DocketNumber： Docket 212011, 212029
Citation Numbers： 624 N.W.2d 738, 243 Mich. App. 578
Judges： Hood, P.J., and Gage and Whitbeck
Filed Date： 2/14/2001
Status： Precedential
Modified Date： 8/21/2023
Court of Appeals of Michigan.
*739 Morrison, Morrison & Finley (by Gregory W. Finley), Detroit, for Verna's Tavern, Inc.
Wise & Marsac, P.C. (by Edward V. Keelean, Sean M. Walsh, and Michael A. Sneyd), Detroit, for Lawrence Heite.
Before HOOD, P.J., and GAGE and WHITBECK, JJ.
WHITBECK, J.
In these consolidated dramshop act cases, cross-plaintiff Verna's Tavern, Inc., appeals as of right the trial court's order granting summary disposition to cross-defendant Lawrence Heite. Verna's argues that this Court should remand its cross-claims to the trial court with instructions for the trial court to determine Verna's liability so that it can establish its right to indemnification from Heite. We would affirm the order of the trial court were we free to do so. However, as we will discuss more fully in this opinion, MCR 7.215(H) requires us to grant the relief Verna's requests. Accordingly, we reverse and remand the cross-claims so that Verna's can establish its right to indemnification.
These cases arise from an automobile accident in Ash Township, Monroe County, in October 1995. While on his lunch break, Heite left work at the Detroit Edison Company and went to the Riverfront Bar in Monroe, where he drank three beers. He then returned to work, where he remained until midafternoon. When Heite left work later that afternoon, he drove to Verna's, where he drank three beers between and 8:00 p.m. Heite then left Verna's and drove his truck for approximately nine miles before colliding with the automobile Andrew Erving was driving. The collision killed Erving's two passengers, David E. Dunn and Michelle Johnson. Heite was taken to Mercy Hospital in Monroe where laboratory tests revealed that he had a blood alcohol level of 0.17 percent.
The decedents' families and the personal representatives of the estates of the decedents sued, claiming that Verna's was negligent and acted contrary to the dramshop act, M.C.L. § 436.22(4); MSA 18.993(4),[1] when it served Heite alcohol because he was visibly intoxicated at the time. MCL 436.22(4); MSA 18.993(4) provided:
Except as otherwise provided in this section, an individual who suffers damage or is personally injured by a minor or visibly intoxicated person by reason of the unlawful selling, giving, or furnishing of alcoholic liquor to the minor or visibly intoxicated person, if the unlawful sale is proven to be a proximate cause of the damage, injury, or death, or the spouse, child, parent, or guardian of that individual, shall have a right of action in his or her name against the person who by selling, giving, or furnishing the alcoholic liquor has caused or contributed to the intoxication of the person or who has caused or contributed to the damage, injury, or death. In an action pursuant to this section, the plaintiff *740 shall have the right to recover actual damages in a sum of not less than $50.00 in each case in which the court or jury determines that intoxication was a proximate cause of the damage, injury, or death.
Verna's filed cross-claims for indemnity against Heite in both cases pursuant to M.C.L. § 436.22(7); MSA 18.993(7),[2] which stated at that time:
Any licensee subject to the provisions of subsection (4) regarding the unlawful selling, furnishing, or giving of alcoholic liquor to a visibly intoxicated person shall have the right to full indemnification from the alleged visibly intoxicated person for all damages awarded against the licensee.
The trial court subsequently consolidated these cases before submitting them to mediation in June 1997. The mediators' award included a payment of $25,000 to each decedent's estate by Verna's. The mediation panel refused to award Verna's any amount of money on its cross-claims against Heite. Verna's accepted the $25,000 mediation awards in plaintiffs' favor but rejected the mediators' determination that it was not due any amount on its cross-claims. Plaintiffs accepted the award in their favor against Verna's. However, plaintiffs and Heite rejected the $900,000 the mediators awarded. In sum, following mediation, the parties had resolved the dispute between plaintiffs and Verna's, but not between plaintiffs and Heite or Verna's and Heite.[3]
The trial court entered judgment in October 1997, formalizing Verna's settlement with plaintiffs. Heite then moved to dismiss Verna's cross-claims for indemnification, arguing that Verna's was not entitled to indemnification because Verna's had settled with plaintiffs, there had been no determination of liability, and no damages had been "awarded" within the meaning of M.C.L. § 436.22(7); MSA 18.993(7). Verna's then moved for summary disposition on its cross-claims against Heite pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(10), contending that it was entitled to indemnification from Heite for all damages because the indemnification statute does not require an adjudication on the merits for recovery. Further, Verna's argued that it was forced to accept mediation to avoid a potentially larger jury verdict and that it was entitled to indemnification because the sum it paid following mediation was an "award" and constituted an actual loss.
