People of Michigan v. Amber R Speed

If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.
STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN, FOR PUBLICATION
February 4, 2020
Plaintiff-Appellee, 9:10 a.m.
v No. 343184
Ingham Circuit Court
AMBER R. SPEED, LC No. 17-000360-FH
Defendant-Appellant.
Before: BORRELLO, P.J., and K. F. KELLY and SERVITTO, JJ.
PER CURIAM.
Defendant appeals as of right her jury trial conviction of conducting a criminal enterprise,
MCL 750.159i(1). The jury found her not guilty of one count of recruiting a minor for sexually
abusive activity, MCL 750.462e,1 and one count of inducing a person to engage in prostitution,
MCL 750.455,2 with respect to one victim, and could not reach a verdict on the same charges with
respect to another victim. The trial court sentenced her to 5 to 20 years’ imprisonment. We affirm.
Defendant was accused of recruiting minors into prostitution and forcing these minors to
engage in sexual activities in exchange for money and drugs. She was initially charged with nine
counts for various related offenses, including human trafficking, that allegedly occurred on or
about August 2009 through 2013. The prosecution dismissed four counts prior to trial, and the
jury found defendant not guilty of two counts, but was unable to reach a verdict on two other
counts. The jury ultimately found defendant guilty of one count of conducting a criminal
enterprise.
On appeal, defendant asserts that there was insufficient evidence to convict her of the crime
of conducting a criminal enterprise. However, defendant’s specific claim of error is that she could
not be found guilty of this crime where the jury did not find that she committed the predicate
1
Formerly found at MCL 750.462g.
2
Amended by 2014 PA 331, effective October 16, 2014.
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alleged acts of racketeering. Thus, defendant’s claim is not a claim that the evidence presented
was factually lacking, but is instead a legal claim that she could not be convicted under MCL
750.159i when she was not convicted of any predicate offenses under MCL 750.159g.3
To the extent that defendant sets forth a claim challenging the sufficiency of the evidence,
this Court reviews de novo a defendant’s challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence to support
his or her conviction. People v Harverson, 291 Mich. App. 171, 177; 804 NW2d 757 (2010). “In
examining the sufficiency of the evidence, ‘this Court reviews the evidence in a light most
favorable to the prosecutor to determine whether any trier of fact could find the essential elements
of the crime were proven beyond a reasonable doubt.’ ” People v Reese, 491 Mich. 127, 139; 815
NW2d 85 (2012) (citation omitted).
Defendant did not raise the issue of whether she could be convicted under MCL 750.159i
without being convicted of predicate offenses before the trial court. This issue is thus unpreserved.
Unpreserved issues are reviewed for plain error affecting substantial rights. People v Carines, 460
Mich. 750, 763-764; 597 NW2d 130 (1999). An issue of statutory interpretation is reviewed de
novo. People v Babcock, 469 Mich. 247, 253; 666 NW2d 231 (2003). In interpreting statutes, we
start by examining the plain language of the statute and if the statutory language is plain and
unambiguous, then no judicial interpretation is necessary or permitted. People v Mattoon, 271
Mich. App. 275, 278; 721 NW2d 269 (2006). Further, we give effect every word, phrase, and clause
to the extent possible. Id.
MCL 750.159i provides, in relevant part:
(1) A person employed by, or associated with, an enterprise shall not knowingly
conduct or participate in the affairs of the enterprise directly or indirectly through
a pattern of racketeering activity.
A “pattern of rack racketeering activity” means not less than 2 incidents of racketeering to
which all of the following characteristics apply:
(i) The incidents have the same or a substantially similar purpose, result,
participant, victim, or method of commission, or are otherwise interrelated by
distinguishing characteristics and are not isolated acts.
(ii) The incidents amount to or pose a threat of continued criminal activity.
