People v. Eliason

MURRAY, J.

Defendant appeals as of right his convictions for first-degree premeditated murder, MCL 750.316(l)(a), and possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony, MCL 750.227b(l). Defendant, who was 14 years old at the time he committed these crimes, was sentenced to mandatory life in prison without the possibility of parole for his first-degree murder conviction and two years’ imprisonment for his felony-firearm conviction. We affirm defendant’s convictions but remand for resentencing on his first-degree premeditated murder conviction in accordance with this opinion.

I. FACTS

The material facts of this case were essentially undisputed, and at trial those facts revealed the following course of events. On March 5, 2010, defendant, along with his sister, went to spend the weekend at the home of Jean and Jesse “Papa” Miles, their grandmother and step-grandfather. Defendant often spent weekends at his grandparents’ home. Jean described defendant as a “good grandson,” and testified that she and Jesse had always been involved in defendant’s life. She explained that defendant had a “good” relationship with her and Jesse, and that nothing appeared to be out of the ordinary during this particular weekend.

On March 6, 2010, defendant’s sister returned to their father’s home while defendant remained at his grandparents’ house. Jean saw defendant during the evening and briefly spoke with him when he came downstairs to use the restroom; defendant did not at the time appear angry or upset. At approximately 7:30 p.m. that evening, Jean went to her bedroom to watch television; Jesse was in the living room, where he slept, watching television. Defendant was in an upstairs bedroom.

Jean awoke at approximately 3:00 a.m. the next morning when she heard a “pop.” Upon awakening, she heard defendant’s voice, and thought defendant told her, “I shot Papa.” The next thing she remembered was that she had a gun in her hands; she could not recall whether defendant gave her the gun or whether she picked it up. After discovering what happened, she instructed defendant to call 9-1-1, and paramedics responded to the call but were unable to save Jesse.

Michigan State Police Trooper Brenda Kiefer¹ and Deputy Eugene Casto of the Berrien County Sheriffs Department responded to the scene and arrested defendant. Kiefer initially interviewed defendant at the home; she read defendant his Miranda² warnings and defendant agreed to waive his rights and to speak to her without having a parent present.³ Defendant told Kiefer that late in the evening on March 6 or early in the morning on March 7, he went downstairs to get a handgun that Jesse kept on the hook of a coat rack. Afterwards, defendant went back up to his room and sat in a chair with the gun for approximately two to three hours. While he sat upstairs with the gun, defendant “was contemplating homicide or suicide.” Defendant told Kiefer that he went downstairs and shot Jesse with the handgun while he was sleeping on the couch. Although defendant told Kiefer that he shot Jesse out of “sadness” and “pent up anger,” he was not angry with Jesse or Jean, but instead was angry with his own parents.

Defendant also spoke with Casto on the night of his arrest as defendant sat in Casto’s patrol car.* *⁴ Among other things, defendant informed Casto that he neglected to tell Kiefer about two knives he had placed in the living room near the staircase, and that he realized that his “life just turned into Law & Order, but without commercials.” Additionally, in referencing the killing, defendant stated, “[y]ou know I wish I could take it back but now I understand the feeling that people get when they do that. Now I understand how they feel.” Continuing, defendant commented to Casto about the feeling, “when you hit that point of realization for that split second you feel like nothing could ever hurt you. Just for that split second. Once you realize what you’ve done.” Defendant also described to Casto a paper his father, Steven Eliason, had written for a criminology class about various forms of execution.⁵

Shortly thereafter, defendant was brought to a police station for interrogation by Detective Fabian Suarez. With everyone’s permission, Eliason was present during some portions of the interview, but was not in the same room as defendant and Suarez for the entire interview. During the interview, Eliason and defendant acknowledged that they understood the Miranda warnings and defendant agreed to waive his rights. Defendant explained to Suarez that he had not slept much before the shooting, and that he shot Jesse after taking the loaded handgun from the coat rack. He could not explain why he shot Jesse, and indicated that Jesse never harmed him physically or emotionally. However, defendant indicated that he was contemplating either committing suicide or shooting Jesse that night, but decided to kill Jesse because he was not ready to die. And, in a sense admitting to a self-awareness of his actions, defendant stated that at one point he thought to himself, “what am I doing, why do I have to do this, why do I have the gun, I know better than this . .. .”

As to the shooting, defendant was in the living room looking at Jesse for approximately 45 minutes trying to decide what to do before he shot Jesse. Defendant then aimed the gun at Jesse from approximately seven feet away and pulled the trigger, shooting him in the head.* *⁶ Defendant had not previously considered hurting Jesse, but “[sjomething snapped” that night because everything he had been thinking of that evening “just buil[t] up to the point that you don’t know what you’re doing.” According to defendant he “blacked out for a couple minutes” before he shot Jesse.