At the hearing on the motions for summary disposition, the parties focused on whether the dramshop act permits indemnification when the plaintiffs and the retail licensee, i.e., the dramshop, settle the litigation rather than going through a trial, after which the court or jury may award damages. Verna's argued that the indemnification provision in M.C.L. § 436.22(7); MSA 18.993(7) would be rendered meaningless if, in order to recover, a dramshop had to reject a mediation award and expose itself to mediation sanctions or excessive jury verdicts. Heite, however, argued that the jury in this case might find that he did not proximately cause the accident that killed Johnson and Dunn because Erving was driving at almost one hundred miles an hour at the time their vehicles collided. Therefore, Heite argued, he should not be required to indemnify Verna's for an accident he did not cause and for which he had never been adjudicated as liable or at fault.
The trial court recognized the absence of case law interpreting the dramshop act indemnity provision, M.C.L. § 436.22(7); MSA 18.993(7). Nevertheless, it reasoned that because the indemnity provision referred to M.C.L. § 436.22(4); MSA 18.993(4), which required the court or the jury to determine "that intoxication was a *741 proximate cause of the damage, injury, or death" before imposing liability, the Legislature intended to require the same manner of findings as a prerequisite to indemnity under M.C.L. § 436.22(7); MSA 18.993(7). Further, the trial court held that a retail licensee's decision to accept a mediation award did not include this determination of liability. Thus, the trial court granted Heite's motion for summary disposition.
In these consolidated appeals, Verna's argues that this Court's opinion in Hoover Corners, Inc. v. Conklin, 230 Mich.App. 567, 584 N.W.2d 385 (1998), released after the trial court's decision in this case, requires us to remand for a proceeding in which it can establish its right to indemnification. The procedural posture of this case, however, requires us to determine if the trial court properly granted Heite's motion for summary disposition while denying Verna's motion for summary disposition before we can consider whether remand is appropriate.
We review de novo a trial court's decision to grant a motion for summary disposition. Spiek v. Dep't of Transportation, 456 Mich. 331, 337, 572 N.W.2d 201 (1998).
When Heite moved for summary disposition under MCR 2.116, he failed to indicate which subsection acted as the foundation for his motion. The trial court's reasoning, which plainly rested on Heite's arguments, suggests that Heite requested and the trial court granted summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(10). Indeed, this is the proper section of the court rule addressing summary disposition because it allows a party to challenge the legal validity of the opponent's claims. That Heite and the trial court did not clarify this technical matter does not affect our ability to review this issue properly. See Ellsworth v. Highland Lakes Development Associates, 198 Mich.App. 55, 57-58, 498 N.W.2d 5 (1993) ("The mislabeling of a motion does not preclude review where the lower court record otherwise permits it."); see also Shirilla v. Detroit, 208 Mich.App. 434, 437, 528 N.W.2d 763 (1995) ("An order granting summary disposition under the wrong court rule may be reviewed under the correct rule."). Accordingly, we apply the legal standard for motions under MCR 2.116(C)(10) to the issue on appeal.
A motion for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(10) tests the factual basis of a claim other than an amount of damages, requiring the court to consider all the evidence, affidavits, pleadings, admissions, and other information available in the record. Spiek, supra; MCR 2.116(G)(5). An order granting a motion for summary disposition is appropriate if the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Waldan General Contractors, Inc. v. Mich. Mut. Ins. Co., 227 Mich.App. 683, 685, 577 N.W.2d 139 (1998).
As Verna's notes, this Court recently interpreted the interaction between the liability and indemnity provisions of the dramshop act in Hoover Corners, supra. The plaintiff in Hoover Corners, Luke Miller, had been at the Hoover Corners bar when he decided to go to another bar and offered a ride to the defendant, Thomas Conklin, who wanted to go home. Hoover Corners, supra at 568, 584 N.W.2d 385. At some point after Conklin got in Miller's truck, they decided to trade places so that Conklin could drive. Id. at 568-569, 584 N.W.2d 385. Presumably, when Miller got in the passenger's seat he did not close the door completely. Id. at 569, 584 N.W.2d 385. As a result, when Conklin drove around a curve, Miller fell out of the truck. Id. Conklin backed up the truck so Miller could get in, but drove over him instead. Id.