(iii) At least 1 of the incidents occurred within this state on or after the effective
date of the amendatory act that added this section, and the last of the incidents
3
Defendant has not argued that the facts did not support her conviction under MCL 750.159i;
rather, defendant has argued that there were no predicate acts found, which made it impossible to
be convicted under MCL 750.159i. And, defendant contests not the facts of the predicate offenses
but the validity of her conviction because the jury found her not guilty of two predicate offenses
and could not render a verdict on the other two predicate offenses.
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occurred within 10 years after the commission of any prior incident, excluding any
period of imprisonment served by a person engaging in the racketeering activity.
[MCL 750.159f(c)]
The term “racketeering,” in turn, is defined as
committing, attempting to commit, conspiring to commit, or aiding or abetting,
soliciting, coercing, or intimidating a person to commit an offense for financial
gain, involving any of the following:
* * *
(ii) A violation of . . . [MCL 750.452, MCL 750.455, MCL 750.457, MCL
750.458, or MCL 750.459], concerning prostitution.
(jj) A violation of [MCL 750.462a et seq.] concerning human trafficking.
[MCL 750.159g]
In order to find defendant guilty of racketeering, then, the jury needed to find beyond a reasonable
doubt that:
(1) an enterprise existed, (2) defendant was employed by or associated with the
enterprise, (3) defendant knowingly conducted or participated, directly or
indirectly, in the affairs of the enterprise, (4) through a pattern of racketeering
activity that consisted of the commission of at least two racketeering offenses that
(a) had the same or substantially similar purpose, result, participant, victim, or
method of commission, or were otherwise interrelated by distinguishing
characteristics and are not isolated acts, (b) amounted to or posed a threat of
continued criminal activity, and (c) were committed for financial gain. [People v
Martin, 271 Mich. App. 280, 321; 721 NW2d 815 (2006)]
One of elements of conducting a criminal enterprise is “(4) through a pattern of
racketeering activity that consisted of the commission of at least two racketeering offenses . . . .”
Martin, 271 Mich App at 321 (emphasis added). Additionally, a plain reading of MCL 750.159i,
MCL 750.159f(c), and MCl 750.159g indicates that a jury must find that the defendant at least
twice committed, attempted to commit, conspired to commit, or aided or abetted, solicited,
coerced, or intimidated a person to commit, one of the offenses listed. However, the statute is
silent on whether a defendant must have been convicted of at least two racketeering offenses.
Although there is no caselaw directly on point, Martin, 271 Mich. App. 280, provides
guidance on this issue. In Martin, several appeals were consolidated to address multiple
defendants’ convictions and sentences arising out of their participation in the operation of an adult
entertainment establishment. Id. at 824. Two of the defendants were charged with and convicted
of a single count of racketeering in violation of MCL 750.159i(1). Id. at 827. At the time of their
joint trial, two predicate offenses were listed on the informations. Id. at 827. “Thus, in order to
prove the racketeering charge, plaintiff had to prove that defendants violated both predicate
offenses.” Id. “[D]efendants could not have committed racketeering without committing the
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predicate offenses and the jury could not convict defendants of racketeering without making
findings regarding factual elements that were not part of the predicate offenses.” Id. One of the
defendants, Martin, argued that “the prosecution failed to present sufficient evidence to prove the
elements of the racketeering offense and the underlying predicate acts” and, accordingly, the trial
court should have issued a directed verdict in his favor. Id. at 313-314 (emphasis added). This
Court disagreed, holding that “the essential elements of racketeering and the predicate offenses
were proven beyond a reasonable doubt” (id. at 327), despite Martin never having been convicted
of any predicate offenses. This Court concluded that there was sufficient evidence to show “that
defendant knowingly conducted or participated in the affairs of [the adult entertainment
establishment] directly or indirectly through a pattern of racketeering activity, which included
committing, attempting to commit, conspiring to commit or aiding or abetting the violation of
MCL 750.452 and MCL 750.457.” Martin, 271 Mich App at 323-324. In other words, despite
Martin having been convicted only of conducting a criminal enterprise and not any predicate
offenses, this Court, when presented with a sufficiency of the evidence argument, looked at the
two predicate offenses alleged at trial and held that the evidence supported a determination that
Martin had committed, attempted to commit, conspired to commit, or aided or abetted in a violation
of these two predicate offenses.
