Curtis Trude, (A15-0378), (A15-1863, A15-1864), Glenwood State Bank, counterclaimant, and third party v. Peterson Earth Movers, Inc., Third Party (A15-0378, A15-1863), (A15-1864), Golden West, LLC, third party (A15-1863), (A15-0378, A15-1864), Charles D. Peterson, Third Party (A15-1864), and Curtis Trude v. Excel Recovery, Inc.

This opinion will be unpublished and
may not be cited except as provided by
Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2014).
STATE OF MINNESOTA
IN COURT OF APPEALS
A15-0378
A15-1863
A15-1864
Curtis Trude, et al.,
Appellants (A15-0378),
Plaintiffs (A15-1863, A15-1864),
Glenwood State Bank,
defendant, counterclaimant, and third party plaintiff,
Respondent,
vs.
Peterson Earth Movers, Inc., et al.,
Third Party Defendants (A15-0378, A15-1863),
Appellants (A15-1864),
Golden West, LLC, et al.,
third party defendants,
Appellants (A15-1863),
Respondents (A15-0378, A15-1864),
Charles D. Peterson,
Third Party Defendant (A15-1864),
and
Curtis Trude, et al.,
Plaintiffs,
vs.
Excel Recovery, Inc., et al.,
Defendants.
Filed August 15, 2016
Affirmed
Ross, Judge
Meeker County District Court
File No. 47-CV-12-176
John E. Mack, Mack & Daby, P.A., New London, Minnesota (for appellants Curtis Trude,
et al.)
Jack Atnip, III, Matthew J. Bialick, Helmuth & Johnson, PLLC, Edina, Minnesota (for
respondent Glenwood State Bank)
Kay Nord Hunt, Lommen Abdo, PA, Minneapolis, Minnesota; and
Brian M. Olsen, Cokato, Minnesota (for respondent Golden West, LLC)
Lawrence H. Crosby, Crosby & Associates, St. Paul, Minnesota (for appellants LaVern
Peterson and Peterson Earth Movers, Inc.)
Considered and decided by Johnson, Presiding Judge; Ross, Judge; and
Stauber, Judge.
UNPUBLISHED OPINION
ROSS, Judge
These consolidated cases come before us on appeal after years of litigation primarily
between Glenwood State Bank and Peterson Earth Movers Inc. (PEM), PEM’s principal
LaVern “Bud” Peterson, JBI LLC, JBI’s principal Curtis Trude, and Golden West LLC,
and Golden West’s principal LaDon Peterson. The instigating transaction was a defaulted
loan from Glenwood to PEM guaranteed by Bud. PEM and Bud confessed to the default
in 2010, and Glenwood obtained a judgment against them. But when the bank tried to
repossess PEM’s earthmoving equipment and other property in 2011, Trude and his
company JBI sued Glenwood claiming that JBI and Trude owned the property, not PEM.
2
The bank filed a counterclaim against JBI and Trude, alleging several common law causes
of action and that JBI acquired PEM’s equipment fraudulently in violation of the Minnesota
Uniform Fraudulent Transfer Act (MUFTA). The bank also filed a third-party complaint
against PEM and Bud, and against Bud’s brother LaDon and his company, Golden West
LLC, alleging that they assisted and conspired in hiding PEM’s assets from the bank. The
district court entered a default judgment against JBI and Trude for repeated discovery
violations. PEM and Bud became subject to a default judgment after they failed to answer
and avoided direct involvement with the litigation, but in March 2015 they moved for relief
from the judgment. The district court tried Golden West and LaDon’s claims in a bench
trial, and it found in Glenwood’s favor and held Golden West and LaDon liable for the
initial judgment plus attorneys’ fees, costs, and interest. All third-party defendants appeal.
We affirm.
FACTS
From 2007 to 2009, Glenwood State Bank issued several loans to Peterson Earth
Movers Inc. (PEM) and LaVern “Bud” Peterson, PEM’s sole owner. In December 2009,
Glenwood made a $494,395 loan to PEM personally guaranteed by Bud and secured by
PEM’s business property, including accounts payable, inventory, equipment, vehicles, and
tools. Bud and PEM defaulted on the loan and signed a confession of judgment in favor of
Glenwood. In July 2011, Glenwood filed the confession of judgment in district court and
obtained a judgment for $684,618.51, consisting of $494,395.61 in loan principal,
$100,660.32 in loan interest, and $89,562.58 in attorneys’ fees and collection costs. The
3
judgment also required PEM to pay any future collection costs and attorneys’ fees that
Glenwood incurs to collect on the judgment.