With these essential facts in mind we now turn to defendant’s challenges to his convictions and sentences.

II. ANALYSIS

A. INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL

Defendant first argues that he was denied the effective assistance of trial counsel because his trial counsel should have presented an expert witness to rebut testimony offered by the prosecution that he lacked remorse after the shooting. At a Ginther⁷ hearing on this matter, Dr. James Henry testified that defendant experienced significant emotional trauma before the shooting and that this caused him to dissociate from reality. As a result, defendant often had trouble expressing his feelings, including remorse. Defendant contends that his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to call an expert witness, such as Dr. Henry, to explain his alleged lack of remorse.

A defendant is denied the effective assistance of counsel in violation of the Sixth Amendment of the United States Constitution if “counsel’s performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness ... [and] the representation so prejudiced the defendant as to deprive him of a fair trial.” People v Pickens, 446 Mich 298, 309; 521 NW2d 797 (1994). This Court presumes that trial counsel was effective, and in order to show that counsel’s performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness, a defendant must overcome the strong presumption that his counsel’s conduct constituted reasonable trial strategy. People v Carbin, 463 Mich 590, 600; 623 NW2d 884 (2001). “An attorney’s decision whether to retain witnesses, including expert witnesses, is a matter of trial strategy.” People v Payne, 285 Mich App 181, 190; 774 NW2d 714 (2009).

Defendant cannot overcome the presumption that his trial counsel’s decision not to call an expert witness was the product of trial strategy. Rather than calling an expert witness, defendant’s trial counsel attempted to rebut the prosecution’s arguments that defendant lacked remorse by impeaching witnesses who testified that defendant lacked remorse, and highlighting evidence that arguably showed defendant did have remorse. This Court will not second-guess trial counsel’s strategy to rebut the evidence in this manner rather than calling an expert witness. People v Cooper, 236 Mich App 643, 658; 601 NW2d 409 (1999). Just as importantly, we cannot conclude that defendant’s trial counsel performed in an objectively unreasonable manner when the record reveals that he consulted with three mental health experts before trial, none of whom concluded that defendant’s lack of remorse was caused by dissociation with reality. Although these experts evaluated defendant for purposes of raising an insanity defense or for mitigating the killing, they nonetheless concluded that defendant did not suffer from a mental health disorder. We cannot hold that trial counsel was constitutionally ineffective by not seeking out a fourth expert witness when the first three he consulted did not indicate that defendant suffered from an underlying mental health condition that caused him to appear to lack remorse for his actions. The record unequivocally shows that trial counsel thoroughly examined options regarding the use of expert witnesses and what, in the end, would be the best trial strategy. His performance on behalf of defendant was anything but ineffective as defined by the Supreme Court.

However, defendant also argues that his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to object to irrelevant and prejudicial evidence, as well as the prosecutor’s argument that utilized that evidence. Defendant notes that the prosecution introduced evidence — without objection from his counsel — of his conversation with Deputy Casto in which he espoused his views on capital punishment, and told Casto about a criminology paper his father had written that discussed various forms of execution.

Evidence is relevant if it has “any tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more probable or less probable than it would be without the evidence.” MRE 401. “Alternatively stated, the general rule is that evidence is admissible if helpful in throwing light upon any material point in issue.” People v Murphy (On Remand), 282 Mich App 571, 580; 766 NW2d 303 (2009) (quotation marks and citation omitted). “A material fact is one that is ‘in issue’ in the sense that it is within the range of litigated matters in controversy.” Id. (quotation marks and citation omitted). Pursuant to MRE 402, “[a]ll relevant evidence is admissible,” unless it is otherwise deemed inadmissible. Here, defendant’s statements to Casto were relevant to a matter in controversy because they tended to show defendant’s state of mind prior to the killing. Given that the statements were made shortly after defendant shot Jesse, they were relevant to prove the issue of premeditation because they demonstrate that defendant considered the consequences of killing before he committed the murder. Those statements also showed that soon after the killing, defendant was able to clearly articulate thoughts, even about matters associated with killing and punishment. Defendant’s trial counsel was not ineffective for failing to raise a meritless objection. People v Ericksen, 288 Mich App 192, 201; 793 NW2d 120 (2010).

Defendant also contends that his trial counsel should have moved to exclude his statements to Casto under MRE 403 because the probative value of this evidence was substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice. An analysis under MRE 403 requires balancing several factors, People v Blackston, 481 Mich 451, 462; 751 NW2d 408 (2008), which include

the time required to present the evidence and the possibility of delay, whether the evidence is needlessly cumulative, how directly the evidence tends to prove the fact for which it is offered, how essential the fact sought to be proved is to the case, the potential for confusing or misleading the jury, and whether the fact can be proved in another manner without as many harmful collateral effects. [Id.]