Though the defendants in Martin admittedly did not present the same argument that
defendant makes on appeal here, it is noteworthy that this Court took no issue that Martin was not
convicted of any predicate offenses and that we analyzed whether there was sufficient evidence to
show that defendant had engaged in the predicate offenses, notwithstanding the lack of charges or
convictions for those predicate offenses. Therefore, Martin suggests that conducting a criminal
enterprise does not require convictions of but, rather, merely evidence to prove a defendant
engaged in at least two predicate offenses.
In People v Schrauben, 314 Mich. App. 181; 886 NW2d 173 (2016), on the other hand, we
affirmed the trial court’s dismissal of defendant’s conviction of conducting a criminal enterprise,
after it determined that his convictions of embezzlement, which supported the conviction for
conducting a criminal enterprise, could not be proven beyond a reasonable doubt. In that case,
defendant was charged, among other things, with converting money that belonged to a funeral
home to his own use (embezzlement) and conducting a criminal enterprise based upon that
embezzlement. Id. at 198-199. We, like the trial court, determined that the money at issue never
belonged to the funeral home and that the money never came into defendant’s possession because
of a relationship of trust—two essential elements of an embezzlement conviction. Id.
Accordingly, this Court concluded that the trial court did not err in granting directed verdict on
both the embezzlement and conducting a criminal enterprise charges. Id. at 199. This Court
engaged in no lengthy analysis concerning the viability of the conducting a criminal enterprise
charge but, rather, apparently assumed that, without the embezzlement convictions, the conducting
a criminal enterprise conviction could not stand. While this case would appear to suggest that a
conducting a criminal enterprise conviction requires convictions of predicate offenses, we find that
it actually does not.
In Schrauben, there was no possible way for embezzlement to be proven because the
money was clearly not the funeral home’s money and was not obtained by trust with the principal.
In other words, there was no way legally for the commission of the predicate offenses to be
established because it was clear that elements of embezzlement could not be met. It was not,
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accordingly, necessarily the dismissal of the convictions of the predicate offenses that defeated the
conducting a criminal enterprise charge, but, rather, the fact that the predicate offenses could not
be established at all.
In the present case, there is no such issue. Although the jury found defendant not guilty of
two counts and could not reach a unanimous verdict on two counts, there was nothing that
conclusively prevented an element of those predicate offenses to be proven. And, in fact, there
was evidence to support that defendant had engaged in the charged predicate acts of recruiting a
minor for child sexually abusive activity, former MCL 750.462g, and procuring or inducing a
person to engage in prostitution, MCL 750.455.
Under former MCL 750.462g, a person could “not knowingly recruit, entice, harbor,
transport, provide, or obtain by any means, or attempt to recruit, entice, harbor, provide, or obtain
by any means, a minor knowing that the minor will be used for child sexually abusive activity.”