The district court authorized Glenwood to repossess collateral that PEM held at its
headquarters in Litchfield, Minnesota. Glenwood engaged Excel Recovery and its owner
Jeremy Runyon to seize the collateral, and Excel Recovery seized equipment and other
things. After Glenwood took possession of the property, Curtis Trude (who previously
served as PEM’s business manager) and his solely owned company JBI LLC filed a
complaint against Glenwood, Excel Recovery, and Runyon, alleging that the seized
property belonged to Trude and JBI.
Glenwood answered, denying that JBI and Trude owned the property and asserting
that they were improperly claiming ownership through JBI’s merely leasing office space
at PEM’s headquarters. Glenwood filed a counterclaim against JBI and Trude, and it also
filed a third-party complaint against PEM and Bud, Golden West LLC (a Utah-based
company owned by Bud’s brother, LaDon Peterson), LaDon Peterson, and Charles
Peterson (PEM’s former owner and Bud and LaDon’s father). Glenwood’s third-party
complaint and counterclaim alleged that PEM transferred assets to JBI to continue PEM’s
earthmoving business and escape liability to Glenwood, making JBI a successor in interest
to PEM. The complaint also alleged that PEM conspired with and fraudulently transferred
the equipment and proceeds to JBI and Trude, to Golden West and LaDon, or to Charles
Peterson.
JBI and Trude timely answered, but the third-party defendants did not. The district
court ordered a default judgment against all third-party defendants, but it stayed the entry
4
of judgment. Golden West and LaDon eventually answered, and the district court vacated
the judgment as to them and accepted their untimely answer. It ordered discovery. PEM
and Bud and Charles Peterson did not answer.
By this time, Glenwood already had a contentious discovery history with JBI and
Trude. Glenwood had served interrogatories on JBI and Trude on April 15, 2013, and
served supplemental document requests and interrogatories on April 26. JBI and Trude had
not answered Glenwood’s interrogatories or document requests for two months after an
extended deadline, so Glenwood moved to compel discovery and sought sanctions. JBI and
Trude responded to Glenwood’s interrogatories immediately before the hearing on
Glenwood’s motion. The district court found their response untimely without excuse and
sanctioned Trude individually to pay Glenwood’s costs in bringing the motion.
A dispute regarding earthmoving equipment not seized during the repossession took
the forefront of the litigation. Ziegler Caterpillar had sold several pieces of equipment to
PEM or Bud in a transaction that included a security agreement. This transaction became
the subject of dispute during PEM’s attempted bankruptcy filing in July 2011. Trude had
signed the bill of sale, the promissory note, and the security agreement with Ziegler. In
March 2014, Glenwood filed a motion seeking limited summary judgment and a
declaration that Glenwood now owned the equipment sold by Ziegler. The district court
granted Glenwood’s motion, but Trude refused to tell Glenwood where the equipment was
located.
Glenwood’s discovery conflicts with JBI and Trude continued, and Glenwood again
sought the court’s involvement. On August 29, 2014, the district court ordered Trude to
5
allow Glenwood to take JBI’s business laptop offsite to forensically analyze it. JBI
complied, sort of. It turned the computer over, but Glenwood’s forensic analyst determined
that, just hours before Glenwood picked it up, someone had used data-wiping software to
permanently delete more than 20,000 files from the computer.
The district court conducted a hearing to address Trude’s laptop spoliation and its
ongoing failure to disclose the Ziegler equipment’s location. JBI and Trude claimed that
JBI did not want to reveal the equipment’s location because it was being used on job sites
in North Dakota and any word of litigation would disrupt business. The district court was
not persuaded and ordered Trude to disclose the equipment’s location to Glenwood that
same day, October 22, 2014. The order specified that Trude’s disclosure must also be
updated every time the equipment was moved. Trude still failed to disclose the equipment’s
location. So on October 24, the district court ordered Trude to disclose the equipment’s
location within 12 hours, to include certain information, and to allow a Glenwood
representative to verify the equipment’s location.