The mere fact that evidence is damaging to a defendant does not make the evidence unfairly prejudicial. Murphy (On Remand), 282 Mich App at 582-583.

In consideration of these factors, we conclude that any objection to defendant’s statements about capital punishment under MRE 403 would have been unsuccessful. Although a slight danger existed that the jury might have been misled by comments about capital punishment, the evidence nonetheless tended to show that defendant acted with premeditation and the evidence was not particularly inflammatory. Therefore, trial counsel was not ineffective for failing to raise an objection to the evidence or to the prosecutor’s argument as any such objections would have been meritless. Ericksen, 288 Mich App at 201. Relative to the prosecutor’s reference to Charles Manson, although the prosecutor’s question was irrelevant and his comments during closing arguments improper, defendant’s trial counsel’s performance did not fall below an objective standard of reasonableness by failing to raise an objection. Defendant’s trial counsel, as an experienced attorney, “was certainly aware that there are times when it is better not to object and draw attention to an improper comment.” People v Unger, 278 Mich App 210, 242; 749 NW2d 272 (2008) (quotation marks and citation omitted). “Furthermore, declining to raise objections, especially during closing arguments, can often be consistent with sound trial strategy.” Id.

Nevertheless, even if trial counsel acted in an objectively unreasonable manner by failing to object to this evidence, defendant would not be entitled to relief because he cannot demonstrate prejudice. Carbin, 463 Mich at 600. Indeed, even if this evidence had been excluded, the prosecution presented overwhelming evidence of defendant’s guilt. The prosecution introduced evidence that defendant admitted to pondering the killing for approximately two to three hours, and that he sat in the living room next to Jesse for approximately 45 minutes as he contemplated what to do. Further, defendant told police officers that he pondered whether to use knives, a gun, or even a pillow. Given the amount of contemplation and planning by defendant, there is overwhelming evidence that he had more than a “sufficient time to . . . take a second look” and that he was guilty of first-degree premeditated murder. People v Jackson, 292 Mich App 583, 588; 808 NW2d 541 (2011) (quotation marks and citation omitted).

B. WAIVER OF DEFENDANT’S FIFTH AMENDMENT RIGHT AGAINST SELF-INCRIMINATION

Defendant also challenges the trial court’s failure to suppress his confessions to Kiefer and Suarez because, although he waived his Fifth Amendment rights⁸ before giving his confessions, his waivers were neither knowing nor voluntary. Defendant preserved this issue for appeal by challenging the admissibility of his statements in a pretrial motion. Unger, 278 Mich App at 243. “We review de novo a trial court’s determination that a waiver was knowing, intelligent, and voluntary.” People v Gipson, 287 Mich App 261, 264; 787 NW2d 126 (2010). However, we defer to the trial court’s factual findings so long as they are not clearly erroneous. People v Herndon, 246 Mich App 371, 395; 633 NW2d 376 (2001). “[T]he analysis must be bifurcated, i.e., considering (1) whether the waiver was voluntary, and (2) whether the waiver was knowing and intelligent.” People v Tierney, 266 Mich App 687, 707; 703 NW2d 204 (2005). Whether a waiver is knowing and intelligent “requires an inquiry into [a] defendant’s level of understanding, irrespective of police conduct.” Gipson, 287 Mich App at 265. “A defendant does not need to understand the consequences and ramifications of waiving his or her rights. A very basic understanding of those rights is all that is necessary.” Id. Meanwhile, whether the waiver was voluntary depends on the absence of police coercion; the defendant’s waiver must be his or her own “free and deliberate choice,” rather than the product of intimidation. Id. at 264-265.

Initially, we conclude that record evidence supported all of the trial court’s findings, so we use those facts in analyzing the legal issues presented. In doing so, we hold that defendant knowingly and intelligently waived his right against self-incrimination after his Miranda warnings because the totality of the circumstances demonstrates that defendant understood his rights. Kiefer and Suarez testified that defendant appeared intelligent and articulate and that he twice stated he understood the nature of his rights. Although defendant was only 14 years old, the record reveals that he performed well in school. Additionally, the trial court rejected defendant’s testimony at the suppression hearing that he did not understand his rights, finding that defendant was not credible as he was unable to articulate exactly what he did not understand about his rights. We defer to the trial court’s credibility determinations. Gipson, 287 Mich App at 264. Because the trial court found that defendant appeared intelligent and articulate and that he twice indicated he understood his rights, we cannot hold that his waiver was not knowing and intelligent. See People v Abraham, 234 Mich App 640, 649-650; 599 NW2d 736 (1999); People v Fike, 228 Mich App 178, 182; 577 NW2d 903 (1998).