Former MCL 750.455 stated in pertinent part:
Any person who shall procure a female inmate for a house of prostitution;
or who shall induce, persuade, encourage, inveigle or entice a female person to
become a prostitute; or who by promises, threats, violence or by any device or
scheme, shall cause, induce, persuade, encourage, take, place, harbor, inveigle or
entice a female person to become an inmate of a house of prostitution or assignation
place, or any place where prostitution is practiced, encouraged or allowed; or any
person who shall, by promises, threats, violence or by any device or scheme, cause,
induce, persuade, encourage, inveigle or entice an inmate of a house of prostitution
or place of assignation to remain therein as such inmate; or any person who by
promises, threats, violence, by any device or scheme, by fraud or artifice, or by
duress of person or goods, or by abuse of any position of confidence or authority,
or having legal charge, shall take, place, harbor, inveigle, entice, persuade,
encourage or procure any female person to enter any place within this state in which
prostitution is practiced, encouraged or allowed, for the purpose of prostitution; or
who shall inveigle, entice, persuade, encourage, or procure any female person to
come into this state or to leave this state for the purpose of prostitution; or who
upon the pretense of marriage takes or detains a female person for the purpose of
sexual intercourse; or who shall receive or give or agree to receive or give any
money or thing of value for procuring or attempting to procure any female person
to become a prostitute or to come into this state or leave this state for the purpose
of prostitution, shall be guilty of a felony, punishable by imprisonment in the state
prison for not more than 20 years.
Here, Haylee Young testified that she felt pressured by defendant into engaging in sexual
activity with men in order to obtain money and drugs for defendant. Young testified that she
engaged in sexual acts with a man who then gave defendant drugs after the encounter the first time
defendant told her to, and that this occurred frequently after the first time. Young further testified
that she observed defendant’s daughter Ashleigh go on “dates” with men, and that these “dates”
constituted sexual activity in exchange for something of value. Young testified that she and
Ashleigh eventually set up their own “dates” with men, but still shared with defendant the money
and drugs they obtained. None of Young’s actions occurred until after meeting defendant and
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spending time at her house. Dejuan Horne testified that men visited defendant’s house in order to
exchange money and drugs for sexual acts, and that he even drove some of the girls to meet men
at hotel rooms and houses on occasion. Jeffrey Howenstine testified that he gave money for the
receipt of sexual acts from Ashleigh, and that defendant was aware of this and blackmailed him
with this information.
Accordingly, there was evidence for a jury to find that defendant had “recruit[ed],
entice[d], harbor[ed], transport[ed], provide[d], or obtain[ed] . . . a minor [e.g,. Ashleigh] knowing
that [Ashleigh would] be used for child sexually abusive activity,” i.e., would be engaged in a
listed sexual act. See former MCL 750.455; MCL 750.145c(o) and (i). Likewise, there was also
sufficient evidence for the jury to find that defendant had “aid[ed] or abett[ed], solicit[ed],
coerc[ed], or intimidat[ed] a person [i.e., Young and/or Ashleigh] to commit an offense [i.e.,
prostitution] for financial gain.” MCL 750.159g. Moreover, the statutory definition of
racketeering is “committing, attempting to commit, conspiring to commit, or aiding or abetting,
soliciting, coercing, or intimidating a person to commit an offense for financial gain, involving”
prostitution or human trafficking. The jury could thus have found that, while defendant did not
aid, abet, solicit, coerce or intimidate the girls specifically named in the felony information for
financial gain, she had perhaps conspired to do so—as would be all that is required under the
racketeering statute. And, there were a multitude of charges that could have been brought against
defendant, but were not, concerning young girls. Having presented sufficient evidence to establish
each of the elements of at least two predicate offenses, the prosecution presented sufficient
evidence for the jury to find defendant guilty of conducting a criminal enterprise.
That the jury did not convict defendant of the predicate offenses does not render the
conducting a criminal enterprise conviction invalid, not only considering this Court’s prior analysis
of Martin, supra, but also because a jury verdict need not be consistent. People v Vaughn, 409
Mich. 463, 465; 295 NW2d 354 (1980). “Juries are not held to any rules of logic nor are they
required to explain their decisions.” Id. at 466. Our Supreme Court explained;
The ability to convict or acquit another individual of a crime is a grave
responsibility and an awesome power. An element of this power is the jury's
capacity for leniency. Since we are unable to know just how the jury reached their
conclusion, whether the result of compassion or compromise, it is unrealistic to
believe that a jury would intend that an acquittal on one count and conviction on
another would serve as the reason for defendant's release. These considerations
change when a case is tried by a judge sitting without a jury. But we feel that the
mercy-dispensing power of the jury may serve to release a defendant from some of
the consequences of his act without absolving him of all responsibility. [Id.]