Trude disclosed only, “Williston, North Dakota Area.” So on October 30, the district
court ordered him to show cause why he should not be held in contempt for not adequately
disclosing the Ziegler equipment’s location. At a hearing on November 3 it held Trude in
civil contempt and ordered him jailed until he complied with the court’s disclosure order.
Finally Trude revealed the location, and a few days later Bud showed Glenwood’s
representatives to the equipment. The district court then released Trude from jail.
On November 4, 2014, the district court decided the laptop spoliation issue. It found
that Trude intended to destroy evidence to avoid Glenwood’s discovery and that he acted
6
in bad faith. It held JBI and Trude in contempt for destruction of evidence, and it sanctioned
them by dismissing their claims.
The district court also ordered JBI and Trude to show cause for their continued
failure to disclose projects the Ziegler equipment was used on. The order warned that
failure to show good cause may result in sanctions, including dismissal of JBI and Trude’s
answer. JBI and Trude failed to comply with the order, so the district court sanctioned them
by striking their answer and ordering default judgment against them. In support of the
sanction, the court noted JBI and Trude’s continued failure to provide timely discovery
responses, their intentional attempt to prevent Glenwood from knowing the Ziegler
equipment’s location, Trude’s repeatedly making contradictory statements and engaging
in perjury, Trude’s bad-faith failure to comply with orders, and the destruction of data on
the laptop. The district court entered a partial default judgment of $1,271,982.69, for which
it held jointly and severally liable JBI and Trude, PEM and Bud, and Charles Peterson.
The case between Glenwood and Golden West and LaDon eventually proceeded to
a four-day bench trial on Glenwood’s claims of successor liability, MUFTA violations, and
civil conspiracy.
At that trial, Glenwood’s first witness was an excavating contractor who testified
that he hired PEM to subcontract a project in early fall 2010. The contractor testified that
Bud negotiated and supervised the job and that the equipment used on the project was
labeled PEM. The subcontract identifies the subcontractor as PEM. The contractor testified
that Bud told him not to pay PEM but to make the payments to JBI and Trude personally.
The contractor testified that he developed the impression that PEM was reorganizing.
7
Glenwood submitted invoice and check documents indicating that PEM did the work and
that JBI and Trude received the payment.
Glenwood also called Jeremy Runyon, owner of Excel Recovery, who had been
previously hired by Ziegler to locate and repossess the equipment it had sold to PEM.
Runyon testified that in June 2011, he found several pieces of the Ziegler equipment on a
job site managed by the Knife River Company in North Dakota. Runyon testified that when
he went on the job site, he saw equipment belonging to PEM and to Golden West; he was
approached by LaDon and Bud; and LaDon pointed out the pieces of equipment that
belonged to Golden West so that Runyon would not take them. Runyon also said that while
working for Glenwood, he had repossessed a lowboy trailer that belonged to PEM, that
was being pulled by a truck belonging to Golden West, and that was carrying a piece of the
Ziegler equipment purchased by JBI.
The district court received into evidence the deposition testimony of a businessman
who owns a building with a parking lot where LaDon and Bud parked their trailers while
working in Williston. The witness testified that he met Bud and LaDon in 2011 and that
Bud had rented office space in the building for the previous two or three years. He testified
that he lent money to LaDon and Bud to help them buy scrapers. Glenwood introduced an
unsigned loan agreement listing the witness’s company as “Lender,” “Golden West
Transport” as “Borrower,” and LaDon and Bud Peterson as “Guarantors.” Glenwood also
introduced emails and a voicemail transcript indicating that LaDon and Bud would repay
the loan.
8
Glenwood also introduced deposition testimony of the equipment dealer who sold
the four 627-scrapers financed by the loan. Glenwood introduced the invoices that listed
the party billed as LaDon Peterson but included PEM’s Litchfield address. Glenwood also
introduced the invoice’s facsimile coversheet, which identified the company as “Peterson
Earth Movers,” the recipient as “Don Peterson,” and PEM’s facsimile number.
