People of Michigan v. Michael James Dunifin

If this opinion indicates that it is “FOR PUBLICATION,” it is subject to
revision until final publication in the Michigan Appeals Reports.
STATE OF MICHIGAN
COURT OF APPEALS
PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN, UNPUBLISHED
July 20, 2023
Plaintiff-Appellee,
v No. 358070
Berrien Circuit Court
MICHAEL JAMES DUNIFIN, LC No. 2019-016064-FC
Defendant-Appellant.
Before: SHAPIRO, P.J., and REDFORD and YATES, JJ.
PER CURIAM.
Defendant, Michael James Dunifin, appeals as of right his convictions of four counts of
first-degree criminal sexual conduct (CSC-I), MCL 750.520b(2)(b); three counts of second-degree
criminal sexual conduct (CSC-II), MCL 750520c(2)(b); one count of accosting a child for immoral
purposes, MCL 750.145a; and one count of assault with intent to commit criminal sexual conduct
involving penetration, MCL 750.520g(1). The trial court sentenced defendant to serve 25 to 45
years’ imprisonment for each of the four counts of CSC-I, 71 months’ to 15 years’ imprisonment
for each of the three counts of CSC-II, 23 months’ to 4 years’ imprisonment for accosting a child
for immoral purposes, and 38 months’ to 10 years’ imprisonment for assault with intent to commit
criminal sexual conduct involving penetration. For the reasons set forth in this opinion, we affirm
defendant’s convictions.
I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND
After defendant’s child, MD, was caught searching for child pornography and improperly
touching children on a school bus, MD made allegations of sexual assault by defendant in therapy.
MD’s mother contacted Children’s Protective Services and had all three of defendant’s children—
LD, MD, and AD—taken to the Children’s Advocacy Center for initial therapy intake. The three
children disclosed that defendant had sexually abused them as young children. MD, who was 14
years old at the time of trial, testified that defendant sexually abused him from the ages of five to
eight. On weekends when MD and his siblings visited defendant, defendant touched MD’s penis
and buttocks. Defendant also put his penis inside MD’s mouth. MD testified that defendant took
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nude photos of MD and showed him videos of defendant molesting other children. Additionally,
MD witnessed defendant rape AD. MD saw AD bleed from her vagina during these encounters.
LD, who was 13 years old at trial, testified that when he was three years old, defendant put
his penis in front of LD’s face and told him to suck it. AD, who was 17 years old at trial, testified
that defendant raped her from the ages of five to nine. She testified that defendant had raped her,
touched her vagina, and threatened to kill her mother and family if she ever spoke about it. She
testified that, on the last occasion that he raped her, he also touched her vagina with his hands, and
groped her breasts under her clothing. AD testified that when defendant raped her, she often bled
from her vagina. AD said that defendant choked her when she complained during these encounters
and that defendant stated that this is how a father loves his children.
Two adult other-acts witnesses testified that, when they were each approximately ten years
old, defendant rubbed their genitals under their clothing. The prosecution also presented testimony
that defendant searched for incestuous and child sexually abusive material on his computer, such
as matters of “naughty incest daughters” and “father-daughter incest.” The prosecution presented
testimony from Brooke Rospierski, a forensic interviewer at the Children’s Advocacy Center, who
testified as an expert in forensic interviewing and childhood development as it pertained to sexual
abuse and disclosure. Rospierski explained the forensic-interview protocol and discussed how the
interviewer establishes the interviewee’s competency by discussing the difference between truths
and lies with interview subjects. Alyssa Pliml, a sexual-assault nurse examiner (SANE), testified
as an expert in sexual-assault examinations. Pliml explained the process of a SANE exam, noting
that the process includes an invasive examination of the child’s genitals. She testified that SANE
examinations of MD and AD revealed no physical evidence of sexual abuse. At the end of trial, a
jury found defendant guilty of all charges. Defendant now appeals.
II. OTHER-ACTS EVIDENCE UNDER MRE 404(b)
Defendant argues that the trial court committed an abuse of discretion under MRE 404(b)
by admitting evidence that defendant searched on his computer for incestuous pornography and
child sexually abusive material. Defendant contends that this evidence should have been excluded
as inadmissible other-acts evidence under MRE 404(b). “The decision whether to admit evidence
falls within a trial court’s discretion and will be reversed only when there is an abuse of that
discretion.” People v Duncan, 494 Mich 713, 722; 835 NW2d 399 (2013). A trial court abuses
its discretion if its decision “falls outside the range of reasonable and principled outcomes.” People
v Unger, 278 Mich App 210, 217; 749 NW2d 272 (2008).
