DocketNumber: Docket Nos. 303736 and 303737
Citation Numbers: 296 Mich. App. 306
Judges: Cavanagh, Hood, Kelly
Filed Date: 4/19/2012
Status: Precedential
Modified Date: 9/9/2022
Respondent, the Department of Treasury, appeals as of right an order of the Tax Tribunal that granted summary disposition in favor of petitioners, Kelly Services, Inc., and Kelly Properties, Inc., and denied respondent summary disposition. We affirm.
I. BASIC FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
Petitioners are an affiliated group of companies. Kelly Services is a Delaware corporation in the business of providing temporary staffing services. Kelly Properties is a Michigan corporation managing the assets used in the business operations of Kelly Services and affiliated companies. Petitioners have developed trademarks, trade names, and the know-how to create a common corporate identity and common business procedures. These are shared by licensure between Kelly Properties and Kelly Services and by licensure between
For the tax years 1997 through 2000, petitioners were subject to the Single Business Tax Act (SBTA), former MCL 208.1 et seq.
“Sale” or “sales” means the gross receipts arising from a transaction or transactions in which gross receipts constitute consideration: (a) for the transfer of title to, or possession of, property that is stock in trade or other property of a kind which would properly be included in the inventory of the taxpayer if on hand at the close of the tax period or property held by the taxpayer primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of its trade or business, or (b) for the performance of services, which constitute business activities other than those included in (a), or from any combination of (a) or (b).
MCL 208.7(3), defined “gross receipts,” in relevant part, as the “sum of sales” and “rental or lease receipts.” For the tax years at issue, petitioners excluded
Respondent audited petitioners and issued Kelly Services a bill of taxes due in the amount of $290,675, plus interest in the amount of $68,681.05, alleging that the royalty income should have been included in their sales-factor and gross-receipts calculations. Respondent also issued Kelly Properties a bill of taxes due in the amount of $49,727, plus interest in the amount of $21,966.80, alleging that the royalty income should also have been included in their calculation of gross receipts.
After the conclusion of the informal conference in respondent’s hearings division, the hearing referee concluded that respondent’s position with regard to petitioners’ royalty income was incorrect and that the intents to assess issued by respondent should be can-celled. Respondent rejected the hearing referee’s recommendation and affirmed the original assessments. Petitioners appealed in the Tax Tribunal, and their actions were consolidated.
In the Tax Tribunal, petitioners moved for summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(0(10) (no genuine issue of material fact), and respondent filed a motion pursuant to MCR 2.116(1)(2) (judgment for opposing party). The Tax Tribunal granted summary disposition to petitioners, concluding that royalty income does not qualify as sales or lease or rent receipts and therefore should not be included in the calculation of a taxpayer’s sales factor or gross receipts.
Respondent moved for reconsideration, citing a conflicting tribunal opinion decided after posthearing briefs had been filed in the instant case. The Tax Tribunal denied the motion, and respondent now appeals as of right.
Absent an allegation of fraud, this Court reviews a Tax Tribunal decision for misapplication of the law or adoption of a wrong legal principle. Briggs Tax Serv, LLC v Detroit Pub Sch, 485 Mich 69, 75; 780 NW2d 753 (2010) . “But when statutory interpretation is involved, this Court reviews the Tax Tribunal’s decision de novo.” Id. While agency interpretations of statutes are entitled to respectful consideration and should not be overruled without cogent reasons, they are not binding on this Court and cannot conflict with the Legislature’s intent as expressed in the language of the statute. In re Complaint of Rovas Against SBC Mich, 482 Mich 90, 103, 108-109; 754 NW2d 259 (2008). The overriding goal of statutory interpretation is the determination of legislative intent and the implementation of that intent once discerned. AFSCME Council 25 v State Employees’ Retirement Sys, 294 Mich App 1, 8; 818 NW2d 337 (2011) . When tax statutes are construed, any ambiguities are resolved in favor of the taxpayer. Int’l Business Machines v Dep’t of Treasury, 220 Mich App 83; 86; 558 NW2d 456 (1996).
III. ANALYSIS
Respondent argues that the Tax Tribunal erred as a matter of law when it concluded that royalty income from the licensing of trademarks and trade names were not included in sales and gross receipts under the SBTA before 2001. We disagree.
In PM One Ltd v Dep’t of Treasury, 240 Mich App 255, 261-262; 611 NW2d 318 (2000), this Court held that the proper way to analyze what constitutes a “sale” is as follows:
(1) “gross receipts'
*312 (2) arising from a “transaction” in which gross receipts constitute “consideration” for one of the following described in (a), (b), or (c):
(a) transfer of title to, or possession of, property that is
(i) stock in trade; or
(ii) other property of a kind that would be properly included in the inventory of the taxpayer; or
(iii) property held by the taxpayer primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of its trade or business;
(b) “performance” of “services,” that constitute “business activities” other than those listed in (a);
(c) any combination of (a) or (b).
In this case, it is undisputed that the royalty income in question derived from the licensing of trademarks and trade names and not the performance of services. As such, (2) (b) and (c) in the PM One analysis are irrelevant. After the exclusion of those factors, resolution of the instant case requires this Court to resolve three questions. First, whether the royalty income in question constituted gross receipts; second, whether the royalty income arose from the transfer of title or possession; and third, whether the trademarks and trade names in this case constituted applicable forms of property under the SBTA. These three questions will be analyzed in turn.