We likewise reject defendant’s argument that his waivers were involuntary. The voluntariness of a Miranda waiver is evaluated under a totality of the circumstances test, but also includes additional safeguards for juveniles. In re SLL, 246 Mich App 204, 209; 631 NW2d 775 (2001); People v Givans, 227 Mich App 113,121; 575 NW2d 84 (1997). In Givans, 227 Mich App at 121, this Court explained that the trial court must consider extra factors in deciding whether a juvenile’s waiver was voluntary:

(1) whether the requirements of Miranda v Arizona, 384 US 436; 86 S Ct 1602; 16 L Ed 2d 694 (1966), have been met and the defendant clearly understands and waives those rights, (2) the degree of police compliance with MCL 764.27; MSA 28.886 and the juvenile court rules, (3) the presence of an adult parent, custodian, or guardian, (4) the juvenile defendant’s personal background, (5) the accused’s age, education, and intelligence level, (6) the extent of the defendant’s prior experience with the police, (7) the length of detention before the statement was made, (8) the repeated and prolonged nature of the questioning, and (9) whether the accused was injured, intoxicated, in ill health, physically abused or threatened with abuse, or deprived of food, sleep, or medical attention.

Considering the factors articulated in Givans,⁹ and keeping in mind the deference we give to the trial court’s findings of fact, we hold that defendant voluntarily waived his Fifth Amendment rights before he spoke with Kiefer and Suarez. Regarding the first factor, the officers complied with Miranda’s requirements and defendant understood his Miranda rights.¹⁰ As to the third factor, Eliason was present during defendant’s interview with Suarez, and although he was not present during defendant’s interview with Kiefer, that was at defendant’s request.

Likewise, we find nothing in the next three factors— defendant’s background, age, education, intelligence, and the extent of his prior experience with the police — to suggest that defendant’s waiver was involuntary. Kiefer described defendant as “intelligent and articulate,” and Suarez opined that defendant was “probably above average [intelligence] for his age . . . .” Additionally, the record reveals that defendant earned mostly A’s and B’s in school, and that he did not have difficulty understanding the police officers who interviewed him. Further, defendant had some familiarity with the police as a result of prior questioning by police officers on another occasion.

The remaining three factors — the length of the detention, the nature of the questioning, and whether defendant was coerced, threatened, or deprived of food, water, sleep, or medical attention — also support the conclusion that defendant’s waivers were voluntary. Neither the detention nor the questioning in this case was prolonged, as defendant confessed to Kiefer almost immediately after he was arrested. His subsequent confession to Suarez followed approximately two hours later. Moreover, there is no indication in the record, nor does defendant allege, that Kiefer or Suarez coerced or threatened him into making a confession and waiving his rights. Although defendant notes that he had not slept for a considerable amount of time before the interviews, the officers testified that defendant was articulate and that he did not have difficulty answering their questions. Accordingly, in light of each of the factors noted above, we hold that defendant’s waivers were voluntary. See Givans, 227 Mich App at 122; People v Good, 186 Mich App 180, 189; 463 NW2d 213 (1990).¹¹

C. CRUEL AND UNUSUAL PUNISHMENT

Defendant’s final argument¹² is that his mandatory sentence of life imprisonment without the possibility of parole is cruel and unusual punishment under US Const, Am VIII and Const 1963, art 1, § 16. At sentencing, the trial court imposed a mandatory sentence of life without the possibility of parole pursuant to MCL 750.316(1), MCL 769.1(l)(g), and MCL 791.234(6)(a). Defendant preserved this issue by raising it at his sentencing hearing. People v Pipes, 475 Mich 267, 277; 715 NW2d 290 (2006). “This Court reviews constitutional questions de novo.” People v Dipiazza, 286 Mich App 137, 144; 778 NW2d 264 (2009).

In Miller v Alabama, 567 US _; 132 S Ct 2455, 2469; 183 L Ed 2d 407 (2012), the United States Supreme Court ruled “that the Eighth Amendment forbids a sentencing scheme that mandates life in prison without possibility of parole for juvenile offenders.”¹³ The Miller Court noted that juveniles and adults are different for purposes of sentencing, and explained that sentencing schemes that mandate life without parole for juveniles convicted of homicide offenses do not take into account a juvenile’s individual characteristics and thus are unconstitutional. Id. at_; 132 S Ct at 2466-2469. The Court added:

[T]he mandatory penalty schemes at issue here prevent the sentencer from taking account of these central considerations. By removing youth from the balance — by subjecting a juvenile to the same life-without-parole sentence applicable to an adult — these laws prohibit a sentencing authority from assessing whether the law’s harshest term of imprisonment proportionately punishes a juvenile offender. That contravenes ... [the] foundational principle [found in Graham v Florida, 560 US 48; 130 S Ct 2011; 176 L Ed 2d 825 (2010), and Roper v Simmons, 543 US 551; 125 S Ct 1183; 161 L Ed 2d 1 (2005)]: that imposition of a State’s most severe penalties on juvenile offenders cannot proceed as though they were not children. [Id. at_; 132 S Ct at 2466.]