Similarly, in People v Lewis, 415 Mich. 443; 330 NW2d 16 (1982), our Supreme Court held that
the jury’s verdict convicting the defendants of felony-firearm, MCL 750.227b, but acquitting them
of the underlying felonies, did not invalidate the convictions. Id. at 448. The defendants had been
convicted of felony-firearm but were acquitted of their respective felony charges. Id. at 446. The
defendants argued on appeal that their felony-firearm convictions could not stand because they the
jury had acquitted them of the requisite felony, which was an element of felony-firearm. Id. Our
Supreme Court rejected this argument, reasoning that
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[w]hen a jury responds to a multi-count indictment, lawyers and judges are often
tempted to reconcile the verdicts, to strive for some rational compatibility. But to
do so imposes an artificial gloss on jury verdicts. Narrowly viewed, a jury’s
acquittal on one charge in a multi-count indictment signals no more than the jurors’
agreement not to convict on that charge for whatever reason satisfactory to them.
[Id. at 450.]
The Court stated that the inconsistent verdict suggested that the jury had “either compromised or
were lenient.” Id. If leniency was the motivation, defendant had no complaint. The Court
acknowledged that if the jury compromised, the defendant may have been prejudiced but that
where a jury is unable to agree on a unanimous verdict on certain charges, the remedy is a mistrial
where the defendant could be required to stand trial again on the charges—not dismissal of the
charges or convictions. Id. at 451-452. In any event, the Lewis Court determined that “[t]he
conviction of felony-firearm may be read as an implicit finding that the defendant did commit the
felony” and that the Legislature made the commission or the attempt to commit a felony and not
conviction of a felony an element of felony-firearm. Id. at 452-453. The Court concluded:
Having in mind the legislative purpose to provide separate punishment for
carrying a firearm in the commission of or attempt to commit a felony, we are
satisfied that it is both within the letter of the statute and the spirit of the legislative
purpose to construe the statute as providing for the imposition of sentence in a case
where the jury convicts of felony-firearm but acquits of the underlying felony. It
would not be consistent with the legislative purpose in enacting the felony-firearm
statute to conclude that it intended that a felony-firearm conviction be set aside and
no punishment at all be imposed in a case where the jury, extending leniency or
compromising, failed to convict of the underlying felony, but did convict of felony-
firearm. [Id. at 453-454]
We find the same to be applicable here. Just as no felony conviction was necessary for the
jury to find the defendants guilty of felony-firearm in Lewis, so also in the present case was the
jury not required to find defendant guilty of the predicate offenses in order to find her guilty of
conducting a criminal enterprise. The jury could have been exercising leniency in the present case,
just as it could have done so in Lewis.4 And, just as there is no reference to the word “conviction”
in the felony-firearm statute (MCL 750.227b), this word is also absent from MCL 750.159g.
Instead, MCL 750.159g uses the words “committing” and “commit” rather than “conviction” or
some variation. Because the conducting a criminal enterprise statute does not require a defendant
to be convicted of the predicate offenses, but merely that a defendant engaged in them, and the
4
The only potential issue is if the jury compromised in order to render its verdict, see Lewis, 415
Mich at 451-452, but defendant has advanced no argument in this regard on appeal, nor has she
offered evidence that the jury did compromise.
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evidence was sufficient for a jury to find that defendant committed the predicate offenses of
recruiting a minor for sexually abusive activity (former MCL 750.462g) and of procuring or
inducing a person to engage in prostitution (former MCL 750.455)5, defendant is not entitled to
relief.
Affirmed.
/s/ Stephen L. Borrello
/s/ Kirsten Frank Kelly
/s/ Deborah A. Servitto
5
These two counts represent the two upon which the jury was unable to reach a verdict.
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