In addition to suing his parents, who owned the truck, and Conklin, Miller and his wife sued Hoover Corners. Id. at 569, *742 584 N.W.2d 385. Their theory of Hoover Corners' liability was that it had violated the dramshop act, M.C.L. § 436.22(4); MSA 18.993(4), by serving Conklin while he was visibly intoxicated. Hoover Corners, supra at 569, 584 N.W.2d 385. Miller and his wife rejected the recommended $45,000 award against Conklin and Miller's parents. Id. Conklin also rejected this award. Id. However, Miller and Hoover Corners accepted the mediation award for $5,000 to settle their dispute. Id. Hoover Corners, which had filed a cross-complaint against Conklin, then asked the trial court to enter judgment on the mediation award and sought indemnity under M.C.L. § 436.22(7); MSA 18.993(7) for it by moving for summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(10). Conklin opposed the motion for summary disposition, arguing that indemnity was inappropriate because the issue of his liability had not been tried. Hoover Corners, supra at 570, 584 N.W.2d 385. The trial court agreed with Hoover Corners and granted the motion for summary disposition. Id.
On appeal, Conklin argued that Hoover Corners would be entitled to indemnification only if there was a judgment following a trial in which the factfinder determined that Hoover Corners sold him alcohol while he was visibly intoxicated and that sale proximately caused the accident. Id. at 571, 584 N.W.2d 385. Additionally, he contended, the judgment the trial court entered on the mediators' award was more like a judgment following settlement than a judgment following a verdict and, therefore, did not permit indemnification under M.C.L. § 436.22(7); MSA 18.993(7). After briefly tracing the history of the dramshop act, this Court looked at the language of M.C.L. § 436.22(7); MSA 18.993(7) and noted that it "clearly and unambiguously indicates that the right to indemnification exists only where damages are `awarded' against the licensee," and the licensee is "`subject to the provisions of subsection (4).'" Hoover Corners, supra at 572-573, 584 N.W.2d 385. This reference to M.C.L. § 436.22(4); MSA 18.993(4) was critical to the indemnification issue because that section "presupposes a determination on the merits of the injured individual's damage claims and an assessment of actual damages by the trier of fact." Hoover Corners, supra at 573, 584 N.W.2d 385. The Court then attempted to bring subsections 4 and 7 together so that they worked to form a cohesive statutory scheme, reasoning:
Reading subsections 4 and 7 together to maintain the internal balance of the act, and according the term "awarded" its plain and ordinary meaning, the language employed evinces an intent by the Legislature that damages be awarded for purposes of indemnification under subsection 7 when monetary compensation is paid to an injured individual for actual damages suffered under the conditions specified in subsection 4, as determined by a trier of fact after consideration of the merits of the injured individual's damage claims. Such a construction of subsection 7 protects the allegedly visibly intoxicated person from collusion between the injured individual and the licensee, much in the same way the name-and-retain provision protects the licensee from collusion between the injured individual and the visibly intoxicated person. Browder [v Int'l Fidelity Ins. Co., 413 Mich. 603, 615, 321 N.W.2d 668 (1982) ]. This construction of subsection 7 also discourages a party from negotiating away its legitimate defenses, as Conklin claims Hoover Corners did here, because it is assured of indemnification from a third party. [Hoover Corners, supra at 573, 584 N.W.2d 385 (emphasis added).]
Applying this reasoning to the case before it, this Court in Hoover Corners analyzed whether a judgment on a mediation award was sufficiently similar to a judgment entered on a verdict following a trial to justify treating it as the type of disposition required under M.C.L. § 436.22(4); MSA 18.993(4). Hoover Corners, supra at *743 574, 584 N.W.2d 385. The Court unequivocally concluded that "[a]lthough an accepted mediation evaluation serves as a final adjudication of the claims mediated and is binding on the accepting parties, the acceptance of a mediation award is not analogous to a judgment entered after a trial and a verdict by a judge or jury." Id. Rather, the Court determined, "a mediation proceeding that ends with the parties' acceptance of the mediators' evaluation is like a consent judgment reached after negotiation and settlement." Id. Accordingly, the Court held that the judgment following the plaintiffs' decision to accept the mediators' award did not automatically entitle Hoover Corners to indemnification from Conklin. Id. at 575, 584 N.W.2d 385.
Before concluding the Hoover Corners opinion, the Court explained the competing principles that shaped its decision and hardened its resolve to obey the plain language of the dramshop act, stating:
We recognize that the mediation process and Michigan law generally favor settlement of disputes. We also note that dramshops will be less likely to settle claims brought by injured persons if there is no automatic right to indemnification against the person whose intoxication allegedly caused the injury. Nevertheless, the language of the statute and principles of basic fairness prevent the allegedly intoxicated person from being bound by a settlement reached between the other parties. [Id. at 576, 584 N.W.2d 385.]
