State of Minnesota v. Octavius Marcus Johnson

This opinion will be unpublished and
may not be cited except as provided by
Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2014).
STATE OF MINNESOTA
IN COURT OF APPEALS
A14-1442
State of Minnesota,
Respondent,
vs.
Octavius Marcus Johnson,
Appellant.
Filed August 10, 2015
Reversed and remanded
Klaphake, Judge*
Ramsey County District Court
File No. 62-CR-13-1497
Lori Swanson, Attorney General, St. Paul, Minnesota; and
John J. Choi, Ramsey County Attorney, Thomas R. Ragatz, Assistant County Attorney,
St. Paul, Minnesota (for respondent)
Cathryn Middlebrook, Chief Appellate Public Defender, Jenna Yauch-Erickson,
Assistant Public Defender, St. Paul, Minnesota (for appellant)
Considered and decided by Bjorkman, Presiding Judge; Stauber, Judge; and
Klaphake, Judge.
*
Retired judge of the Minnesota Court of Appeals, serving by appointment pursuant to
Minn. Const. art. VI, § 10.
UNPUBLISHED OPINION
KLAPHAKE, Judge
On appeal from his convictions for second-degree assault, terroristic threats, and
criminal damage to property, appellant Octavius Marcus Johnson argues that the district
court erred by failing to provide the jury with a specific unanimity instruction, allowing
the jury to choose between two separate acts to reach a single verdict. We reverse and
remand.
DECISION
Appellant argues that the district court erred in not providing the jury with a
specific unanimity instruction. Because appellant did not object to the instruction at trial,
we review this issue for plain error. State v. Hayes, 831 N.W.2d 546, 555 (Minn. 2013).
“Under a plain error analysis, [appellant] must show that (1) there was error; (2) the error
was plain; and (3) his substantial rights were affected.” Id.
1. Error
District courts are given “considerable latitude in selecting the language of jury
instructions, but instructions may not materially misstate the law.” State v. Baird, 654
N.W.2d 105, 113 (Minn. 2002). “[W]e review the jury instructions in their entirety to
determine whether the instructions fairly and adequately explain the law of the case.”
State v. Milton, 821 N.W.2d 789, 805 (Minn. 2012) (quotation omitted).
At trial, the jury was presented with evidence that appellant engaged in two
distinct criminal acts. First, the state presented evidence that appellant struck L.F.’s
Buick, which contained several passengers, with a baseball bat. Second, the state
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presented evidence that appellant, along with his co-defendant Abraham Houle,
intentionally hit that same Buick with Houle’s Jeep at least one hour later. Appellant
argues that because two separate acts were presented to the jury, the district court erred in
not instructing the jury that it needed to unanimously agree on which act satisfied the
criminal element of each offense to reach a unanimous verdict on each count.
In all criminal cases, a jury’s verdicts must be unanimous. Minn. R. Crim. P.
26.01, subd. 1(5). “[T]he jury need not always decide unanimously which of several
possible means the defendant used to commit the offense in order to conclude that an
element has been proved beyond a reasonable doubt.” State v. Ihle, 640 N.W.2d 910, 918
(Minn. 2002); see also State v. Pendleton, 725 N.W.2d 717, 731 (Minn. 2007) (“[T]he
jury does not have to unanimously agree on the facts underlying an element of a crime in
all cases.”); State v. Begbie, 415 N.W.2d 103, 106 (Minn. App. 1987) (“[U]nanimity is
not required with respect to the alternative means or ways in which the crime can be
committed.” (quotation omitted)), review denied (Minn. Jan. 20, 1988). “On the other
hand, the jury must unanimously agree on which acts the defendant committed if each act
itself constitutes an element of the crime.” State v. Stempf, 627 N.W.2d 352, 355 (Minn.
App. 2001).
In Stempf, the state charged the defendant with a single count of possession of
methamphetamine “but alleged two distinct acts to support a conviction: (1) that he
possessed methamphetamine found at . . . his workplace; and (2) that he possessed
methamphetamine found in the truck in which he was riding when he arrived at work.”
