DocketNumber: Docket No. 301787
Citation Numbers: 295 Mich. App. 388
Judges: Fitzgerald, Meter, Murphy
Filed Date: 2/14/2012
Status: Precedential
Modified Date: 9/9/2022
Defendant was charged with nine counts of first-degree criminal sexual conduct (CSC-1), MCL 750.520b(l)(a) (victim under age 13), arising out of various acts of sexual penetration involving his daughter. Following a jury trial, defendant was convicted of seven counts of CSC-1, with the jury acquitting defendant on the first count in the felony information and the trial court granting a directed verdict on the information’s second count. The victim’s testimony and defendant’s confession fully supported the convictions. Defendant was sentenced to 25 to 50 years’ imprisonment for each of the seven CSC-1 convictions. MCL 750.520b(2)(b) mandated a 25-year minimum sentence. The trial court ordered that the prison sentences be served concurrently, except for the sentence on count 9, which was to be served consecutively to the sentence on count 3. The trial court found that the sexual penetrations associated with counts 3 (fellatio) and 9 (vaginal intercourse) arose out of the same transaction and that imposition of consecutive sentences was thus permissible under MCL 750.520b(3). Defendant was therefore effectively sentenced to a minimum prison term of 50 years. On appeal, defendant
I. FACTS
On March 1, 2010, the police were notified by local school personnel that a student had made allegations that her father, defendant, had sexually abused her on various occasions. The police met with defendant at the school, then transported him to the police department for questioning. Meanwhile, a detective took the victim to a local abuse and neglect center for purposes of a forensic interview. At the police department, defendant signed a form indicating that he understood and waived his Miranda
In an initial police interview on March 1, defendant denied ever having sexual contact with his daughter. The interview was recorded, but a computer failure or human error resulted in the data or recording being
The victim testified that she was 12 years old at the time of trial and that she had stopped living with her mother and went to live with her father in 2009 at a house in Saginaw that he shared with his wife (the victim’s stepmother) and the victim’s two half-brothers. The victim indicated that her stepmother went to Mississippi for a wedding sometime in June 2009, leaving defendant to care for her and her brothers. Shortly after her stepmother left, defendant called the victim into his bedroom and demanded that she remove all of her clothing. She testified that defendant put his penis in her vagina and thereafter placed his penis in her mouth, leading to ejaculation. The victim was 11 years old at the time. The act of vaginal intercourse and the act of fellatio in this first episode or transaction
The victim stated that on February 28, 2010, her stepmother and brothers were gone from the house and defendant wanted her to remove her clothing, but she refused and climbed under her bed. She testified that defendant took his belt off and started swinging it under the bed, striking her once on the leg. The next day at school the victim told the school counselor about the sexual abuse.
Defendant took the stand and denied any sexual contact with his daughter, suggesting that she had made it all up in an effort to return to her mother out of state. Defendant testified that his confession was false and resulted from being deprived of medical attention and his pain medications as well as threats that his sons would be taken away from his wife and put in foster care.
Defendant was convicted and sentenced on seven counts of CSC-1 as indicated. He appeals as of right.
II. ANALYSIS
A. MOTION TO SUPPRESS CONFESSION
Defendant first argues that the trial court erred by denying the motion to suppress his confession because the confession was involuntary and the waiver of his Miranda rights was not knowing, intelligent, and voluntary. Defendant claims that he had suffered a severe injury in the past and was disabled, necessitating an array of medications to manage his pain. Defendant
The trial court conducted a Walker
We initially note that the nature and substance of defendant’s argument is focused on the voluntariness of the confession and perhaps the voluntariness of the Miranda waiver, but not on whether the Miranda
In People v Cipriano, 431 Mich 315, 333-334; 429 NW2d 781 (1988), our Supreme Court set forth the applicable analysis that governs a determination whether a confession was voluntary:
The test of voluntariness should be whether, considering the totality of all the surrounding circumstances, the confession is “the product of an essentially free and unconstrained choice by its maker,” or whether the accused’s “will has been overborne and his capacity for self-determination critically impaired ...” The line of demarcation “is that at which governing self-direction is lost and compulsion, of whatever nature or however infused, propels or helps to propel the confession.”
