People v. Gomez

O’Connell, J.

Defendant appeals by leave granted the trial court’s order denying his motion for relief from the judgment. The issue on appeal is whether Padilla v Kentucky, 559 US _; 130 S Ct 1473; 176 L Ed 2d 284 (2010), applies retroactively to allow defendant to avoid the potential immigration consequences of his plea-based conviction. We hold that the new rule of criminal procedure announced in Padilla has prospective application only. Accordingly, we affirm the trial court’s order.

I. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

Defendant, a citizen of Mexico, has lived much of his life in the United States as a permanent resident. In 2001, the Branch County prosecutor charged defendant with two controlled substance offenses under MCL 333.7401 and with possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony under MCL 750.227b. Defendant ultimately entered a no-contest plea to the charge of possession with intent to deliver less than 5 kilograms of marijuana, MCL 333.7401(1) and (2)(d)(iii). At sentencing, the trial court stated to defendant, “[H]aving gone through the presentence report, you certainly have demonstrated otherwise in your life that you are an intelligent, hard working individual. And it’s unfortunate that you are standing here under these circumstances. Hopefully this will be a single aberration in your otherwise blemish-less life.” The court sentenced defendant to 120 days’ imprisonment, with work release permitted. Defendant served a 24-month probation term and was discharged in 2005.

Four years later, the federal Department of Homeland Security notified defendant that his conviction rendered him subject to deportation. The following year, the United States Supreme Court issued the Padilla decision, which held that criminal defense counsel must advise a defendant when a guilty plea will render the defendant subject to automatic deportation. Padilla, 559 US at _; 130 S Ct at 1478. Shortly after the Supreme Court issued Padilla, defendant moved for relief from the judgment in the trial court. Defendant asserted that neither defense counsel nor the trial court ever asked him about his immigration or citizenship status. He further asserted that if he had been told that his plea would affect his immigration status, he would not have entered the plea and would instead have gone to trial on the charges. He argued that his counsel was ineffective under Padilla and that the trial court should set aside his conviction.

The trial court denied defendant’s motion for relief. The court determined that nothing in the Padilla decision required retroactive application of the new rule regarding advice about immigration consequences. The court further determined that “ [t] o retroactively apply the Padilla ruling and cause all cases to be later dismissed due to no longer having State’s evidence or to have to recreate such investigation is not the intent of the Padilla decision.”

II. ANALYSIS

A. STANDARD OF REVIEW

The issue whether a United States Supreme Court decision applies retroactively presents a question of law that we review de novo. People v Maxson, 482 Mich 385, 387; 759 NW2d 817 (2008). We review for an abuse of discretion the trial court’s ultimate ruling on a motion for relief from a judgment. People v Swain, 288 Mich App 609, 628; 794 NW2d 92 (2010).

B. RETROACTIVITY UNDER FEDERAL LAW

Defendant’s conviction became final when the time for a direct appeal expired, which was several years before the Supreme Court issued Padilla. See Beard v Banks, 542 US 406, 411; 124 S Ct 2504; 159 L Ed 2d 494 (2004) (stating that convictions are final when the availability of direct appeal has been exhausted and the time for filing a petition for a writ of certiorari has expired). Given that his conviction is final, defendant is entitled to relief only if a retroactive change in the law has altered the validity of his or her conviction. See generally MCR 6.500 et seq. To determine whether a retroactive change can alter a conviction, the federal courts use the analysis described in Teague v Lane, 489 US 288; 109 S Ct 1060; 103 L Ed 2d 334 (1989). Under Teague, a new rule of criminal procedure generally cannot be applied retroactively to alter a final judgment. Id. at 310. Accordingly, the first step in the Teague analysis is to determine whether the rule at issue constitutes a new rule. Maxson, 482 Mich at 388. A procedural rule is new unless it is “dictated by precedent existing at the time the defendant’s conviction became final.” Teague, 489 US at 301 (emphasis added).

The federal circuits are split regarding whether Padilla announced a new rule.¹ The United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit has not ruled on the issue, but has denied relief from a judgment in a Padilla challenge on the ground that the defendant failed to establish prejudice. Pilla v United States, 668 F3d 368, 373 (CA 6, 2012).² An examination of the Padilla decision itself, however, indicates that neither the bench nor the bar could have forecast that the prePadilla precedent dictated an advisement of the immigration consequences of a guilty plea. The two concurring justices used pellucid phrasing to characterize the new rule, terming the rule a “dramatic departure,” a “major upheaval,” and a “dramatic expansion of the scope of criminal defense counsel’s duties . . . .” Padilla, 559 US at _; 130 S Ct at 1488, 1491, 1492. The Tenth Circuit aptly described the concurring and dissenting justices’ views:

In a concurrence, Justice Alito (joined by Chief Justice Roberts) stated “the Court’s decision marks a major upheaval in Sixth Amendment law” and noted the majority failed to cite any precedent for the premise that a defense counsel’s failure to provide advice concerning the immigration consequences of a criminal conviction violated a defendant’s right to counsel. Padilla, 130 S. Ct. at 1491 (Alito, J., concurring in judgment); see also id. at 1488 (noting the majority’s “dramatic departure from precedent”); id. at 1491 (“[T]he Court’s view has been rejected by every Federal Court of Appeals to have considered the issue thus far.”); id. at 1492 (“The majority seeks to downplay its dramatic expansion of the scope of criminal defense counsel’s duties under the Sixth Amendment.”).

