasoned, when defendant made the threats against his victim, defendant knew the victim "would be the primary witness" against him if criminal charges were filed. There was sufficient evidence to conclude that because of defendant's threats, his victim might have been dissuaded from coming forward with accusations and testimony, thus preventing the discovery and prosecution of defendant's crimes.

Further, to the extent that defendant argues that he did not intend to interfere with the administration of justice when he made his threats, we note a distinction between this case and Barbee. At issue in Barbee was the imposition of ten points under OV 19 because "[t]he offender . . . interfered with or attempted to interfere with the administration of justice" without the use of or threat of force. Id. at 284-286, 681 N.W.2d 348; MCL 777.49(c). Here, where there was evidence of threatened force, the statutory provision also applies if that threat of force "results in the interference with the administration of justice. . . ." MCL 777.49(b). Regardless of defendant's intent in making his threats, the record supports the conclusion that those threats resulted in the interference with the administration of justice, either by preventing the victim from coming forward sooner or affecting his testimony against defendant. The trial court did not err in scoring 15 points against defendant under OV 19.

Defendant raises two additional claims in his supplemental appellate brief. Defendant argues that the trial court erroneously scored five points for PRV 6 (relationship to criminal justice system). We review this unpreserved claim for plain error affecting defendant's substantial rights. Kimble, supra at 312, 684 N.W.2d 669. MCL 777.56(1)(d) provides that five points are to be scored if "[t]he offender is on probation or delayed sentence status or on bond awaiting adjudication or sentencing for a misdemeanor[.]"

Defendant correctly argues that he was not on probation at the time that the present offenses were committed. The record indicates that his probation for a 1999 retail fraud juvenile adjudication was completed before the offense dates of June 1, 2001, to July 27, 2001. However, the record also indicates that on May 12, 2001, defendant was charged with purchasing, consuming, or possessing alcohol as a minor, to which he pleaded guilty on June 18, 2001, and was sentenced to pay $85 in fines, costs, and fees. Therefore, defendant had a relationship with the criminal justice system at the time he committed the offenses in the present case, and no plain error is apparent in the trial court's assessment of five points for PRV 6.

Defendant also argues that he is entitled to resentencing pursuant to the United States Supreme Court's decision in Blakely v. Washington, 542 U.S. 296, 124 S. Ct. 2531, 159 L. Ed. 2d 403 (2004). Our Supreme Court and this Court have concluded that Blakely does not apply to sentences imposed in Michigan. People v. Wilson, 265 Mich.App. 386, 399, 695 N.W.2d 351 (2005), citing People v. Claypool, 470 Mich. 715, 730 n. 14, 684 N.W.2d 278 (2004), and People v. Drohan, 264 Mich.App. 77, 89 n. 4, 689 N.W.2d 750 (2004), lv. gtd. in part 472 Mich. 881, 693 N.W.2d 823 (2005).

We vacate defendant's sentence and remand this case for resentencing. We do not retain jurisdiction.

NOTES

[1] We note that this determination does not alter defendant's sentence—a reduction from five to zero points for OV 3 leaves defendant with a total OV score of 60 points instead of 65 points, which is still within the OV level V range of 50 to 74 points.

[2] This same argument does not apply to the OUIL offense that was counted against defendant under another part of the statute, MCL 777.55(2)(b). Nonetheless, even though defendant did not raise the issue, we conclude that because the OUIL conviction was entered after the sentencing offense was committed, it was not an offense properly counted under PRV 5. MCL 777.55(3) (To be counted as a "prior" offense, a conviction or adjudication must have been "entered before the sentencing offense was committed.").

[3] The sentencing guidelines statutes were enacted in 1998, 20 years after the Public Health Code controlled substances provisions.