In determining whether a statement is voluntary, the trial court should consider, among other things, the following factors: the age of the accused; his lack of education or his intelligence level; the extent of his previous experience with the police; the repeated and prolonged nature of the questioning; the length of the detention of the accused before he gave the statement in question; the lack of any advice to the accused of his constitutional rights; whether there was an unnecessary delay in bringing him before a magistrate before he gave the confession; whether the accused was injured, intoxicated or drugged, or in ill health when he gave the statement; whether the accused was deprived of food, sleep, or medical attention; whether the*397 accused was physically abused; and whether the suspect was threatened with abuse.
The absence or presence of any one of these factors is not necessarily conclusive on the issue of voluntariness. The ultimate test of admissibility is whether the totality of the circumstances surrounding the making of the confession indicates that it was freely and voluntarily made. [Citations omitted.]
The legal analysis is essentially the same with respect to examining the “voluntary” prong of a Miranda waiver. In People v Daoud, 462 Mich 621, 635; 614 NW2d 152 (2000), the Supreme Court explained:
Determining whether a waiver of Miranda rights was voluntary involves the same inquiry as in the due process context.... [T]here is “no reason to require more in the way of a voluntariness inquiry in the Miranda waiver context than in the Fourteenth Amendment confession context.” Thus, whether a waiver of Miranda rights is voluntary depends on the absence of police coercion. ... “ ‘[T]he relinquishment of the right must have been voluntary in the sense that it was the product of a free and deliberate choice rather than intimidation, coercion, or deception....’” [Citations omitted.]
Defendant was interviewed on March 1 and 3, 2010, and the record reflects that the police declined to interview him on March 2 because he complained of a lack of sleep. Defendant indicated that the first interview lasted a couple of hours. He was advised of and waived his Miranda rights before the first interview. In regard to the interviews on March 3, 2010, defendant admitted that he received breaks in the interview process. Furthermore, on March 3, the interviewing detective obtained confirmation from defendant that he had previously been advised of and waived his Miranda rights. The detective also explained to defendant that his Miranda rights still applied, and defendant expressed, once again, that he understood
Defendant’s testimony concerning alleged promises of prosecutorial leniency, medical care, and continued parental rights with respect to defendant’s wife if he confessed was flatly contradicted by police testimony. The trial court’s assessment of the weight of the evidence and its determination that the officers were credible witnesses and that defendant lacked credibility fall within the trial court’s purview and are entitled to deference, not second-guessing by us when we did not hear and observe the witnesses. We hold that defendant’s confession was freely and voluntarily made under the totality of the circumstances; it was the product of an essentially free and unconstrained choice by defendant. Defendant’s will was not overborne, nor was his capacity for self-determination critically impaired. The record reflects that the confession was not the result of intimidation, coercion, or deception. Reversal is unwarranted.
B. CONSECUTIVE SENTENCING
Defendant argues that the trial court erred by imposing consecutive sentences on two of the CSC-1 convic
This Court reviews de novo questions of statutory construction. People v Flick, 487 Mich 1, 8-9; 790 NW2d 295 (2010). This appeal requires us to construe MCL 750.520b(3). In Flick, 487 Mich at 10-11, the Michigan Supreme Court recited the well-established principles that govern our interpretation of a statute:
The overriding goal of statutory interpretation is to ascertain and give effect to the Legislature’s intent. The touchstone of legislative intent is the statute’s language. The words of a statute provide the most reliable indicator of the Legislature’s intent and should be interpreted on the basis of their ordinary meaning and the overall context in which they are used. An undefined statutory word or phrase must be accorded its plain and ordinary meaning, unless the undefined word or phrase is a “term of art” with a unique legal meaning. When we interpret the Michigan Penal Code, we do so according to the fair import of the terms, to promote justice and to effect the objects of the law. [Citations, alterations, and quotation marks omitted.]
When an undefined statutory term has been the subject of judicial interpretation, we presume that the Legislature used the particular term in a manner con
In Michigan, “concurrent sentencing is the norm,” and a “consecutive sentence may be imposed only if specifically authorized by statute.” People v Brown, 220 Mich App 680, 682; 560 NW2d 80 (1996). MCL 750.520b(3) certainly authorizes a court to impose a CSC-1 sentence that runs consecutively to a sentence imposed for another criminal offense arising from the same transaction, but the question is whether it does so in the context of two CSC-1 convictions.
