L J & S Development LLC v. Boar's Head Provisions Company Inc

STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
L J & S DEVELOPMENT, LLC, UNPUBLISHED
September 12, 2017
Plaintiff/Counter-Defendant-
Appellee,
v No. 332379
Ottawa Circuit Court
BOAR’S HEAD PROVISIONS COMPANY, LC No. 13-003511-CZ
INC.,
Defendant/Counter-Plaintiff-
Appellant.
Before: TALBOT, C.J., and O’CONNELL and CAMERON, JJ.
PER CURIAM.
In this dispute over the proper execution of a lease option to purchase real property,
plaintiff/counter-defendant, L J & S Development, LLC, sued defendant/counter-plaintiff, Boar’s
Head Provisions Company, Inc., alleging that Boar’s Head failed to exercise the option and
seeking declaratory relief. L J & S then moved for summary disposition under MCR
2.116(C)(10). Boar’s Head counterclaimed, arguing that it complied with the option and seeking
declaratory relief, and also moved for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(10). The trial
court granted L J & S’s motion and later entered an order granting L J & S attorney fees and
costs. Boar’s Head appeals by right. We affirm in part, vacate in part, and remand.
I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND
Boar’s Head, a provider of delicatessen products, bought a plant in Holland, Michigan.
Boar’s Head later contracted with L J & S for L J & S to buy the neighboring property, build a
refrigerated facility on the property, and lease the property to Boar’s Head. L J & S then built a
refrigerated facility on the property, including a tunnel connecting the refrigerated facility to the
Boar’s Head plant.
The lease included a purchase option. As described in more detail below, § 5.1 granted
Boar’s Head the option to purchase the “Project.” The lease defined the “Project” as the
“Property” “inclusive of completed Landlord’s Work.” The lease defined the “Property,” also
known as the “Premises,” as the “real property located at 322 Roost Avenue, Holland, Michigan
49423.” “Landlord’s Work” included the “tunnel” constructed “on the Premises.” The lease
required Boar’s Head to exercise the option during an option period. The lease set the purchase
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price at “the fair market value of the Project on the date of the Option Notice . . . , as determined
by an independent third (3rd) party appraiser selected by” Boar’s Head.
During an option period, Boar’s Head informed L J & S that it was exercising the option
and that an appraiser determined the Project’s fair market value. The appraisal did not consider
the tunnel.
L J & S subsequently sued Boar’s Head, and Boar’s Head counterclaimed. Both parties
sought declaratory relief regarding whether the appraisal provided the fair market value of the
Project and moved for summary disposition. The trial court granted summary disposition to L J
& S, concluding that the appraisal did not assess the Project’s fair market value because it did not
consider the tunnel.
II. SUMMARY DISPOSITION
Boar’s Head argues that the trial court erred in denying its motion for summary
disposition and granting L J & S’s motion. We disagree.
A motion for summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(10) tests the factual
sufficiency of a complaint. Maiden v Rozwood, 461 Mich 109, 120; 597 NW2d 817 (1999). A
“trial court considers affidavits, pleadings, depositions, admissions, and other evidence submitted
by the parties . . . in the light most favorable to the party opposing the motion.” Id. A trial court
must grant the motion if it finds “no genuine issue as to any material fact” and determines that
“the moving party is entitled to judgment or partial judgment as a matter of law.” MCR
2.116(C)(10). We review a trial court’s decision on a motion for summary disposition de novo.
Reicher v SET Enterprises, Inc, 283 Mich App 657, 664; 770 NW2d 902 (2009).
Likewise, we review a trial court’s interpretation of a contract de novo. Id. Courts strive
to honor the parties’ intent when interpreting a contract, such as a lease. See G&A Inc v Nahra,
204 Mich App 329, 330-331; 514 NW2d 255 (1994); Kyocera Corp v Hemlock Semiconductor,
LLC, 313 Mich App 437, 446; 886 NW2d 445 (2015). The contract’s language provides the best
evidence of intent. Kyocera Corp, 313 Mich App at 446. Courts read contracts as a whole,
giving terms their plain and ordinary meaning, consulting a dictionary when necessary. Auto-
Owners Ins Co v Seils, 310 Mich App 132, 145; 871 NW2d 530 (2015). Courts must enforce an
unambiguous contract as written. Id.A party must accept an option to purchase real property “within the time allowed and in
minute compliance with its terms.” LeBaron Homes, Inc v Pontiac Housing Fund, Inc, 319
Mich 310, 315; 29 NW2d 704 (1947) (quotations and citation omitted). Substantial compliance
is not sufficient. Id. at 315-316. “[S]trict compliance” is required. Bailey v Grover, 237 Mich
548, 554; 213 NW 137 (1927). Otherwise, the right to accept an option is “lost.” Id. at 554-555.