Lee Stark testified that he knew the parties, particularly Charles Peterson (LaDon
and Bud’s father and a defaulting party). Stark offered the most inculpatory testimonial
evidence of the alleged Peterson conspiracy. He testified that in fall 2011, Charles said that
LaDon and Bud were working on the same job in North Dakota. He spoke with Charles a
year later, in September 2012, and Charles told him that Bud had taken a bucket off a piece
of equipment to North Dakota to avoid bank repossession. Charles also said that after
Ziegler repossessed its equipment, they bought it back under a different name while PEM
was in bankruptcy. Charles talked to Stark about LaDon and Bud buying the 627-scrapers
with private financing and then using them to move dirt on projects that Bud and LaDon
were working together on. Stark testified that Charles said, “[T]hey were running under a
different name, not Peterson Earth Movers.” Stark testified further, “[H]e said that the Bank
thought they were going to get us but we were running under a different name and we
outsmarted them.”
Glenwood introduced many documents of PEM, JBI, and Golden West’s business
dealings. These included an agreement between PEM and a contractor dated September 22,
2010, for earthmoving work on a turkey farm. The invoice was from PEM to the project
9
contractor, but the contractor paid the invoice with a check written to “Peterson E,” which
was crossed out and replaced with “J.B.I.”
Glenwood introduced a report of PEM to the bankruptcy court filed by Trude, which
included a narrative stating, “In May [2011 PEM] moved equipment out to Williston, ND
to begin work in the area. At this time PEM has a contract to strip topsoil for a construction
project in Williston.” Glenwood offered a contract signed by Trude on April 27, 2011,
between the Knife River Company and JBI for earthmoving work to “strip” certain areas.
The contract notes in the payment portion that “Bud and Brad agree to talk if there is a
problem making money at that price.” Glenwood introduced a PEM timesheet showing an
employee worked from July 5 to July 9, 2011, on the “Knife River” project. Glenwood
introduced a check from JBI to Golden West for $10,000 dated August 14, 2012, with
“Transportation” in the memo line. An invoice from Golden West billed PEM for $3,730
on May 13, 2011, noting charges for transporting earthmoving equipment from Litchfield
to Williston. Another Golden West invoice billed PEM $29,172, for hauling two 627-
scrapers from Detroit to Williston.
Glenwood introduced more documentary evidence of the Peterson-Trude
conspiracy. For example, it offered a contract effective August 3, 2011, between Gowan
Construction Inc. and Golden West for earthmoving work using scrapers for a job in Tioga,
North Dakota. A contract between Golden West and JBI, effective August 3, 2011, showed
the same parameters for work in Tioga and payment of a little over half of Golden West’s
contract with Gowan. The bank also introduced a July 12, 2011 contract between Golden
West and Minnesota Limited for earthmoving work at Beaver Lodge in Tioga, North
10
Dakota. An attachment indicates that the equipment to be used was “4-627 Scrapers.”
Glenwood introduced several checks from Golden West to JBI from August to September
2011, the largest of which is $165,935 and notes “Gowan” in the memo line. Glenwood
introduced another PEM timesheet, showing another employee working on the “Minnesota
Limited” project. Trude admitted that this worker was employed by JBI at that time.
Glenwood gave the court documents from Horizon Resources, based in Williston,
showing that JBI opened an account to purchase fuel. Several billing slips for the fuel were
also introduced, and these had “Peterson Earthworks” crossed out and “JBI” written in.
Another billing slip says “sold to” “Peterson Bud, JBI.” Two July 21, 2011 invoices from
Horizon note “sold to” “Golden West JBI,” but the slip lists JBI’s account number.
Glenwood also introduced a check from Golden West to Horizon Resources for
$28,899.11, with its memo line indicating “Fuel at MN Limited.” And the bank introduced
a November 13, 2012 Golden West invoice billing Acme Concrete Paving for $4,680,
describing work performed near Williston and noting work done specifically by Bud and
LaDon. Other invoices and payments for work on the same project were also introduced,
with these listing Earthworkx Specialty LLC and noting Bud Peterson.
Glenwood called Bud to testify. Bud maintained that after PEM’s demise he worked
for JBI as a project manager but insisted he was only an employee. Glenwood called
LaDon, who admitted to subcontracting with JBI.
After the bench trial, the district court issued its findings of fact, conclusions of law,
and order for judgment. The district court generally relied on the documentary evidence,
found the testimony of Trude, Bud, and LaDon incredible, and generally credited the
11
testimony of Glenwood’s witnesses. The court found that PEM and JBI were essentially
the same company, using the same employees, the same equipment, and the same
headquarters to perform the same type of work and circumvent PEM’s debt to Glenwood.