The term “same transaction” is not statutorily defined; however, it has developed a unique legal meaning. Accordingly, it is appropriate to examine judicial interpretations of the terminology. Flick, 487 Mich at 11; McCormick, 487 Mich at 192; Powell, 280 Mich at 703. Two or more separate criminal offenses can occur within the “same transaction.” People v Nutt, 469 Mich 565, 578 n 15; 677 NW2d 1 (2004) (“ Tt is not of unfrequent occurrence, that the same individual, at the same time, and in the same transaction, commits two or more distinct crimes ....’”) (citation omitted). To find otherwise would be nonsensical, as consecutive sentencing provisions such as MCL 750.520b(3), MCL 750.110a(8), and MCL 750.529a(3) would be rendered meaningless. In the double-jeopardy context, our Supreme Court in People v Sturgis, 427 Mich 392, 401; 397 NW2 783 (1986), alluding to the same-transaction test, stated that the test in part required the joining of charges that “grew out of a continuous time sequence.” Although Nutt, 469 Mich at 568, subsequently rejected the same-transaction test in favor of the same-elements
Additionally, in People v Johnson, 474 Mich 96; 712 NW2d 703 (2006), the Court construed analogous statutory language that concerned acts “arising out of the sentencing offense,” as that phrase is used in MCL 777.41(2)(a). MCL 777.41 governs the scoring of OV-11 under the legislative sentencing guidelines. The Johnson Court held:
[W]e have previously defined “arising out of” to suggest a causal connection between two events of a sort that is more than incidental. We continue to believe that this sets forth the most reasonable definition of “arising out of.” Something that “aris[es] out of,” or springs from or results from something else, has a connective relationship, a cause and effect relationship, of more than an incidental sort with the event out of which it has arisen. {Johnson, 474 Mich at 101.]
The evidence in this case reflected that the sexual penetrations forming counts 3 and 9 grew out of a continuous time sequence in which the act of vaginal intercourse was immediately followed by the act of fellatio. These two particular sexual penetrations sprang one from the other and had a connective relationship that was more than incidental. Accordingly, counts 3 and 9 arose from the same transaction. We find further support for this conclusion in People v Ochotski, 115 Mich 601; 73 NW 889 (1898), in which there was evidence that the defendant had committed an unprovoked assault on a neighbor and, after disabling the neighbor, proceeded to assault the neighbor’s wife, who had arrived on the scene. The defendant was acquitted
Next, we examine the phrase “any other criminal offense,” as used in MCL 750.520b(3). Again, MCL 750.520b(3) provides that a “court may order a term of imprisonment imposed under this section [for CSC-1] to be served consecutively to any term of imprisonment imposed for any other criminal offense arising from the same transaction.” Defendant maintains that the “other” criminal offense cannot be the crime of CSC-1 in general, i.e., any and all other CSC-1 offenses are barred from consideration, regardless of the fact that a second CSC-1 offense constitutes a separate and distinct count. Therefore, according to defendant, a CSC-1 sentence can only be imposed consecutively to a non-CSC-1 sentence if the associated offenses arose out of the same transaction. We disagree, as this interpretation is inconsistent with the plain and unambiguous language of the statute. The phrase “any other criminal offense” necessarily invites a comparison between two criminal offenses, which, given the use of the word “other,” must be different offenses, not the same one. The key to the proper interpretation of the statute, as we view it, is determining how broadly or narrowly to
