People of Michigan v. David Roark

STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN, UNPUBLISHED
October 20, 2015
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v No. 316467
Wayne Circuit Court
DAVID ROARK, LC No. 08-009312-FC
Defendant-Appellant.
Before: FORT HOOD, P.J., and CAVANAGH and K. F. KELLY, JJ.
PER CURIAM.
Defendant appeals by leave granted1 the trial court’s order denying his motion for relief
from judgment. Defendant was convicted pursuant to a guilty plea of first-degree criminal
sexual conduct (CSC 1), MCL 750.520b(i)(b)(ii), and child sexually abusive activity, MCL
750.145c. The trial court sentenced defendant to 14 to 25 years’ imprisonment for the CSC 1
conviction and 10 to 20 years’ imprisonment for the child sexually abusive activity conviction.
On appeal, defendant argues that he is entitled to withdraw his plea because the trial court failed
to advise him of mandatory lifetime electronic monitoring, which rendered his plea involuntary.
We agree, and vacate the trial court’s order denying defendant’s motion for relief from judgment
and remand for further proceedings.
This Court reviews for an abuse of discretion a trial court’s denial of a defendant’s
motion for relief from judgment, People v Fonville, 291 Mich. App. 363, 375-376; 804 NW2d 878
(2011), and reviews a trial court’s findings of fact supporting its ruling for clear error, People v
McSwain, 259 Mich. App. 654, 681-682; 676 NW2d 236 (2003). “An abuse of discretion occurs
when the decision results in an outcome falling outside the range of principled outcomes.”
1
Defendant filed a delayed application for leave to appeal the trial court’s denial of his motion
for relief from judgment with this Court on May 29, 2013, which this Court denied. People v
Roark, unpublished order of the Court of Appeals, entered October 25, 2013 (Docket No.
316467). Defendant then applied for leave to appeal with the Michigan Supreme Court. In lieu
of granting leave to appeal, the Supreme Court remanded the case to this Court for consideration
as on leave granted. People v Roark, 497 Mich. 895; 855 NW2d 743 (2014).
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Fonville, 291 Mich. App. at 376. This Court reviews constitutional issues de novo. People v
Cole, 491 Mich. 325, 330; 817 NW2d 497 (2012).
MCR 6.310(C) provides that a defendant may file a motion to withdraw a plea within six
months after sentencing, which defendant failed to do. Accordingly, defendant could only seek
relief by way of a motion for relief from judgment pursuant to MCR 6.508(D)(3), which
provides, in relevant part:
(D) Entitlement to Relief. The defendant has the burden of establishing
entitlement to the relief requested. The court may not grant relief to the defendant
if the motion
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(3) alleges grounds for relief, other than jurisdictional defects, which could have
been raised on appeal from the conviction and sentence or in a prior motion under
this subchapter, unless the defendant demonstrates
(a) good cause for failure to raise such grounds on appeal or in the prior motion,
and
(b) actual prejudice from the alleged irregularities that support the claim for relief.
As used in this subrule, “actual prejudice” means that,
* * *
(ii) in a conviction entered on a plea of guilty, guilty but mentally ill, or nolo
contendere, the defect in the proceedings was such that it renders the plea an
involuntary one to a degree that it would be manifestly unjust to allow the
conviction to stand[.]
In sum, defendant must show good cause and actual prejudice. Actual prejudice may result from
an involuntary plea agreement.
Here, defendant demonstrated good cause for failing to raise this issue in a timely appeal
or motion. Good cause can be established by proving ineffective assistance of appellate counsel.
People v Reed, 449 Mich. 375, 378; 535 NW2d 496 (1995). In granting leave to appeal to this
Court, the Michigan Supreme Court specifically found that defendant’s initial appellate counsel
failed to comply with the minimum standards for indigent defense counsel by abandoning
defendant’s appeal without withdrawing from representation, and imposed costs against the
attorney. People v Roark, 497 Mich. 895; 855 NW2d 743 (2014). After defendant’s appellate
counsel abandoned his appeal, defendant filed a motion for relief from judgment on his own
behalf, which led to the current proceedings. Accordingly, we conclude that defendant has
demonstrated good cause for his failure to raise the involuntary plea issue at an earlier time based
on ineffective assistance of counsel.
Defendant has also demonstrated actual prejudice. The Due Process Clause of the
Fourteenth Amendment requires that a guilty plea be voluntary and knowing. McCarthy v
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United States, 394 U.S. 459, 466; 89 S. Ct. 1166; 22 L. Ed. 2d 418 (1969). Michigan codified this
constitutional mandate in MCR 6.302(A), which states that a trial court “may not accept a plea of
guilty . . . unless it is convinced that the plea is understanding, voluntary, and accurate.” MCR
6.302(A); People v Brown, 492 Mich. 684, 688-689; 822 NW2d 208 (2012). The United States
Supreme Court has held that, for a plea to be understanding and voluntary, a defendant must be
“fully aware of the direct consequences” of the plea. Brady v United States, 397 U.S. 742, 755;
90 S. Ct. 1463; 25 L. Ed. 2d 747 (1970). At the very least, the defendant must be informed of “the
maximum possible prison sentence for the offense and any mandatory minimum sentence
required by law[.]” MCR 6.302(B)(2). Incorporating the Brady Court’s “direct consequences”
language, Michigan courts have determined that, for a plea to be knowingly and voluntarily
made, the trial court must ensure that the defendant has been informed of any condition that
represents “a definite, immediate and largely automatic effect on the range of defendant’s
punishment.” Cole, 491 Mich. at 333-334 (citation omitted).