Id. at 357. The district court denied the defendant’s request for an instruction that
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required the jurors to unanimously agree on which act was proven. Id. at 354. On
appeal, we determined that “[w]here jury instructions allow for possible significant
disagreement among jurors as to what acts the defendant committed, the instructions
violate the defendant’s right to a unanimous verdict.” Id. Specifically, we stated that
“the jury must unanimously agree on which acts the defendant committed if each act
itself constitutes an element of the crime.” Id. at 355. We concluded that the district
court’s “refusal to give a specific unanimity instruction violated [the defendant’s] right to
a unanimous verdict” because “[s]ome jurors could have believed [the defendant]
possessed the methamphetamine found on the premises while other jurors could have
believed [the defendant] possessed the methamphetamine found in the truck.” Id. at 358.
Similar to Stempf, the state here charged appellant with only one count of each
crime – second-degree assault, terroristic threats, and criminal damage to property1. Each
charged offense required the jury to find that the appellant engaged in a certain overt act,
and the state had the burden of proving that, on the date in question, appellant made such
an act in furtherance of each crime. See Minn. Stat. § 609.222, subd. 1 (2012) (requiring
findings that a defendant “assault[ed] another with a dangerous weapon” for a second-
degree-assault conviction); Minn. Stat. § 609.713, subd. 1 (2012) (requiring findings that
a defendant “threaten[ed] . . . to commit any crime of violence with purpose to terrorize
another” for a terroristic-threats conviction); Minn. Stat. § 609.595, subd. 1(1) (2012)
(requiring findings that a defendant “intentionally cause[d] damage to physical property
of another without the latter’s consent” for a criminal-damage-to-property conviction).
1
A second count of criminal damage to property was dismissed in a directed verdict.
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At trial, however, the state presented two distinct criminal acts to support appellant’s
conviction for each offense: (1) the act of hitting the car with the baseball bat, and (2) the
act of hitting the car with the Jeep.
In his closing argument, the prosecutor told the jury that it could find appellant
guilty based on either act, specifically stating that both the bat and the Jeep could be
considered dangerous weapons and that the use of the bat and the act of hitting the Buick
with the Jeep constituted terroristic threats. Further, in instructing the jury, the district
court provided the jury with the recommended instructions for each offense and generally
cautioned the jury that it should ensure that its verdict be unanimous. But the district
court did not explain that the jury needed to agree on which act satisfied the overt-act
element of each offense. Like Stempf, the failure to give the specific unanimity
instruction allowed the jury to find appellant guilty of the charged offenses while
disagreeing as to whether the act involved the bat or the Jeep.
We disagree with the state’s contention that this case is factually distinct from
Stempf because it involves “an ongoing, less-than-two-hour incident, and just one defense
to all the allegations.” Contrary to the state’s assertion, the acts were separated in time
and place. Appellant allegedly first struck the Buick with a bat at L.F.’s residence. L.F.
drove the Buick away and called 911 while appellant pursued the Buick in his vehicle.
L.F. then flagged down a police officer to report what had happened. After speaking with
police, L.F. drove the Buick to L.B.’s residence, where Houle’s Jeep struck the Buick.
Appellant was the Jeep’s passenger. Appellant then got out of the Jeep and began hitting
the Buick with his fists. L.F. was again able to drive away in the Buick and contact
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police. The bat and Jeep incidents constitute “separate and distinct culpable acts, either
one of which could support a conviction” on each offense. Stempf, 627 N.W.2d at 359.
Accordingly, we conclude that the failure to provide the jury with a specific unanimity
instruction violated appellant’s right to a unanimous verdict, and that the district court
erred. See id. at 354 (“Where jury instructions allow for possible significant
disagreement among jurors as to what acts the defendant committed, the instructions
violate the defendant’s right to a unanimous verdict.”).
2. Plain Error
Because we conclude that the district court erred, we must next consider whether
the district court’s error was plain. An error is plain if it “contravenes case law, a rule, or
a standard of conduct.” State v. Ramey, 721 N.W.2d 294, 302 (Minn. 2006). As we have
stated, the failure to provide the specific unanimity instruction violated the precedential
standard established in Stempf.2 Accordingly, the error was plain.