In People v Carp, 298 Mich App 472, 526-527; 828 NW2d 685 (2012) this Court explained that the limited holding in Miller was that a juvenile cannot be automatically subjected to a punishment of life imprisonment without the possibility of parole. The holding of Carp, however, was that Miller did not apply retroactively to collateral challenges to sentences. Id. at 522. Here, defendant’s case was pending on direct review at the time Miller was decided; therefore, Miller applies and defendant’s mandatory sentence of life imprisonment without the possibility of parole constitutes cruel and unusual punishment under the Eighth Amendment. Id.

However, contrary to defendant’s assertions, he is not entitled to a remand at which the trial court has unfettered discretion to impose a sentence for any term of years. In fact, he could still receive the same sentence on remand, as the Miller Court did not “foreclose a sentencer’s ability” to sentence a juvenile in a homicide case to life imprisonment without parole, so long as the sentence “take[s] into account how children are different, and how those differences counsel against irrevocably sentencing them to a lifetime in prison.” Id. at _; 132 S Ct at 2469. In other words, a trial court can still sentence a juvenile who committed a homicide to life in prison without the possibility of parole, so long as that sentence is an individualized one that takes into consideration the factors outlined in Miller. Id. at_; 132 S Ct at 2466-2467, 2471. We recognized as much in Carp, 298 Mich App at 525, where we opined in dicta that the rule from Miller “does not. . . imply that a sentencing court has unfettered discretion when sen-tenting a juvenile. Rather, the focus is on the discretion of the sentencer to determine whether to impose the harshest penalty of life without the possibility of parole on a juvenile convicted of a homicide offense.”

Therefore, the only discretion afforded to the trial court in light of our first-degree murder statutes and Miller is whether to impose a penalty of life imprisonment without the possibility of parole or life imprisonment with the possibility of parole. Carp, 298 Mich App at 527. In deciding whether to impose a life sentence with or without the possibility of parole, the trial court is to be guided by the following nonexclusive list of factors:

(a) the character and record of the individual offender [and] the circumstances of the offense, (b) the chronological age of the minor, (c) the background and mental and emotional development of a youthful defendant, (d) the family and home environment, (e) the circumstances of the homicide offense, including the extent of his participation in the conduct and the way familial and peer pressure may have affected [the juvenile], (f) whether the juvenile might have been charged [with] and convicted of a lesser offense if not for incompetencies associated with youth, and (g) the potential for rehabilitation. [Id. at 532, citing Miller, 567 US at_; 132 S Ct at 2467-2468 (quotation marks and citations omitted).]

As the prosecutor has noted, under MCR 6.425(E)(1), a trial court is already required to hold a sentencing hearing, and so this remedy — rather than the one suggested by defendant¹⁴ — is expressly permitted by court rule and is not an unconstitutional trip by the judiciary into the legislative realm. We therefore vacate defendant’s mandatory sentence of life without the possibility of parole and remand for an individualized sentence within the strictures of Miller.

Our dissenting colleague is of the opinion that (1) under the federal constitution as interpreted in Miller a trial court has complete freedom to resentence a juvenile to any sentence, except those actually provided for by the Legislature, and (2) that a sentence of life with the possibility of parole is cruel or unusual punishment under Const 1963, art 1, § 16. With all due respect, we explain below why we disagree with these propositions.

1. MILLER AND THE SEPARATION OF POWERS

The dissent argues that our application (consistent with the dicta of Carp) of Miller’s holding — i.e., that the appropriate sentencing remedy is to remand for a life sentence, with the trial court exercising discretion as to whether the sentence should be with or without the possibility of parole — is too narrow. Instead, relying on Miller, the dissent would create a rule providing trial courts with the “discretion to fashion a sentence that takes into account an offender’s youth . . . .” Essentially the dissent would give unfettered discretion (except for use of Miller’s criteria) to trial courts when sentencing juveniles lawfully convicted of first-degree premeditated murder. But in coming to this conclusion, the dissent has failed to heed (1) the actual holding of Miller, (2) the context in which Miller’s ruling was made, and (3) the Michigan Legislature’s judgment of the appropriate punishment for first-degree murderers.