In Cole, our Supreme Court held that mandatory lifetime electronic monitoring, required
pursuant to MCL 750.520n(1), is not only a direct consequence of a defendant’s guilty plea, but
part of the sentence itself. Cole, 491 Mich. at 335-337. Therefore:
[W]hen the governing criminal statute mandates that a trial court sentence a
defendant entering the plea that he or she will be subject to mandatory lifetime
electronic monitoring, due process requires the trial court to inform the defendant
entering the plea that he or she will be subject to mandatory lifetime electronic
monitoring. And because MCR 6.302 is premised on constitutional due-process
requirements, a defendant who will be subject to mandatory lifetime electronic
monitoring must be so advised by the trial court at the time of the plea hearing in
order to satisfy the court rule’s requirement that the plea be understanding and
voluntary. [Id.]
In light of the Cole decision, defendant has demonstrated that his plea agreement was
defective. Because defendant pled guilty to criminal sexual conduct under MCL 750.520b, MCL
750.520n required that he be subject to lifetime electronic monitoring as part of his sentence.
There was no record evidence that defendant was informed of the impending imposition of
lifetime electronic monitoring prior to entering his guilty plea. While defendant’s compliance
with the Sex Offenders Registration Act (“SORA”) was an explicit term of the written plea
agreement and defendant indicated at the plea hearing that he understood that he would be
subject to SORA’s requirements, this did not establish that defendant understood he would also
be subject to lifetime electronic monitoring. Accordingly, the trial court clearly abused its
discretion when it denied defendant’s motion for relief from judgment on the erroneous factual
basis that “both the written plea form and defendant’s plea on the record reveal the defendant
was subject to the mandatory electronic tethering specifically required by statute.” Additionally,
we are not convinced that the trial court’s belated and fleeting mention of lifetime electronic
monitoring after the sentencing proceeding concluded rendered defendant’s guilty plea knowing
and voluntary. Both the Cole decision and MCR 6.302 require that defendant be adequately
informed before the trial court may accept defendant’s guilty plea. MCR 6.302(A); see Cole,
491 Mich. at 337. After Cole, a defendant who has not been informed of his exposure to lifetime
electronic monitoring is entitled to withdraw his guilty plea. Cole, 491 Mich. at 338.
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Contrary to the prosecutor’s assertion on appeal, the fact that defendant’s involuntary
plea entered in 2008, several years prior to the 2012 Cole decision, does not render Cole’s
holding inapplicable to the present case. It is true that, absent a substantial change in law that is
to be applied retroactively, see People v Carp, 496 Mich. 440, 469-470; 852 NW2d 801 (2014),
the validity of a guilty plea is to be determined under the law on the day the plea is taken.
People v Ward, 459 Mich. 602, 611; 594 NW2d 47 (1999). However, Brady’s constitutional
requirement that defendant be apprised of the “direct consequences” of his guilty plea before his
plea could be considered knowing and voluntary had been a rule for decades by the time
defendant entered his plea, Brady, 397 U.S. at 748, and the Cole decision did nothing to change
Brady’s constitutional mandate. A rule is “new” when it “breaks new ground, imposes a new
obligation on the States or the Federal Government, or was not dictated by precedent existing at
the time the defendant’s conviction became final.” Carp, 496 Mich. at 472 (internal citations and
quotations omitted). The Cole Court’s decision did not present a new rule because a reasonable
jurist considering defendant’s claim at the time his conviction became final would have felt
compelled by existing precedent to conclude that the same holding reached in Cole was required
by the Constitution. People v Maxson, 482 Mich. 385, 388-389; 759 NW2d 817 (2008). Because
Cole’s holding represented an application of an existing rule, and not the creation of a new rule,
it is “applied retroactively even to cases that became final for purposes of direct appellate review
before the case on which defendant relied for the rule was decided.” Carp, 496 Mich. at 471-472.
The defect in defendant’s plea proceedings was such that it rendered the plea an
involuntary one, and it would be manifestly unjust to allow the convictions to stand. This
holding is mandated by due process and the severity of lifetime electronic monitoring as a
sentencing requirement. As our Supreme Court has stated:
When a defendant agrees to plead guilty, he or she is making a bargain, giving up
trial rights in exchange for some perceived benefit. In order for a defendant to
accurately assess the benefits of the bargain being considered, the defendant must
be aware of the immediate consequences that will flow directly from his or her
decision. Without information about a consequence of a sentence deemed by our
Legislature to be punishment, which here entails having to wear a device and be
electronically tracked “from the time the individual is released on parole or from
prison until the time of the individual’s death,” MCL 791.285(1)(a), it cannot be
said that a defendant was aware of the critical information necessary to assess the
bargain being considered. [Cole, 491 Mich. at 337-338.]
MCR 6.310(C) provides the remedy for a violation of MCR 6.302(B)(2), which includes
the requirement that the trial court fully inform defendant of the direct consequences of his guilty
plea. Brown, 492 Mich. at 702. Because defendant was not given the required notice, this case is
remanded to the trial court. Pursuant to MCR 6.310(C), defendant may elect to allow his
sentence to stand or withdraw his plea, “in which case the trial court must vacate his conviction
and sentence. In the latter event, the matter may proceed to trial.” Brown, 492 Mich. at 703.
Defendant also argues that his trial counsel was ineffective for failure to advise him of
the direct consequences of his guilty plea. Based on our disposition regarding defendant’s initial
argument on appeal, it is unnecessary to review defendant’s ineffective assistance claim.
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The trial court’s denial of defendant’s motion for relief from judgment is vacated. We
remand to the trial court with instructions to allow defendant to withdraw his plea. If defendant
withdraws the plea, the prosecutor may reinstate all charges, including those that were dismissed
as a result of defendant’s acceptance of the plea agreement. We do not retain jurisdiction.
/s/ Karen M. Fort Hood
/s/ Mark J. Cavanagh
/s/ Kirsten Frank Kelly
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