According to MRE 404(b)(1):
Evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is not admissible to prove the
character of a person in order to show action in conformity therewith. It may,
however, be admissible for other purposes, such as proof of motive, opportunity,
intent, preparation, scheme, plan, or system in doing an act, knowledge, identity, or
absence of mistake or accident when the same is material, whether such other
crimes, wrongs, or acts are contemporaneous with, or prior or subsequent to the
conduct at issue in the case.
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“MRE 404(b) governs but does not prohibit all evidence of other acts that risks th[e] character-to-
conduct inference[,]” People v Jackson, 498 Mich 246, 259; 869 NW2d 253 (2015), and the list of
proper purposes for admission is not exhaustive. See People v Sabin (After Remand), 463 Mich
43, 56; 614 NW2d 888 (2000); People v Engelman, 434 Mich 204, 212; 453 NW2d 656 (1990).
“MRE 404(b) is a rule of inclusion and courts should adopt a flexible approach when ruling on the
admissibility of prior bad acts evidence.” People v Hawkins, 245 Mich App 439, 448; 628 NW2d
105 (2001).
In order to be admissible, other-acts evidence must meet the standards articulated in People
v VanderVliet, 444 Mich 52; 508 NW2d 114 (1993), which states:
First, that the evidence be offered for a proper purpose under Rule 404(b); second,
that it be relevant under Rule 402 as enforced through Rule 104(b); third, that the
probative value of the evidence is not substantially outweighed by unfair prejudice;
fourth, that the trial court may, upon request, provide a limiting instruction to the
jury. [Id. at 55.]
Under the first prong, the prosecution must identify a proper, non-character purpose for admission
of the evidence. People v Denson, 500 Mich 385, 398; 902 NW2d 306 (2017). Under the second
prong, the evidence must be relevant. “ ‘Relevant evidence’ means evidence having any tendency
to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more
probable or less probable than it would be without the evidence.” MRE 401. The third prong asks
the trial court to weigh the probative value of the evidence against any unfair prejudice and requires
the trial court to consider whether to exclude the evidence under MRE 403. Sabin (After Remand),
463 Mich at 55-56. “Rule 403 does not prohibit prejudicial evidence; only evidence that is unfairly
so.” People v Crawford, 458 Mich 376, 398; 582 NW2d 785 (1998).
Here, the prosecution satisfied the first prong, which requires introduction of evidence for
a proper purpose, by explaining that the evidence was being offered to establish defendant’s intent.
CSC-II and assault with the intent to commit CSC involving penetration have an element of intent.
In this case, CSC-II involved a “person engag[ing] in sexual contact with another person” who is
“under 13 years of age.” MCL 750.520c. “Sexual contact” includes “the intentional touching of
the victim’s or actor’s intimate parts” and “that intentional touching can reasonably be construed
as being for the purpose of sexual arousal or gratification, done for a sexual purpose . . . .” MCL
750.520a(q). Thus, to prove the charges of CSC-II, the prosecution had to establish that defendant
touched the genitals of MD and AD for a sexual purpose. Assault with the intent to commit CSC
involving penetration requires: “ ‘(1) an assault; (2) with an improper sexual purpose or intent; (3)
an intent to commit an act involving penetration; and (4) an aggravating circumstance.’ ” People
v Nickens, 470 Mich 622, 627; 685 NW2d 657 (2004). Thus, to support the charge of assault with
the intent to commit CSC involving penetration, the prosecution had to establish defendant’s intent
to commit the act.
The prosecution also satisfied the second prong, which requires that the evidence must be
relevant, because defendant’s purpose for touching the genitals of AD and MD was relevant to the
charges against defendant. The computer searches introduced into evidence revealed defendant’s
interest in incestuous pornography and child sexually abusive material, which made it more likely
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that defendant intended to touch his children’s genitals for sexual gratification, an element of the
crimes at issue.
Next, the prosecution satisfied the third prong because the probative value of the evidence
was not substantially outweighed by the risk of unfair prejudice. Evidence of child-pornography
searches was highly probative of defendant’s intent to commit CSC-II and assault with the intent
to commit CSC involving penetration. The prejudicial impact of this evidence was limited because
the prosecution only presented testimony about the titles of the child-pornography searches. The
prosecution did not present images or descriptions of the videos that could bias or confuse the jury.