A. GROSS RECEIPTS
As previously discussed, under MCL 208.7(3), gross receipts were calculated by adding together sales and rental or lease receipts. Because what constitutes gross receipts relies on the meaning of sales, and the definition of “sales” relies on the definition of “gross receipts,” this Court has noted that the definitions are “somewhat circular” and that resolution of the sales
The second prong of the gross-receipts calculation is rental or lease receipts. In the past, this Court has distinguished between royalties and rent for SBTA purposes and indicated that the two categories were mutually exclusive given their differing natures and treatment under the SBTA. Columbia Assoc, LP v Dep’t of Treasury, 250 Mich App 656, 675-677; 649 NW2d 760 (2002); Field Enterprises v Dep’t of Treasury, 184 Mich App 151, 157-159; 457 NW2d 113 (1990). Therefore, because the royalty income derived from licensing agreements did not constitute rental or lease receipts, whether or not royalty income constituted gross receipts under the SBTA depends on the conclusion of the sales analysis below.
B. TRANSFER OF TITLE OR POSSESSION
In order to be properly classified as sales receipts under the SBTA during the years at issue, royalty income must have arisen from a transaction in which the royalty income was consideration for the transfer of title to, or possession of, property. MCL 208.7(l)(a) and (b). Therefore, if no transfer of title or possession was involved in the transaction giving rise to the royalty income, then no further analysis is needed and the royalty income cannot be classified as sales receipts. There is no dispute that no transfer of title occurred in this case, so the only question here is whether or not the royalties arose from the transfer of possession of property.
Respondent, however, challenges this understanding of royalty transactions, citing SBC Teleholdings, Inc v Dep’t of Treasury, 17 MTTR 645 (Docket No 320440, March 17, 2010), a conflicting Tax Tribunal case decided after posthearing briefs had been filed in the instant case. In SBC Teleholdings, the tribunal concluded that “acquisition and use of the name and marks constitutes ‘possession’ of the intangibles . ...” Id. at 4. As a result, the retention of title by a licensor of intangible property does not preclude the licensor from transferring possession of the intangible property to another. Id. at 5.
This interpretation, however, is at odds with the common understanding of possession. When a term is undefined, a court may establish its meaning through a
C. APPLICABLE FORMS OF PROPERTY
However, even if this Court deems that royalty income arises from the transfer of possession of property, the requirements for a sale are still not met unless the property is of a type identified under the SBTA. The first of these types of applicable property is “stock in trade,” a term that was undefined in the SBTA. MCL 208.7(l)(a). Black’s Law Dictionary (9th ed) defines “stock in trade” as follows:
1. The inventory carried by a retail business for sale in the ordinary course of business. 2. The tools and equipment*316 owned and used by a person engaged in a trade. 3. The equipment and other items needed to run a business.
The property in question in this case, trademarks and trade names, cannot be considered inventory, tools, or equipment.
The second form of applicable property is “property of a kind which would properly be included in the inventory of the taxpayer...MCL 208.7(l)(a). In this case, petitioners presented evidence in the form of an affidavit stating that the intangible property at issue was not included in petitioners’ inventory, and respondent did not submit evidence challenging this accounting decision.
The third and final form of applicable property is “property held by the taxpayer primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of its trade or business .. ..” MCL 208.7(1)(a). In this case, it is undisputed that the intangible property at issue was licensed only to affiliated parties, not “customers” or other unaffiliated third parties. Moreover, the intangible property at issue in this case was developed, held, and licensed for the purposes of establishing a common corporate identity and common business procedures amongst affiliated entities.
Therefore, because the royalty income in this case did not arise from the transfer of possession of an enumerated type of property, it did not constitute sales receipts under the SBTA for the tax years at issue. Further, because royalty income does not constitute sales or rental or lease receipts, it also does not constitute gross receipts under the SBTA for the tax years at issue. As such, the Tax Tribunal did not err by concluding that royalty income should not be included in petitioners’ sales-factor and gross-receipts calculations for the tax years at issue.
Moreover, the legislative bill analysis clearly indicates the clarifying nature of the amendment of the definition of sales in the SBTA. Although our Supreme Court has eschewed reliance on bill analyses to determine legislative intent, Frank W Lynch & Co v Flex Technologies, Inc, 463 Mich 578, 587; 624 NW2d 180 (2001), legislative bill analyses do have probative value in certain, limited circumstances, Kinder Morgan Mich, LLC v City of Jackson, 277 Mich App 159, 170; 744 NW2d 184 (2007). Here, we find some persuasive value in considering the following in connection with 2000 PA 477:
[Rlepresentatives of the treasury department and the business sector have been working for several months to provide a clearer, less circular definition of the term “gross receipts” in the SBT act and to alter the act to make it conform to a recent Michigan Court of Appeals decision,*318 PM One, Limited v Department of Treasury. [House Legislative Analysis, SB 1300, November 29, 2000, p 1.]
In light of our analysis in PM One and the language of the statute, we reject respondent’s contention that the amendment only took effect prospectively.
Affirmed.
Repealed by 2006 PA 325, effective for tax years beginning after December 31, 2007. Throughout this opinion, we will refer to the provisions of the SBTA in effect at the relevant times by MCL number without designating them as former provisions.
MCL 208.51 was amended by 1999 PA 115, and the quoted language became MCL 208.51(1).
All references to MCL 208.7 are to that provision as amended by 1982 PA 376.
See MCL 208.7(l)(b), as amended by 2000 PA 477.