In this case, Boar’s Head failed to exercise the lease’s purchase option because it failed to
strictly comply with the option’s requirement to determine the “Project’s” fair market value
when it submitted an appraisal with the option notice that did not include an appraisal of the
tunnel.
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Section 5.1 of the parties’ lease grants Boar’s Head “the exclusive and unconditional
option to purchase the Project during the Option Period.” Section 1.1 defines the “Project” as
“the Property and all fixtures, improvements, appurtenances and installations located or to be
located thereon during the Term hereof (inclusive of completed Landlord’s Work).” The
“Property,” also known as the “Premises,” is the “real property located at 322 Roost Avenue,
Holland, Michigan 49423.” Article 4 defines “Landlord’s Work,” in part, as including L J & S’s
“construction on the Premises of . . . a tunnel of approximately 2,725 square feet . . . on the
Premises . . . which Plans have been approved in writing by” L J & S and Boar’s Head. 1
(Emphasis removed.) Article 4.1(i) further states that L J & S “shall not deviate, or permit its
contractors or agents to deviate, in any material respect from such Plans, and the Plans shall not
be changed or modified, without the prior written consent of” Boar’s Head. Boar’s Head
provided no evidence that it permitted L J & S to build the tunnel in a manner that would exclude
it from being part of the Project. Therefore, the tunnel was part of the Project.
The lease further states that Boar’s Head has “the right . . . to exercise the Option upon
written notice to” L J & S sent during the “Option Period.” (Emphasis removed.) Based on the
time that Boar’s Head chose to exercise the option, the lease set the “option price” at “the fair
market value of the Project on the date of the Option Notice . . . as determined by an independent
third (3rd) party appraiser.” The lease required a “copy of such appraisal [to] be sent to” L J & S
“with the Option Notice.” Boar’s Head agrees that the appraisal submitted with the option notice
did not include the tunnel. Therefore, the appraisal did not provide the Project’s fair market
value, Boar’s Head failed to strictly comply with the terms of the option, and Boar’s Head failed
to exercise the option.2
We reject Boar’s Head’s argument that special circumstances allow this Court to grant it
relief from strict compliance in equity. Boar’s Head must cite authority to support its argument.
See MCR 7.212(C)(7). However, Boar’s Head cited no binding authority. Instead, it cited the
nonbinding federal case3 Tel-Towne Props Group v Toys “R” US-Delaware, Inc, 630 F Supp 2d
766, 773-774 (ED Mich, 2007). The federal court concludes that “Michigan has not taken a
position on equitable relief in a published opinion,” “a majority of state jurisdictions” requiring
strict compliance with an option “allow for equitable relief under special circumstances,” and a
Michigan Court would allow equitable relief because it allowed equitable relief in the
nonbinding, unpublished opinion Market Dev Corp v Village Green Props, Ltd, unpublished
opinion per curiam of the Court of Appeals, issued September 12, 2000 (Docket Nos. 208856
and 216600). Id. We do not find the federal case or unpublished Michigan case persuasive.
Supreme Court authority states that the right to accept an option is lost absent strict compliance.
1
Boar’s Head’s argument that the tunnel was not physically located on the Premises or Property
is contrary to the plain meaning of the lease.
2
Because Boar’s Head failed to exercise the option, we reject Boar’s Head’s argument based on
Rosenthal v Shapiro, 333 Mich 302, 315; 52 NW2d 859 (1952), that exercising the option
automatically terminated the lease, excluding the tunnel from the Project.
3
Holman v Rasak, 281 Mich App 507, 509; 761 NW2d 391 (2008), aff’d 486 Mich 429 (2010).
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See, e.g., LeBaron Homes, Inc, 319 Mich at 315-316; Bailey 237 Mich at 554-555. Unlike the
Tel-Towne Props Group and Market DevCorp Courts, we are not persuaded that this rule allows
for equitable relief. Further, both nonbinding cases are distinguishable because they considered
equitable relief for the untimely exercise of an option, which did not occur here.
We also reject Boar’s Head’s argument that L J & S should be equitably estopped from
arguing that the appraisal did not provide the Project’s fair market value because letters from L J
& S’s counsel induced Boar’s Head to believe that L J & S had no objection to the appraisal’s
failure to consider the tunnel, and L J & S did not assert the defect until after the option period
expired.