Therefore, the risk of prejudice did not unfairly outweigh the probative value of the evidence. See
MRE 403.
Finally, because the evidence of defendant’s computer searches for child pornography was
correctly placed before the jury and presented in proper context, the trial court had no need to give
the jury a limiting instruction explaining how to consider that evidence. Thus, the prosecution met
each prong of the VanderVliet standards, so the trial court did not abuse its discretion by admitting
evidence of the searches.
III. CONSTITUTIONALITY OF MCL 768.27a
Defendant insists that MCL 768.27a violates the separation-of-powers doctrine because the
Legislature usurped the judiciary’s power to create this State’s rules of evidence when it permitted
other-acts evidence to be admitted under that statute. At the trial, two witnesses testified that they
had been sexually assaulted by defendant when they were ten years old. The trial court admitted
that evidence under MCL 768.27a, which provides that “in a criminal case in which the defendant
is accused of committing a listed offense against a minor, evidence that the defendant committed
another listed offense against a minor is admissible and may be considered for its bearing on any
matter to which it is relevant.” Our Supreme Court has concluded that that statute “prevails over
[MRE 404(b)] because it does not impermissibly infringe on this Court’s authority regarding rules
of practice and procedure under Const 1963, art 6, § 5.” People v Watkins, 491 Mich 450, 455-
456; 818 NW2d 296 (2012). Given the clarity of our Supreme Court’s rejection of the very same
argument made by defendant, see id. at 472-481, we find no merit in defendant’s argument here.
Additionally, defendant did not preserve his constitutional challenge to MCL 768.27a by
asserting that claim in the trial court, so we can only review the issue now for plain error affecting
substantial rights. See People v Cain, 498 Mich 108, 116; 869 NW2d 829 (2015). Unsurprisingly,
we find no plain error in the trial court’s reliance upon MCL 768.27a to admit the testimony of the
two witness who stated that defendant sexually assaulted them when they were ten years old. Our
Supreme Court mandated that result, and the trial court faithfully applied MCL 768.27a in allowing
the admission of the testimony from the two witnesses. Although defendant contends that Watkins
was wrongly decided by our Supreme Court, this Court is obligated to follow our Supreme Court’s
decisions. People v Walker, 330 Mich App 378, 386 n 3; 948 NW2d 122 (2019). Therefore, the
trial court did not commit error when it permitted the other-acts witnesses to testify as provided by
MCL 768.27a.
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IV. VOUCHING FOR CREDIBILITY
Defendant claims the testimony from expert witnesses Brooke Rospierski and Alyssa Pliml
impermissibly vouched for MD, but defendant did not preserve this issue, so our review is confined
to a search for plain error affecting substantial rights. See Cain, 498 Mich at 116. “It is generally
improper for a witness to comment or provide an opinion on the credibility of another witness,
because credibility matters are to be determined by the jury.” People v Dobek, 274 Mich App 58,
71; 732 NW2d 546 (2007). An expert witness may not vouch for the credibility of the victim. Id.Expert testimony is generally admissible when it describes the “typical and relevant symptoms of
child sexual abuse for the sole purpose of explaining a victim’s specific behavior that might be
incorrectly construed by the jury as inconsistent with that of an actual abuse victim . . . .” People
v Peterson, 450 Mich 349, 352; 537 NW2d 857 (1995). Further, “an expert may testify with regard
to the consistencies between the behavior of the particular victim and other victims of child sexual
abuse to rebut an attack on the victim’s credibility.” Id.Our Supreme Court has explained that an expert physician’s testimony that the victim was
sexually assaulted was inappropriately admitted because it “was based, not on any findings within
the realm of his medical capabilities or expertise as an obstetrician/gynecologist, but, rather, on
the emotional state of, and the history given by, the complainant.” People v Smith, 425 Mich 98,
112; 387 NW2d 814 (1986). The Court explained that the physician’s testimony in effect was an
“assessment of the victim’s credibility.” Id. at 113. More recently, our Supreme Court addressed
this issue in People v Thorpe, 504 Mich 230; 934 NW2d 693 (2019). In the consolidated case of
People v Harbison, the expert doctor stated that her examination of the victim showed no physical
evidence of sexual assault, but the doctor concluded that the victim suffered pediatric sexual abuse
solely based upon her own opinion that the victim’s account of the assault was reliable. Id. at 262.