There is no disagreement that Miller provides the precedent for addressing whether defendant’s current sentence — one that was mandatorily imposed — is constitutionally valid under the federal constitution. But precedent, of course, has its limitations. As one court has accurately stated:

The essence of the common law doctrine of precedent or stare decisis is that the rule of the case creates a binding legal precept. The doctrine is so central to Anglo-American jurisprudence that it scarcely need be mentioned, let alone discussed at length. A judicial precedent attaches a specific legal consequence to a detailed set of facts in an adjudged case or judicial decision, which is then considered as furnishing the rule for the determination of a subsequent case involving identical or similar material facts and arising in the same court or a lower court in the judicial hierarchy. [Allegheny Gen Hosp v NLRB, 608 F2d 965, 969-970 (CA 3, 1979) abrogated on other grounds St Margaret Mem Hosp v NLRB, 991 F2d 1146 (CA 3, 1993) (footnote omitted).]

At the outset of her opinion, Justice Kagan made clear the holding in Miller-. “We .. . hold that mandatory life without parole for those under the age of 18 at the time of their crimes violates the Eighth Amendment’s prohibition on ‘cruel and unusual punishments.’ ” Miller, 567 US at_; 132 S Ct at 2460.¹⁵ That holding was necessarily limited by the fact that the Court was reviewing the validity of statutes enacted in Alabama and Arkansas that required the sentence of life without the possibility of parole without a trial court considering any factors unique to the defendant and his crime. Justice Kagan was equally specific when she declared for the Court that it was not invalidating discretionary life-without-parole sentences imposed on juveniles convicted of murder: “Because that holding is sufficient to decide these cases, we do not consider . . . [the] alternative argument that the Eighth Amendment requires a categorical bar on life without parole for juveniles, or at least for those 14 and younger.” Id._; 132 S Ct at 2469. Importantly, the Miller Court did not strike down the statutes in their entirety, but instead merely ruled that their mandatory nature violated the Eighth Amendment when applied to juveniles.

As a result of Miller’s limited holding, the state statutes under which the trial court sentenced defendant to life in prison without the possibility of parole— MCL 750.316(l)(a), MCL 769.1(l)(g), and MCL 791.234(6)(a) — cannot on remand mandate the same sentence. Instead, the trial court is required to consider the factors surrounding defendant’s age when exercising the discretion to determine whether the same sentence should be imposed again. Miller requires nothing more, and certainly did not invalidate the Michigan Legislature’s judgment that a life sentence is the appropriate punishment for a juvenile who is lawfully convicted of first-degree murder.¹⁶

Contrary to the dissent’s view, the Miller Court’s recitation of factors it considered relevant to youth did not create a new mandatory sentencing guideline in place of sentencing statutes like those at issue here. Rather, because it was addressing whether mandatory life in prison without the possibility of parole was constitutional, the Miller Court recited factors that distinguish juveniles from adults both as evidence of what important factors could not be considered under these mandatory schemes and to provide guidance to lower courts when determining if “a State’s most severe penalties on juvenile offenders” should be imposed:

But the mandatory penalty schemes at issue here prevent the sentencer from taking account of these central considerations. By removing youth from the balance — by subjecting a juvenile to the same life-without-parole sentence applicable to an adult — these laws prohibit a sentencing authority from assessing whether the law’s harshest term of imprisonment proportionately punishes a juvenile offender. That contravenes Graham’s (and also Roper’s) foundational principle: that imposition of a State’s most severe penalties on juvenile offenders cannot proceed as though they were not children. [Miller, 567 US at_; 132 S Ct at 2466 (emphasis added).]

See, also, id. at_; 132 S Ct at 2467 (“Such mandatory penalties, by their nature, preclude a sentencer from taking account of an offender’s age and the wealth of characteristics and circumstances attendant to it.”). We reemphasize, then, by repeating that Miller did “not foreclose a sentencer’s ability to make that judgment [life without parole] in homicide cases,” but instead merely required sentencing courts “to take into account how children are different, and how those differences counsel against irrevocably sentencing them to a lifetime in prison.” Id. at_; 132 S Ct at 2469 (emphasis added).

The dissent fails to acknowledge this specific holding, and the context within which the Miller Court reached it. Yes, the factors that come into play when sentencing juveniles are important, but Miller only requires those to be considered when the juvenile is convicted of murder and the state’s “most severe penalty” is being considered, i.e., life without the possibility of parole. Just last month the Wyoming Supreme Court, in Bear Cloud v State, 2013 Wy 18, ¶ 44; 294 P3d 36, 47 (Wy, 2013), recognized this same point:

In sum, Miller requires an individualized sentencing hearing for every juvenile convicted of first-degree murder at which the sentencing court must consider the individual, the factors of youth, and the nature of the homicide in determining whether to order a sentence that includes the possibility of parole. Miller does not guarantee the possibility of parole for a convicted juvenile homicide offender, but Miller does mandate that a meaningful review and consideration be afforded by the sentencing court.