3. Substantial Rights
We next determine whether the error affected appellant’s substantial rights. “An
error affects substantial rights if it is prejudicial and affects the outcome of the case.”
State v. Schlienz, 774 N.W.2d 361, 366 (Minn. 2009) (quotation omitted). “An error in
instructing the jury is prejudicial if there is a reasonable likelihood that giving the
instruction in question had a significant effect on the jury’s verdict.” State v. Watkins,
2
The state argues that the law in this area is unclear, relying on several unpublished
decisions of this court. “Unpublished opinions of the [c]ourt of [a]ppeals are not
precedential.” Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3(c) (2014). Unpublished opinions are of
persuasive value “[a]t best,” and we are not persuaded by the state’s reliance on these
opinions. Dynamic Air, Inc. v. Bloch, 502 N.W.2d 796, 800 (Minn. App. 1993).
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840 N.W.2d 21, 28 (Minn. 2013) (quotation omitted). If “we conclude that the erroneous
omission of the instruction might have prompted the jury, which is presumed to be
reasonable, to reach a harsher verdict than it might have otherwise reached, [the]
defendant must be awarded a new trial.” State v. Shoop, 441 N.W.2d 475, 481 (Minn.
1989).
Here, appellant’s co-defendant, Houle, was charged with the same offenses as
appellant. Houle, however, was present only during the Jeep incident and was ultimately
acquitted of all charges against him. Houle may have been acquitted because the jury did
not unanimously agree that the Jeep act satisfied the overt act element of each offense.
By not providing the jury with a specific unanimity instruction, there is a “reasonable
likelihood” that appellant’s convictions were the result of a split jury where some jurors
believed the bat act satisfied the overt act element of each offense, while other jurors
believed the Jeep act satisfied the overt act element. Consequently, the jury likely
reached a harsher verdict than it otherwise would have reached with the proper
instruction. We conclude, therefore, that the erroneous omission of the instruction
affected appellant’s substantial rights.3
3
We recognize that the case of State v. Wenthe, ___ N.W.2d ___ (Minn. June 24, 2015)
was recently decided by the Minnesota Supreme Court. Our case, however, is
distinguishable from Wenthe. While both cases involve an issue of jury unanimity, the
unique facts and evidentiary showing in Wenthe are not similar to those presented in the
record before us. Here, we cannot say with certainty which act the jury relied upon in
finding appellant guilty of each offense.
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4. Fairness and integrity of the judicial proceedings
Because we conclude that the three prongs of the plain-error test are met, “we then
decide whether we must address the error to ensure fairness and the integrity of the
judicial proceedings.” Milton, 821 N.W.2d at 805 (quotation omitted). The state argues
that appellant “received an extremely vigorous defense, he does not claim there were any
trial errors, the jurors’ careful evaluation of the evidence is shown by the split verdicts,
and ultimately appellant’s conspiracy defense was extremely implausible in light of all of
the evidence presented by the [s]tate.” While the state fails to cite any caselaw to support
why we need not address the error, it appears that its argument is most akin to that in
State v. Griller, 583 N.W.2d 736, 740 (Minn. 1998). In Griller, the supreme court
considered whether an improper jury instruction regarding an affirmative defense entitled
the defendant to a new trial. Id. The supreme court considered the fact that the defendant
“was afforded a complete adversarial trial that lasted eight days,” that the defendant
“thoroughly presented his self-defense theory of the case,” and that “[t]he jury considered
and rejected [the defendant’s] far-fetched version of events” in concluding that
preservation of the judicial proceedings did not require reversal. Id. at 742. The supreme
court determined that granting the defendant a new trial would have been “an exercise in
futility and a waste of judicial resources.” Id.
The same, however, cannot be said in appellant’s case. Allowing appellant to
stand convicted of the charged offenses when his right to a unanimous verdict was
violated adversely affects the fairness and integrity of judicial proceedings. Accordingly,
we reverse and remand for a new trial.
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Because we conclude that appellant’s right to a unanimous verdict was violated
and he is entitled to a new trial, we decline to address appellant’s remaining arguments.
Reversed and remanded.
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