Similarly, Justice Scalia in a dissent (joined by Justice Thomas), argued the Sixth Amendment right to counsel does not extend to “advice about the collateral consequences of conviction” and that the Court, until Padilla, had limited the Sixth Amendment to advice directly related to defense against criminal prosecutions. Id. at 1494-95 (Scalia, J., dissenting); see also id. at 1495 (“There is no basis in text or in principle to extend the constitutionally required advice regarding guilty pleas beyond those matters germane to the criminal prosecution at hand.”). [United States v Hong, 671 F3d 1147, 1154-1155 (2011).]

The Seventh Circuit determined that the disagreement among the justices demonstrated that Padilla established a new rule (otherwise, the justices would have reached some accord on the basic principle). Chaidez v United States, 655 F3d 684, 689-690 (CA 7, 2011).³

Given the narrow margin among our nation’s Supreme Court justices on this issue, the federal retroactivity analysis indicates that Padilla established a new procedural rule. This new rule is not retroactive unless one of two exceptions to nonretroactivity applies: (1) the rule “places certain kinds of primary, private individual conduct beyond the power of the criminal lawmaking authority to proscribe” or (2) the rule “requires the observance of those procedures that. .. are implicit in the concept of ordered liberty.” Teague, 489 US at 307 (quotation marks and citations omitted); see also Maxson, 482 Mich at 388.

Neither of the two exceptions applies here. The requirement that criminal defense counsel advise defendants of immigration consequences does not regulate private conduct, nor is the requirement so implicit in the structure of criminal proceedings that retroactivity is mandated. Accord Hong, 671 F3d at 1158-1159. Rather, the requirement applies to a subset of criminal defendants who might wish to consider immigration consequences as part of the many variables they will assess when deciding whether to enter a plea. Therefore, we conclude that federal precedent does not require retroactive application of the new Padilla rule.

C. RETROACTIVITY UNDER MICHIGAN LAW

Despite the lack of retroactivity under the federal analysis, this Court could nonetheless apply Padilla retroactively in this case. “A state may accord broader effect to a new rule of criminal procedure than federal retroactivity jurisprudence accords.” Maxson, 482 Mich at 392. We decline to broaden the applicability of Padilla for two reasons. First, the pre-Padilla Michigan precedent expressly stated that “a failure by counsel to give immigration advice does not render [defense counsel’s] representation constitutionally ineffective.” People v Davidovich, 463 Mich 446, 453; 618 NW2d 579 (2000) (emphasis added). To apply Padilla retroactively would be to allow any offender to negate an earlier acknowledgement of guilt merely by asserting a potential immigration issue. Nothing in Michigan caselaw allows withdrawal of guilty pleas on this basis.

Second, the Michigan retroactivity analysis mandates that Padilla be applied prospectively only. Three factors govern the Michigan retroactivity analysis: “ ‘(1) the purpose of the new rules; (2) the general reliance on the old rule[;] and (3) the effect of retroactive application of the new rule on the administration of justice.’ ” Maxson, 482 Mich at 393, quoting People v Sexton, 458 Mich 43, 60-61; 580 NW2d 404 (1998) (alteration in original). In Maxson, our Supreme Court held that these factors precluded retroactive application of a new procedural rule that affected appeals from guilty pleas. Id. at 393-399. Like the rule held to be prospective in Maxson, the Padilla rule cannot reasonably be deemed to require retroactive application.

III. CONCLUSION

In sum, we hold that both the federal analysis and the Michigan analysis require that the new rule of criminal procedure announced in Padilla be applied prospectively only. Accordingly, the trial court was within its discretion in denying defendant’s motion for relief from the judgment.

Affirmed.

Sawyer, EJ., and Ronayne Krause, J., concurred with O’Connell, J.

1 Compare United States v Hong, 671 F3d 1147, 1148, 1156 (2011) (Padilla announced a new rule), and Chaidez v United States, 655 F3d 684, 694 (CA 7, 2011) (same) (petition for certiorari filed December 23, 2011), with United States v Orocio, 645 F3d 630, 641 (CA 3, 2011) (Padilla stated an old rule and is retroactive).

2 At least one district court in the Sixth Circuit has determined that Padilla did not create a new rule and is retroactive. United States v Reid, 2011 WL 3417235, *4 (SD Ohio, August 4, 2011) (Docket No. L97-CR94).

3 The Padilla majority did not identify definitive precedent establishing that effective representation required immigration advice. Rather, the Padilla majority stated, “For at least the past 15 years, professional norms have generally imposed an obligation on counsel to provide advice on the deportation consequences of a client’s plea.” Padilla, 559 US at _; 130 S Ct at 1485. In our view, professional norms do not amount to precedent that dictates a result within the meaning of Teague.