The language and sentence structure of MCL 750.520b(3) dictate that criminal offenses, when being examined to determine whether they are the same or different for purposes of consecutive sentencing, be viewed in relationship to the “term[s] of imprisonment imposed” thereon or, in other words, in relationship to their sentences. The distinction between “a term of imprisonment imposed under [MCL 750.520b]” and the “term of imprisonment imposed for any other criminal offense” necessarily embodies or includes a distinction predicated on the sentences imposed. Therefore, the phrase “any other criminal offense” means a different sentencing offense, and offenses, for purposes of sentencing, are always reduced or broken down into individual counts. Sentences or terms of imprisonment are imposed for each count of a crime on which a defendant is convicted, including counts arising from the same transaction. Each count in an information constitutes a separate crime. People v Taurianen, 102 Mich App 17, 30; 300 NW2d 720 (1980); see also People v Vaughn, 409 Mich 463, 465; 295 NW2d 354 (1980) (“ ‘Each count in an indictment is regarded as if it was a separate indictment.’ ”) (citation omitted). A crime such as CSC-1 can be committed in myriad ways and give rise to multiple counts arising from the same transaction, leading to sentences on each count. While sentences on multiple
A fair import of the language in MCL 750.520b(3) is that the trial court had the discretion to impose a term of imprisonment for defendant’s act of engaging in vaginal intercourse with the victim — CSC-1, count 9 — to be served consecutively to the term of imprisonment imposed for defendant’s act of engaging in fellatio with the victim — CSC-1, count 3 — as count 3 was a different or distinct criminal offense, given that it was not the same act as the act of vaginal intercourse that formed the basis of count 9. While the two counts are both CSC-1 offenses, they are distinct in the sense that they pertained to different acts of sexual penetration and could independently support imposition of a term of imprisonment; they stand on their own as criminal offenses. Count 3 constitutes “any other criminal offense” when viewed in relationship to, or in conjunction with, count 9. The Legislature’s use of the word “any” is all-encompassing and does not permit us to exclude from consideration other CSC-1 offenses upon which a term of imprisonment was imposed.
We find support for our holding in People v Morris, 450 Mich 316; 537 NW2d 842 (1995). The Court in Morris interpreted the consecutive sentencing provision in MCL 333.7401(3), which provides that “[a] term of imprisonment imposed under subsection (2) (a) [a controlled-substance crime] may be imposed to run
In light of the absence of words of limitation in the statute, and because of the lack of evidence that there was a legislative intent to limit the scope of the term “another felony” in § 7401(3), we hold that the term includes any felony for which the defendant has been sentenced either before or simultaneously with the controlled substance felony enumerated in § 7401(3) for which a defendant is currently being sentenced. This represents the most sensible and reasonable interpretation of “another felony” in light of the intent of the law to deter the commission of controlled substance offenses through the imposition of consecutive sentences. The phrase applies to felonies that violate any provision of the controlled substances act, including additional violations of the same controlled substance provision as that for which the defendant is being sentenced or any other felony. Sentences imposed in the same sentencing proceeding are assumed, for the purposes of § 7401(3), to be imposed simultaneously. Where any of the felonies for which a defendant is being sentenced in the same proceeding are covered by the mandatory consecutive sentencing provision of § 7401(3), the sentence for that felony must be imposed to run consecutively to the term of imprisonment imposed for other, nonenumerated felonies. [Id. at 337 (emphasis added).]
For purposes of our particular issue and analysis, we view no discernible difference between the phrases “another felony” and “any other criminal offense,” other than the “felony” aspect of the former phrase. Consistently with Morris, the phrase “any other criminal offense” can encompass additional violations of the same CSC-1 statute. Again, the Morris Court emphasized that
*408 [ajbsent a convincing indication that the Legislature meant the term [“another felony”] to be interpreted in a limited manner,... a broad definition of “another felony” provides the most sensible and reasonable interpretation of the legislative expression embodied in the statute, in view of the subject matter of the law and the goal of consecutive sentencing. [Id. at 327-328.]
We find that this logic applies equally to MCL 750.520b(3).