The court found that both Bud and LaDon took out the loan and both purchased the
scrapers. It found that the Minnesota Limited and Gowan contracts were performed by a
hybrid of PEM and JBI and Golden West and that these jobs primarily used the four 627-
scrapers. The court emphasized that the fuel billing documents show Golden West’s
complicity in PEM’s attempt to avoid its creditors.
The district court concluded that Golden West and LaDon held job proceeds and
equipment that PEM fraudulently transferred to Golden West, and that Glenwood had
proved successor liability between the companies. It found that LaDon and Golden West
conspired with PEM, Bud, JBI, and Trude to defraud the bank. It held Golden West liable
under MUFTA for the scrapers and the Gowan and Minnesota Limited contracts. The court
pierced Golden West’s corporate veil to hold LaDon personally liable, and it entered
judgment against LaDon and Golden West for $1,265,406, jointly and severally liable with
JBI and Trude, PEM and Bud, and Charles Peterson.
The district court also ruled on a motion it received several weeks before trial. PEM
and Bud had moved for relief from judgment under Minnesota Rule of Civil Procedure
60.02. The district court denied the motion. Golden West and LaDon moved for posttrial
relief under Minnesota Rules of Civil Procedure 59 and 52, and the district court also
denied this motion. JBI and Trude, PEM and Bud, and Golden West and LaDon appeal.
12
DECISION
We have consolidated the appeals in these cases and resolve them all here. The
appealing parties raise multiple challenges to the district court’s judgments and orders. We
have carefully considered each argument, and we see nothing in them that edges us toward
reversing. For the following reasons we affirm the district court’s denial of PEM and Bud’s
motion for relief from judgment, the district court’s entry of default judgment against JBI
and Trude, and the district court’s judgment against Golden West and LaDon following the
bench trial.
I. PEM & BUD PETERSON
PEM challenges the district court’s denial of its motion for relief from judgment
under Minnesota Rule of Civil Procedure 60.02. A party may obtain relief from final
judgment on the basis of “[m]istake, inadvertence, surprise, or excusable neglect.” Minn.
R. Civ. P. 60.02(a). A party’s right to relief under rule 60.02(a) is analyzed through four
factors. See Finden v. Klaas, 268 Minn. 268, 271, 128 N.W.2d 748, 750 (1964); Hinz v.
Northland Milk & Ice Cream Co., 237 Minn. 28, 30, 53 N.W.2d 454, 456 (1952). The court
must consider whether the moving party has shown (1) a reasonable defense on the merits;
(2) a reasonable excuse for the failure or neglect to answer; (3) it acted diligently after
notice of entry of judgment; and (4) no substantial prejudice will result to the other party.
Finden, 268 Minn. at 271, 128 N.W.2d at 750. A district court has broad discretion to grant
or deny relief from judgment under rule 60.02, and we will reverse only if it has abused
that discretion. Northland Temps., Inc. v. Turpin, 744 N.W.2d 398, 402 (Minn. App. 2008),
13
review denied (Minn. Apr. 29, 2008). When the moving party fails to establish all four
factors, the district court has discretion to grant or deny the motion. See id. at 407.
PEM argues all four rule 60.02 factors weigh in its favor. The district court found
otherwise. It did find that PEM acted diligently after it received notice of entry of the
judgment, but it denied relief because it found that factors one, two, and four weighed
against PEM. We will uphold the district court’s decision if we conclude that even one
factor disfavors PEM. See id. Because the district court correctly determined that PEM
failed to carry its burden by presenting evidence that Glenwood would not be prejudiced if
PEM’s default were vacated, we hold that the district court did not abuse its discretion.
The burden is on the moving party to show that no substantial prejudice to the other
party will result from relief from the default judgment. Nelson v. Siebert, 428 N.W.2d 394,
395 (Minn. 1988). Our review of the record convinces us that the district court was correct
that PEM did not carry its burden on this factor.