The Miller Court was unquestionably not offering these factors so that courts could fashion any sentence for a juvenile, which is made clear by the limited holding and issue before that Court.

But that is what is urged by the dissent, and in doing so it is stretching Miller well beyond the precedent that it established. Perhaps granting trial courts wide discretion in sentencing a juvenile would be good policy (though we certainly offer no opinion on that subject), but as of today Michigan law — in conjunction with Miller — is clear as to what sentences can be imposed upon a juvenile for a first-degree-murder conviction. If a different policy decision is to be made regarding the appropriate sentences for juveniles convicted of murder, it is best “to allow the legislative process to work than to engage in an expansive and unnecessary interpretation of Miller.” State v Riley, 140 Conn App 1,15 n 8; 58 A3d 304 (2013), lv gtd in part 308 Conn 910 (2013). Again, Miller unquestionably did not invalidate state statutes when construed (pursuant to Miller) to allow first-degree murderers to be sentenced to life in prison without parole, and so we must continue to enforce our Legislature’s policy choice in that regard, see Davis v Detroit Financial Review Team, 296 Mich App 568, 628-629; 821 NW2d 896 (2012) (O’CONNELL, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part) (recognizing the inherent limitations on the judiciary under the separation of powers).

2. THE STATE CONSTITUTION

Defendant and the dissent also argue that a sentence of life in prison with or without the possibility of parole runs afoul of our state constitution’s prohibition against “cruel or unusual punishment[.]” Const 1963, art 1, § 16. It is certainly true that this state provision, with the use of “or” rather than the Eighth Amendment’s prohibition containing “and,” has been interpreted more broadly than the federal prohibition. People v Bullock, 440 Mich 15, 30; 485 NW2d 866 (1992).¹⁷ However, because it is unknown what sentence on remand will be imposed upon defendant, and for what reasons, it is best to leave this issue to another day. See People v Oswald (After Remand), 188 Mich App 1, 12-13; 469 NW2d 306 (1991). Nevertheless, because the dissent has gone to great lengths in addressing this issue, we feel compelled to offer a few comments on the subject.

Our dissenting colleague concludes, based primarily on Bullock and People v Lorentzen, 387 Mich 167; 194 NW2d 827 (1972), that the Michigan Legislature cannot constitutionally set the punishment of life in prison with or without the possibility of parole for a juvenile convicted of first-degree murder. To reach this result, the dissent employs the vague and subjective proportionality tests set forth in those cases, while failing to note caselaw that tends to preclude the conclusion reached.

For example, it is well settled that “ [legislatively mandated sentences are presumptively proportional and presumptively valid.” People v Brown, 294 Mich App 377, 390; 811 NW2d 531 (2011). Nowhere does the dissent mention these constitutionally important presumptions. Likewise, how can it be that our state constitution prohibits a sentence for a juvenile of life with parole when our Supreme Court has held that life without parole is constitutional for the crimes of felony-murder and conspiracy to commit murder? See People v Hall, 396 Mich 650, 657-658; 242 NW2d 377 (1976) and People v Fernandez, 427 Mich 321, 335; 398 NW2d 311 (1986). One reason why the Hall Court rejected the state constitutional challenge was because defendant had not shown that “Michigan’s punishment for felony murder is widely divergent from any sister jurisdiction.” Hall, 396 Mich at 658. Nowhere does the dissent address this relevant factor.¹⁸ See Bullock, 440 Mich at 33-34 (recognizing under Lorentzen that how other states penalize the conduct must be considered in the proportionality analysis); Brown, 294 Mich App at 390 (how other states penalize similar conduct must be considered in the state constitutional analysis); People v Launsburry, 217 Mich App 358, 363; 551 NW2d 460 (1996) (same). Finally, our Supreme Court in People v Lemons, 454 Mich 234, 258-259; 562 NW2d 447 (1997), rejected an argument that an offender’s young age, by itself, renders a particular sentence disproportionate.¹⁹

It is apparent that the dissent believes that it is immoral to punish a juvenile for murder with a life sentence, even when given the chance of parole. As explained earlier, the Miller Court failed to invalidate all juvenile life sentences with no chance of parole, and failed to address juvenile life sentences with the opportunity for parole. Moreover, no Michigan Supreme Court case has held such a sentence unconstitutional. Accordingly, the dissent’s argument turns solely on policy²⁰ and an overly broad reading and application of Miller and Bullock.

Affirmed in part, vacated in part, and remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. We do not retain jurisdiction.

O’Connell, J., concurred with Murray, J.