Our Supreme Court concluded that “examining physicians cannot testify that a complainant has
been sexually assaulted or has been diagnosed with sexual abuse without physical evidence that
corroborates the complainant’s account of sexual assault or abuse because such testimony vouches
for the complainant’s veracity and improperly interferes with the role of the jury.” Id. at 235. With
these principles in mind, we must consider the testimony of each expert at defendant’s trial.
A. BROOKE ROSPIERSKI
Defendant argues that Brooke Rospierski vouched for MD when she explained that part of
the forensic interview protocol was to guard against suggestibility and coaching, but defendant has
not pointed to any specific testimony to support that contention. Rospierski explained the protocol
that forensic interviewers employ to create a neutral environment for children who have reported
sexual abuse. She explained that forensic interviewers discuss the difference between truths and
lies with child interview subjects to establish competency. As applied to MD, Rospierski testified
that she established competency with MD, who disclosed during the forensic interview that he was
sexually abused. The record does not support the assertion that Rospierski impermissibly bolstered
MD’s credibility. Unlike the expert witness in Thorpe, 504 Mich at 259, Rospierski did not testify
that sexual abuse occurred or that MD was truthful. She just explained the protocol of the forensic
interview that she conducted with MD. Rospierski provided testimony that permitted the jury to
contextualize MD’s failure to disclose abuse immediately. Under Michigan law, the prosecution
may present evidence to generally explain “typical and relevant symptoms of child sexual abuse
for the sole purpose of explaining a victim’s specific behavior . . . .” Peterson, 450 Mich at 352.
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Rospierski’s testimony was properly admitted to explain the procedure for interviewing children
in sexual-assault cases.
B. ALYSSA PLIML
Defendant asserts that Alyssa Pliml’s expert testimony had no proper purpose because the
anogenital exams that were performed on the children revealed no physical evidence of any abuse.
Also, defendant argues that admitting irrelevant evidence bolstered MD’s account of sexual abuse.
Defendant has offered no authority stating that the admission of evidence of this nature constitutes
impermissible bolstering of witness credibility. Nor has defendant explained how Pliml bolstered
MD’s credibility, especially since Pliml testified before MD took the witness stand.
As an expert, Pliml discussed the process of a SANE examination and its invasive nature.
She explained that the examination may result in no physical evidence. Pliml testified that, during
MD’s examination, he was not willing to talk about being sexually assaulted. He just wanted the
physical examination performed. The examination revealed no physical evidence of sexual abuse.
But the children’s SANE examinations occurred five years after any alleged abuse. Accordingly,
the jurors could infer that no sexual abuse occurred, or they could infer that sexual abuse occurred
and the children’s bodies had healed from any injury that may have been inflicted. Pliml furnished
no testimony regarding MD’s credibility. Like the expert doctor in Thorpe, 504 Mich at 262, Pliml
testified that the examination of MD yielded no physical evidence of sexual abuse. But unlike the
expert doctor in Thorpe, Pliml did not suggest that MD was sexually abused or claim that MD was
reliable. See id. Instead, she gave testimony enabling the jury to contextualize MD’s accusations
in relation to his physical examination and in relation to the physical examination of AD.
Significantly, the prosecution did not assert in closing argument that MD was less likely to
lie about sexual abuse because he underwent an invasive SANE examination. “A prosecutor may
not make a factual statement to the jury that is not supported by the evidence, but he or she is free
to argue the evidence and all reasonable inferences arising from it as they relate to his or her theory
of the case[.]” Dobek, 274 Mich App at 66 (citations omitted). In closing argument, prosecutors
are allowed substantial latitude. People v Mullins, 322 Mich App 151, 172; 911 NW2d 201 (2017).
The jurors knew that the prosecution’s closing argument was not evidence because the trial court
instructed them that “[m]any things are not evidence and you must be careful not to consider them
as such” including “the lawyer’s statements and arguments.” “[J]urors are presumed to follow
their instructions.” See People v Graves, 458 Mich 476, 486; 581 NW2d 229 (1998). In this case,
the prosecution simply and properly offered the reasonable inference that MD did not go through
with an invasive examination to maintain an elaborate lie.
Affirmed.
/s/ James Robert Redford
/s/ Christopher P. Yates
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