PEM’s original memorandum to the district court in support of its 60.02 motion
failed even to assert that Glenwood would not be prejudiced by the court’s vacating the
judgment. It gave no reason why, on the eve of trial, the reintroduction of a key party would
not prejudice the bank. The extensive correspondence of the parties with the district court
similarly does not suggest that PEM ever asserted (let alone established) that the bank
would not be prejudiced. Finally in its two amended memoranda in support of its motion,
PEM did raise the issue of prejudice. But it did so by alleging merely that “there will be no
prejudice to GSB, which has taken no action to enforce its judgment anyway.” The only
rationale PEM offered was that Glenwood “has had ample opportunity to enforce its
14
judgment.” And at the motion hearing PEM’s counsel did not make any argument about
Glenwood’s lack of prejudice.
The closest thing to an actual argument about prejudice shows up in PEM’s reply
brief to Glenwood’s response to PEM’s various rule 60.02 motion memoranda. In that reply
brief, PEM argued that Glenwood was not prejudiced by PEM’s default because the bank
would have had to pursue JBI and Trude anyway. But this misunderstands the focus of the
issue of prejudice, which is not whether the default prejudiced the opposing party but
whether reopening the case after the default would cause substantial prejudice. Lund v. Pan
Am. Machs. Sales, 405 N.W.2d 550, 554 (Minn. App. 1987).
Given PEM’s lack of any argument on this point in its moving papers, we have no
reason to conclude that the district court erroneously decided the factor. We add that, in
this lengthy dispute, PEM did not file its motion to vacate the default judgment until
March 27, 2015, just two-and-a-half weeks before trial. Although some of the trial
evidence would likely have been the same regardless if the claims against PEM were
decided on the merits rather than by default, PEM does not contend that all of it would
have been the same or that the difference would have been so slight that a separate trial
could have been avoided and another delay averted. PEM fails to explain how Glenwood
would not be substantially prejudiced if it must participate in two separate trials covering
most of the same ground with allegedly conspiratorial actors.
Because the district court did not err when it held that PEM wholly failed to meet
its burden to show that Glenwood would not be substantially prejudiced by vacating PEM’s
default judgment, we see no abuse of discretion in its dismissing PEM’s 60.02 motion.
15
II. JBI & TRUDE
JBI and Trude argue that striking their answer was too extreme a sanction for their
discovery violations. They attempt to apply the 60.02 factors. See Finden, 268 Minn. at
271, 128 N.W.2d at 750. We will instead look to caselaw and the procedural rules that
frame a district court’s discretion to order a default judgment for discovery violations.
When a party has willfully refused to comply with discovery orders without excuse
or justification, that party forfeits the right to proceed on the merits. Breza v. Schmitz, 311
Minn. 236, 237, 248 N.W.2d 921, 922 (1976). The applicable procedural rule provides that
if a party “fails to obey an order to provide or permit discovery” the district court may
“make such orders in regard to the failure as are just.” Minn. R. Civ. P. 37.02(b)(3). The
rule specifically contemplates as a remedy for such a violation, “An order striking
pleadings or parts thereof, . . . dismissing the action or proceeding or any part thereof, or
rendering a judgment by default against the disobedient party.” Id.
We review discovery-related orders, including dismissals for discovery sanctions,
for abuse of discretion. Frontier Ins. Co. v. Frontline Processing Corp., 788 N.W.2d 917,
922 (Minn. App. 2010), review denied (Minn. Dec. 14, 2010). Sanctions imposed in
response to a party’s spoliation of evidence are likewise reviewed for abuse of discretion.
Miller v. Lankow, 801 N.W.2d 120, 127 (Minn. 2011). We recognize, however, that
dismissal with prejudice is the most punitive sanction and should be granted only in
exceptional circumstances. Firoved v. Gen. Motors Corp., 277 Minn. 278, 283, 152
N.W.2d 364, 368 (1967). We hold that Trude’s extensive and repeated serious discovery
16
violations warranted the district court to exercise its discretion in first striking JBI and
Trude’s affirmative claims and then striking its answer.
This court has previously compiled several factors that appellate courts have
considered when considering whether the district court abused its discretion in imposing
discovery sanctions: (1) whether the court set a date for compliance; (2) whether the court
warned about potential sanctions; (3) whether the party’s failure to cooperate with
discovery was part of a pattern; (4) whether failure to comply was willful and without
justification; and (5) whether the moving party has demonstrated prejudice. Frontier Ins.
Co., 788 N.W.2d at 923. Our review of the record informs us that all factors favor the
district court’s determination to impose the most extreme discovery sanctions here.