1 Kiefer’s name appears in the trial transcripts as “Keifer.”

2 Miranda v Arizona, 384 US 436, 444; 86 S Ct 1602; 16 L Ed 2d 694 (1966).

3 Kiefer described defendant as “respectful” during the interview. As to defendant’s demeanor, Kiefer testified that defendant “was very matter of fact and showed no emotion or remorse for what happened. And he had a steady, calm voice when he answered all of my questions.”

4 The patrol car was equipped with a camera and defendant’s statements to Casto were recorded and played for the jury at trial.

5 According to Casto, during this conversation defendant “seemed basically kind of calm; [he] was not upset, [and he] didn’t show any signs of remorse to me, didn’t cry at all. [He] [w]as more inquisitive on what was going on than what may happen.”

6 Defendant told Suarez that he considered using knives rather than the gun because he was not sure whether he wanted the killing to be quiet or loud. Defendant also considered using either a pillow to smother Jesse or washcloths to gag him.

7 People v Ginther, 390 Mich 436; 212 NW2d 922 (1973).

8 The warnings required by Miranda do not grant independent rights to defendant. Rather, Miranda warnings are measures taken to provide “practical reinforcement” of a defendant’s Fifth Amendment rights. Michigan v Tucker, 417 US 433,444; 94 S Ct 2357; 41 L Ed 2d 182 (1974).

9 When rendering its decision on defendant’s motion to suppress, the trial court thoroughly examined all of these factors.

10 Defendant does not challenge the second Givans factor, compliance with MCL 764.27.

11 Additionally, we reject defendant’s contention that Eliason exerted pressure on him and coerced him into confessing to Suarez. The record reveals that defendant confessed to Suarez at the outset of the interview; Eliason did not speak with defendant or ask him any questions until after defendant already confessed. Any claim that Eliason forced defendant to confess is disingenuous.

12 We note that defendant initially argued that he was entitled to a new trial because the trial court violated his right to due process by shackling him at trial. Defendant expressly abandoned this issue after the prosecution presented evidence at a posttrial evidentiary hearing that none of the jurors saw defendant’s shackles.

13 The Eighth Amendment of the United States Constitution provides the following guarantees: “Excessive bail shall not be required, not excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.” US Const, Am VIII.

14 Defendant proposes that the most palatable remedy consistent with the role of the judiciary is to vacate his first-degree murder conviction and remand for entry of a second-degree murder conviction, which allows for a term-of-years sentence. However, the cases defendant relies upon provide that specific remedy when the conviction was not based on sufficient facts for the higher charged crime. That is not what we are faced with here, as overwhelming facts supported the first-degree-murder conviction. To do as suggested by defendant would require us to ignore the jury findings and the prosecutor’s charging discretion.

15 Though the limited nature of the Miller holding is abundantly clear, we point out that numerous other state courts have recently made the same observation as we do today. See, e.g., Conley v State, 972 NE2d 864, 879 (Ind, 2012); State v Williams, 108 So3d 1169 (La, 2013); State v Riley, 140 Conn App 1, 13-16; 58 A3d 304 (2013) lv gtd in part 308 Conn 910 (2013).

16 It is true, as the dissent states, that no statute provides life with parole as a punishment for first-degree murder. However, life in prison without parole is still the legislatively prescribed punishment for this most heinous crime, and can still he the sentence for a juvenile. But, as we have exhaustively discussed, Miller requires discretion when determining whether a juvenile should be sentenced to this most severe penalty. If a juvenile should not receive life without parole, certainly life with parole is the sentence most consistent with the Legislature’s declared punishment.

17 We note that the Bullock Court’s use of a proportionality analysis for determining whether a sentence constitutes cruel or unusual punishment was eloquently challenged in a dissent written by Justice Riley, see Bullock, 440 Mich at 46-67, and has been more recently called into question on those same grounds. People v Correa, 488 Mich 989, 989-992 (2010) (Markman, J., joined by Young and Corrigan, JJ., concurring). The issues raised by Justice Riley address what is the required test under Const 1963, art 1, § 16. No one questions the principle that the Michigan Constitution trumps an inconsistent statute, or that the judiciary is empowered to declare when such a conflict exists. Marbury v Madison, 5 US (1 Cranch) 137, 177; 2 L Ed 60 (1803).

18 Miller recognized, however, that 29 jurisdictions (28 states and the federal government) provided life without parole for some juveniles convicted of murder. Miller, 567 US at_; 132 S Ct at 2471.

19 The proportionality analysis is made at the time the defendant is sentenced, so what the parole board may do some years down the road, or even what rules and regulations are in place when a defendant is later considered for parole, is merely speculative at the time of sentencing.

20 And, as we emphasized earlier, those policy decisions are constitutionally left to debate within the halls of the Legislature. Curry v Meijer, Inc, 286 Mich App 586, 599; 780 NW2d 603 (2009).