The Court did, however, note that the parties to a dramshop action may avoid these complex issues by settling all issues, including indemnity. Id. at 576, n. 3, 584 N.W.2d 385. In conclusion, the Court reversed the trial court's order granting Hoover Corners summary disposition and remanded the case "for further proceedings to determine the merits of the claim against Hoover Corners wherein Conklin shall be afforded the right to raise defenses that Hoover Corners might have raised had the underlying dramshop action proceeded to trial." Id. at 576, 584 N.W.2d 385. The Court never clarified the nature of the proceedings on remand, including whether the hearing in which Hoover Corners would have the opportunity to establish its liability for the purposes of indemnification would be similar to a trial. More importantly, the Court left unresolved how to harmonize its disposition of the case with its eloquent exploration of the contrary interests a dramshop has in admitting liability in order to receive indemnification and the effect that process may have on the allegedly intoxicated person.
The parallels between Hoover Corners and this case are close, numerous, and obvious. As in Hoover Corners, there was a serious accident after defendant allegedly consumed alcohol in a bar. As in Hoover Corners, the dramshop in this case, Verna's, accepted a mediation award in favor of plaintiffs, foreclosing the need for a trial on plaintiffs' claims. As in Hoover Corners, Verna's moved for summary disposition on its cross-claim for indemnification against the allegedly intoxicated tortfeasor, Heite. This, however, is where the parallels between the cases end.
In Hoover Corners, the trial court granted the dramshop's motion for summary disposition on its cross-claim for indemnification from the allegedly intoxicated person. As a result, the trial court required the allegedly intoxicated person to indemnify the dramshop, and the alleged tortfeasor then appealed. Here, the trial court denied the dramshop's motion for summary disposition on its cross-claim for indemnification from the allegedly intoxicated person, and the dramshop appeals.
The record in this case reveals that there was no open question of fact concerning whether plaintiffs would accept the mediators' award. Accordingly, there was no question concerning whether there would be a trial to determine Verna's liability. With no possibility of a trial to *744 determine liability, the trial court properly denied summary disposition in Verna's favor. Although this Court had not yet decided Hoover Corners, the legal principles underlying our conclusion that a judgment enforcing a mediation award does not satisfy the statutory prerequisites for indemnification existed. As a result, it is not surprising that the trial court's ruling was consistent with the reasoning in Hoover Corners; under the rationale advanced in Hoover Corners, Heite was entitled to judgment as a matter of law and Verna's was not entitled to judgment as a matter of law.
If we looked no further, our analysis would end here with a decision to affirm the order of the trial court, especially because Heite's arguments so closely mirror the arguments that persuaded this Court in Hoover Corners. However, Verna's essentially asks this Court to rule that a dramshop is automatically entitled to indemnification any time it settles with an injured plaintiff, albeit after a separate hearing. We agree with Heite that this makes little sense and is not within the plain meaning of the language of the dramshop act. By settling its own liability with the plaintiff and then pursuing a separate indemnification claim against the allegedly intoxicated tortfeasor, a dramshop forecloses a genuine determination of liability in which the dramshop must mount a substantive defense rather than attempting to establish its own wrongdoing. In other words, under Verna's approach, after a dramshop has denied liability in its answer, it is in that dramshop's best interest to settle any potential claims with the underlying plaintiff and then to admit liability aggressively in order to place the burden of the settlement on the allegedly intoxicated person.
The facts of this case show how such a system would force a dramshop to make arguments intended to place full responsibility for settlement costs on the allegedly intoxicated person, regardless of the merit of the plaintiff's claims. Verna's denied liability up to the time it accepted the mediation award but now argues that a wide range of evidence demonstrates that Heite was visibly intoxicated when one of Verna's employee served him alcohol before the accident. In fact, Verna's goes so far as to argue that its employees still serve indisputably visibly intoxicated people, which it apparently relies on in an attempt to show what poor judgment its employees used on the night it served Heite who was, allegedly, visibly drunk. Given a dramshop's strong incentive to prove a defendant's visible intoxication, this leaves virtually no way for Heite or any other allegedly intoxicated person to present a defense. More importantly, nothing in M.C.L. § 436.22; MSA 18.993 as a whole even remotely suggests that the Legislature intended to allow a tavern to take an adverse, and arguably disingenuous, position in a separate indemnification proceeding.
Verna's argues that not allowing a separate proceeding would eliminate the possibility of settlement while forcing dramshops to take the risk of a substantial jury verdict and mediation sanctions. However, as in all cases, each party must weigh its potential liability before settling or going forward with a trial on the merits. As the Hoover Corners panel noted, nothing precludes a dramshop from settling the indemnity question just as it would settle liability with the injured plaintiff. In any event, any advantage that would flow from allowing this separate hearing to establish the right to indemnification after a dramshop accepts a mediation award would be outweighed by haphazard and indifferent settlement negotiations aimed at admitting a dramshop's liability simply so it can move to this indemnification phase.