The purpose of consecutive-sentencing statutes is to deter persons from committing multiple crimes by removing the security of concurrent sentencing. People v Phillips, 217 Mich App 489, 499; 552 NW2d 487 (1996); see also People v Denio, 454 Mich 691, 703; 564 NW2d 13 (1997) (noting that consecutive sentences enhance punishment for the purpose of deterring certain criminal behavior). We find it undeniable that the Legislature, by adding MCL 750.520b(3), intended to empower sentencing courts by authorizing the imposition of lengthy prison terms by way of consecutive sentencing when a defendant committed a non-CSC-1 criminal offense and chose to additionally commit a CSC-1 offense during the same transaction. The Legislature intended to remove the security of concurrent sentencing and provide for real and substantial consequences as part of an effort to deter the commission of CSC-1 in transactions involving the commission of non-CSC-1 offenses. We see no reason for concluding that the Legislature did not intend to extend this goal to cases in which multiple CSC-1 offenses are committed during the same transaction. For example, if a defendant sexually victimized two persons in the same transaction, the defendant would likely face a sentence comparable to a sentence for sexually assaulting only one victim absent the prospect of consecutive sentences. Even when there is only one victim, a multiplicity of
Because we have concluded that the plain and unambiguous language of the statute supported the imposition of consecutive sentences, it is unnecessary to address the various arguments posed by defendant that entail looking outside of the statutory language itself on the basis of defendant’s mistaken proposition that the statute is ambiguous. We hold that the trial court correctly interpreted and applied MCL 750.520b(3) and did not abuse its discretion when it imposed consecutive sentences.
C. STANDARD 4 BRIEF
Defendant submitted a brief pursuant to Administrative Order No. 2004-6, Standard 4, in which he presents myriad issues, arguing that the prosecutor engaged in misconduct, that the trial court erred by failing to provide substitute counsel, that his arrest was unlaw
III. CONCLUSION
We hold that the trial court did not err by denying defendant’s motion to suppress his confession. We additionally conclude that the trial court had the authority under MCL 750.520b(3) to impose consecutive sentences with respect to the CSC-1 convictions on counts 3 and 9 and that the court did not abuse its discretion by imposing the consecutive sentences. Finally, we hold that the arguments in defendant’s Standard 4 brief do not warrant reversal.
Affirmed.
Administrative Order No. 2004-6 adopted the minimum standards for indigent criminal appellate defense services proposed by the Appellate Defender Commission. A Standard 4 brief refers to a brief filed by the defendant in propria persona in which he or she raises issues on appeal against the advice of counsel.
Miranda v Arizona, 384 US 436; 86 S Ct 1602; 16 L Ed 2d 694 (1966).
We note that on March 3, 2010, there were actually two interviews of defendant hy police. A detective conducted an initial interview in which defendant allegedly confessed to sexually abusing his daughter; however, while this interview was successfully videotaped, the volume for the audio was turned down, so the recording was silent. The detective discovered the problem and then conducted a second interview, which was successfully recorded and played for the jury.
People v Walker (On Rehearing), 374 Mich 331; 132 NW2d 87 (1965).
MCL 750.520b was amended in 2006, adding subsection (3). See 2006 PA 169.
MCL 750.110a(8) provides that a “court may order a term of imprisonment imposed for home invasion in the first degree to be served consecutively to any term of imprisonment imposed for any other criminal offense arising from the same transaction.”
MCL 750.529a(3) provides that “[a] sentence imposed for a violation of this section may be imposed to run consecutively to any other sentence imposed for a conviction that arises out of the same transaction.”
As recognized by the trial court and the parties, MCL 750.520b(3) does not mandate consecutive sentencing. Rather, it provides that a court “may” impose consecutive sentences, making the decision discretionary. A sentencing court abuses its discretion when its decision falls outside the range of reasonable and principled outcomes. People v Babcock, 469 Mich 247, 269; 666 NW2d 231 (2003). We ultimately hold in this case that consecutive sentences may be imposed relative to the two CSC-1 convictions at issue without offending MCL 750.520b(3), and we further hold that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by actually imposing consecutive sentences. The 50-year minimum term of imprisonment that results from the consecutive sentencing is proportionate to the offenses and the offender; the victim suffered horrific abuse at the hands of her father. People v Milbourn, 435 Mich 630, 650; 461 NW2d 1 (1990). We also note that “where a defendant receives consecutive sentences and neither sentence exceeds the maximum punishment allowed, the aggregate of the sentences will not be disproportionate under... Milbourn[.]” People v Miles, 454 Mich 90, 95; 559 NW2d 299 (1997), citing and finding persuasive People v Warner, 190 Mich App 734; 476 NW2d 660 (1991).
Although the Legislature may have generally contemplated imposition of a consecutive sentence under MCL 750.520b(3), if a CSC-1 and a non-CSC-1 offense were committed during the same transaction, the statute as written does not so limit its scope. We must construe the statute as written.