Equitable estoppel arises where a party, by representations, admissions, or
silence intentionally or negligently induces another party to believe facts, the
other party justifiably relies and acts on that belief, and the other party will be
prejudiced if the first party is allowed to deny the existence of those facts. [Van v
Zahorik, 460 Mich 320, 335; 597 NW2d 15 (1999) (quotations and citation
omitted).]
Boar’s Head argues that the appraisal need not include the tunnel because the tunnel was not part
of the Project. It provided no evidence that it acted on the belief that L J & S had no objection
to the appraisal’s failure to consider the tunnel and no evidence that Boar’s Head will be
prejudiced if L J & S is allowed to assert this alleged defect with the appraisal. For example,
Boar’s Head provided no evidence or argument that it would have obtained a new appraisal
including the tunnel. Therefore, Boar’s Head’s equitable estoppel argument fails.4 Thus, the
trial court did not err in denying Boar’s Head’s motion for summary disposition and granting L J
& S’s motion.5
III. ATTORNEYS’ FEES AND COSTS
Next, Boar’s Head argues that the trial court awarded L J & S an unreasonable amount of
attorneys’ fees and erred in awarding L J & S costs beyond “court costs.” The trial court did not
abuse its discretion in awarding attorneys’ fees, but it abused its discretion in allowing L J & S to
recover costs beyond “court costs.”
4
Because the trial court reached the correct result when it rejected Boar’s Head’s equitable
estoppel argument, we need not consider Boar’s Head’s argument that the trial court
inappropriately cited Hunter Square Office Bldg, LLC v Paragon Underwriters, Inc, unpublished
opinion per curiam of the Court of Appeals, issued May 20, 2003 (Docket No. 235115), for
support because we will not reverse the right result reached for the wrong reason, see Gleason v
Mich Dep’t of Transp, 256 Mich App 1, 3; 662 NW2d 822 (2003).
5
Because resolution of these issues allows us to affirm the trial court’s summary disposition
order, we need not address the parties’ remaining arguments concerning the trial court’s
summary disposition order.
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“We review a trial court’s award of attorney fees and costs for an abuse of discretion.”
Pirgu v United Servs Auto Ass’n, 499 Mich 269, 274; 884 NW2d 257 (2016). A trial court
abuses its discretion when its decision falls “outside the range of reasonable and principled
outcomes.” Id. Again, we review the trial court’s interpretation of a contract de novo. Reicher,
283 Mich App at 664.
A contract may allow the prevailing party in a dispute to recover reasonable attorneys’
fees. Fleet Business Credit, LLC v Krapohl Ford Lincoln Mercury Co, 274 Mich App 584, 589;
735 NW2d 644 (2007). To determine whether fees are reasonable, a trial court begins by
assessing a reasonable hourly rate. See Van Elslander v Thomas Sebold & Assoc, Inc, 297 Mich
App 204, 229-230; 823 NW2d 843 (2012). “The reasonable hourly rate represents the fee
customarily charged in the locality for similar legal services” performed by “lawyers of similar
ability and experience.” See id. at 230 (quotations and citations omitted). A trial court should
consult reliable surveys or other credible evidence of the legal market. See id. Additionally, a
trial court can consider an attorney’s actual hourly billing rate because “it is reflective of
competition within the community for business and typical fees demanded for similar work.”
See id. at 234. Once a reasonable hourly rate is determined, the trial court should assess the
number of hours worked, excluding any excessive, redundant, or unnecessary hours. See id. at
229-231. Then, the trial court must multiply the reasonable hourly rate by the number of hours
worked. See id. at 229-230. Finally, the trial court must consider additional factors to determine
whether to adjust the fee. See id.
Boar’s Head argues that the trial court assessed an unreasonable hourly rate for L J & S’s
attorneys because it ignored certain tables from the State Bar of Michigan’s Economics of Law
Practice Report. However, the trial court considered some tables in the report, including tables
showing the hourly billing rates for equity partners or shareholders, hourly billing rates for firms
with more than 50 attorneys, hourly billing rates for attorneys in Grand Rapids and Ottawa
County, and hourly billing rates for attorneys practicing in civil litigation, commercial
landlord/tenant disputes, and real estate. The trial court can determine the tables that are most
relevant and helpful to assess a reasonable hourly rate. Adair v Michigan (On Fourth Remand),
301 Mich App 547, 559; 836 NW2d 742 (2013). Additionally, the trial court considered the
attorneys’ actual hourly rate and was aware that the lawyers’ hourly billing rates were generally
above the average rate listed in numerous tables. However, a locality’s average fee is not the
only reasonable fee. Bolt v Lansing (On Remand), 238 Mich App 37, 61; 604 NW2d 745 (1999).