For all these reasons, we would adhere to the general ruling in Hoover Corners and deny Verna's the right to seek indemnification from Heite now because it accepted the mediation award. Nevertheless, Hoover Corners ordered a remand to allow the dramshop an opportunity to *745 prove its liability to establish its right to indemnification. We are not convinced that such a proceeding is necessary. Nor are we at all clear how the trial court should conduct such a proceeding.[4] In our view, a claim for indemnification under M.C.L. § 436.22(7); MSA 18.993(7) cannot survive a settlement, especially if the settlement occurred because of mediation, given the reasoning in Hoover Corners.
Unfortunately, we see no logical grounds on which to distinguish this case from Hoover Corners given the identical procedural histories and the identical legal questions in both cases. See People v. Kevorkian, 205 Mich.App. 180, 190, n. 6, 517 N.W.2d 293 (1994) (portions of an opinion are nonbinding as obiter dicta as long as they are "not necessarily involved nor essential to [the] determination" of the case). MCR 7.215(H)(1) plainly requires us to follow precedent set by another panel of this Court in cases issued after November 1, 1991, and this applies to the 1998 Hoover Corners decision. Thus, we are compelled to follow the result the Hoover Corners panel reached because it is essential to the Court's determination in that case.
But for the result in Hoover Corners, we would affirm the trial court's decision in its entirety. We reluctantly reverse the trial court's order granting summary disposition in favor of Heite and remand for further proceedings in which Verna's may attempt to establish its liability as a prerequisite to its right to indemnification. Heite may raise any defense Verna's could have raised had this case gone to trial on the underlying question whether Verna's served him alcohol while he was visibly intoxicated. We do not retain jurisdiction.
HOOD, P.J., concurred.
GAGE, J. (concurring in part and dissenting in part).
I agree with the lead opinion's analysis and conclusion that a judgment enforcing a mediation award does not satisfy the dramshop act's prerequisites for indemnification. MCL 436.22; MSA 18.993.
I respectfully dissent from the lead opinion's conclusion that Hoover Corners, Inc. v. Conklin, 230 Mich.App. 567, 584 N.W.2d 385 (1998), requires that we remand the instant case to permit Verna's Tavern the opportunity to demonstrate its liability and establish its right to indemnification. I endorse the majority's expressed view that "a claim for indemnification under M.C.L. § 436.22(7); MSA 18.993(7) cannot survive a settlement," ante at 745, and thus, like the majority, I fail to comprehend the necessity or nature of a proceeding on remand. Unlike the majority, however, I do not view Hoover Corners penultimate sentence reflecting the panel's choice of procedural disposition as essential or necessarily involved in determining the legal issues the Hoover Corners parties raised. People v. Kevorkian, 205 Mich.App. 180, 190, n. 6, 517 N.W.2d 293 (1994). Accordingly, I do not believe Hoover Corners demands the unnecessary remand.
I would affirm.
[1] 1998 PA 58, § 1301 repealed this provision; the provision was reenacted by 1998 PA 58 as M.C.L. § 436.1801(3); MSA 18.1175(801)(3).
[2] 1998 PA 58, § 1301 repealed this provision; the provision was reenacted by 1998 PA 58 as M.C.L. § 436.1801(6); MSA 18.1175(801)(6).
[3] The other mediation awards and whether the parties accepted them are not relevant here.
[4] For example, the Hoover Corners panel did not indicate whether the required "further proceedings" would be held before the trial judge in a manner similar to a hearing on a motion for summary disposition or if the proceeding would be held in front of a jury. If the matter is to be tried before a jury, it is difficult to understand how the trial court would instruct the jury on the question of witness credibility given that, in order to obtain indemnification from Heite, Verna's presumably would attempt to establish that it violated the dramshop act by furnishing alcohol to a visibly intoxicated person. Further, which party has the burdens of proof and persuasion in this proceeding, and what each burden entails, is very much up in the air at this point.
Spiek v. Department of Transportation , 456 Mich. 331 ( 1998 )
Browder v. International Fidelity Insurance , 413 Mich. 603 ( 1982 )
People v. Kevorkian No 1 , 205 Mich. App. 180 ( 1994 )
Waldan General Contractors, Inc. v. Michigan Mutual ... , 227 Mich. App. 683 ( 1998 )
Ellsworth v. Highland Lakes Development Associates , 198 Mich. App. 55 ( 1993 )