Further, attorney David Gass, an expert in law and the relevant legal market, testified that L J &
S’s retention of Warner Norcross & Judd LLP, a regional firm, was reasonable because of the
case’s complexity. Therefore, the trial court’s assessment of L J & S’s attorneys’ hourly rates
did not fall outside the range of reasonable and principled outcomes.
Next, Boar’s Head argues that the trial court erred in determining a reasonable number of
hours expended, identifying several hours that should not have been expended. The trial court
did not abuse its discretion in assessing fees for these identified hours.
The trial court allowed L J & S to recover fees for a motion for a protective order to
preclude Boar’s Head from taking depositions. After the motion was filed, Boar’s Head agreed
to adjourn the depositions to a future, unscheduled date. Therefore, L J & S obtained the relief it
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sought. L J & S’s ability to do so without a trial court resolving its motion did not render the
motion unnecessary.
The trial court allowed L J & S to recover some fees for time spent working on an initial
motion for summary disposition. The trial court did not resolve the initial motion; it adjourned
the motion. However, the trial court determined that the work required to prepare the motion
aided L J & S in preparing a subsequent, resolved motion for summary disposition.
Acknowledging that L J & S attorneys duplicated some tasks in preparing the motions, the trial
court only awarded L J & S fees for one-half of the hours worked to prepare the initial motion.
The trial court determined that L J & S did not take unnecessary depositions. On appeal,
Boar’s Head fails to identify which depositions it believes were unnecessary. Michigan’s “broad
discovery policy” allows “liberal discovery” of any matter relevant to the case that is not
privileged. Reed Dairy Farm v Consumers Power Co, 227 Mich App 614, 616; 576 NW2d 709
(1998). Thomas Amon, one of L J & S’s attorneys, submitted an affidavit explaining the
relevance of the deposed witnesses. Boar’s Head did not cite any evidence to dispute Amon’s
sworn statements or argue that the deposed witnesses discussed privileged information.
Therefore, the trial court’s determination of the reasonable number of hours expended was not
outside the range of reasonable and principled outcomes.
Finally, Boar’s Head argues that the trial court erred in allowing L J & S to recover all
costs and expenses incurred during the litigation pursuant to § 10.3(a)(iii) of the lease.
Section 10.3 is an indemnity provision. Indemnity refers to a “duty to make good
any loss, damage, or liability incurred by another” or “[t]he right of an injured party to claim
reimbursement for its loss, damage, or liability from a person who has such a duty.” Black’s
Law Dictionary (10th ed). Section 10.3(a)(iii) requires Boar’s Head to indemnify L J & S as a
result of Boar’s Head’s “negligence or willful misconduct.” Section 10.3(b) requires L J & S to
indemnify Boar’s Head. Section 10.3(c) discusses a third party bringing an action against Boar’s
Head or L J & S. Specifically, § 10.3(c) provides, in part:
If any action or proceeding asserting a claim within the scope of any
indemnity set forth in this Lease is asserted against any indemnified party, then
the indemnified party shall give prompt notice thereof to the indemnifying party,
but in all events within a time period so as not to prejudice the indemnifying
party’s or its insurer’s ability to defend effectively any action or proceeding
brought on such claim. The Indemnifying party shall have the right to defend and
control the defense of any action or proceeding brought on such claim with
counsel chosen by the indemnifying party, subject to the approval of the
indemnified party (such approval not to be unreasonably withheld) or by the
indemnifying party’s insurance company.
When reading § 10.3 as a whole, § 10.3(a)(iii) applies when a third party brings an action or
proceeding against L J & S as a result of Boar’s Head’s negligence or willful misconduct. No
third party sued L J & S. Therefore, § 10.3(a)(iii) does not apply.
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Rather, only § 11.9(a) allows L J & S to recover costs. The trial court and parties agree
that § 11.9(a) applies. Section 11.9(a) limits L J & S’s recovery of costs to the recovery of
“court costs.” “Court costs” include the costs that are charged by and paid to the court,
specifically “filing fees, jury fees, courthouse fees, and reporter fees.” Black’s Law Dictionary
(10th ed). Therefore, we vacate the portion of the trial court’s order awarding L J & S
$69,367.91 in “costs and expenses” and remand for entry of an order limiting L J & S’s recovery
to “court costs.”
We affirm in part, vacate in part, and remand. We do not retain jurisdiction.
/s/ Michael J. Talbot
/s/ Peter D. O’Connell
/s/ Thomas C. Cameron
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