Dates Set for Compliance
The district court set clear dates for the discovery responses. Several months after
the initial discovery dispute over document review, the district court granted both parties’
motions to compel and set a discovery disclosure date of September 19, 2014, for initial
disclosures. The court order allowed Glenwood to take Trude’s business computer offsite
before September 19, 2014, for up to 24 hours to conduct a forensic analysis. It required
Glenwood give Trude at least a 24-hour notice of its intent to take the laptop. Trude failed
to comply with the September deadline. So the court ordered that JBI and Trude must
respond by 4:30 p.m. on October 3, 2014.
Trude’s discovery failures precipitated a show-cause hearing on October 21, 2014.
The district court gave Trude until the following afternoon at 4:30 to disclose the specific
location of each piece of equipment by reference to a job number and the nearest town.
17
Trude failed to comply. So the district court issued another order on October 24, specifying
clearly the information that it required JBI and Trude to disclose “no later than October 26,
2014, at 12:00 p.m.” It jailed Trude for civil contempt and ordered his continued custody
until he complied. After Trude complied a day later, the district court required him to
disclose the jobs that JBI had performed since 2013 because he had made contradictory
statements—on the one hand claiming that the equipment was needed for jobs, and on the
other that JBI had not performed any earthmoving work since 2012. The court found
Trude’s disclosure of the jobs that had been worked incredible, and it again ordered JBI
and Trude to show cause for their failure to comply.
Trude neither provided good cause for failure to include all jobs nor corrected the
deficiencies in the job list that the district court found incredible. Not only did a previously
undisclosed job come to light during the hearing, at trial the court learned of still other jobs
that JBI and Trude failed to disclose before the district court had dismissed their claims.
The district court provided JBI and Trude more than sufficient notice of dates for
their compliance, and it sanctioned them only after their chronic noncompliance, partial
compliance, and inconsistent compliance.
Prior Warnings
Counsel for JBI and Trude represented at oral argument to this court that the district
court did not give clear warnings about potential or impending sanctions. Our review of
the extensive record leads us to deem those representations baloney. The district court in
fact repeatedly warned JBI and Trude of the consequences of their apparent evasion.
18
A significant factor in determining whether a sanction was appropriate is whether
the district court clearly warned the party that dismissal or a similar sanction will result if
the party fails to comply. Sudheimer v. Sudheimer, 372 N.W.2d 792, 795 (Minn. App.
1985). After granting Trude a deadline extension to view documents at Glenwood’s
counsel’s office—an extension Trude said he needed to respond to discovery—the district
court imposed sanctions on Trude personally because he failed to provide answers to
interrogatories and requests for production for more than three months after the extension.
On June 14, 2013, the district court ordered that Trude view the documents by July 22,
2013, and warned that if the viewings did not take place it may order that Trude not be
allowed to introduce any of the evidence at trial. In its scheduling order on August 23,
2013, the district court stated in bold and underlined text, “If the discovery deadlines are
not followed on or before the deadline as set by this Court, then the Court may deem
evidence or documents inadmissible for trial purposes as well as find sanctions . . . .”
The discovery disputes continued for the next several months. So on September 29,
2014, the district court denied Trude’s request not to answer interrogatories and found that
JBI and Trude had violated the court’s previous grant of both parties’ motions to complete
disclosures by September 19, 2014. The court ordered Trude to comply, and it warned that
if Trude “fails to abide by this, or previous Orders of this Court, then the Court shall
consider sanctions at a motion hearing pursuant to Minn. R. Civ. P. 37.” That rule
specifically authorizes the sanction of “dismissing the action or proceeding or any part
thereof, or rendering a judgment by default against the disobedient party.” Minn. R. Civ.
P. 37.02(b)(3).
19
After the district court awarded summary judgment to Glenwood for ownership of
the Ziegler equipment and ordered JBI and Trude to disclose the equipment’s location, the
court issued an order detailing the requirements for the information to be disclosed,
warning also, “Failure to abide by this Order, or any other such Order of this Court, could
result in sanctions or contempt upon that party.” When Trude failed to comply with the
order by not providing a specific location for the equipment, the court warned in its
October 24 order, “Failure to abide by this Order will result in a finding that Plaintiffs are
in immediate contempt of court, a hearing will be conducted and the Court will consider
jail time and/or dismissal of Plaintiffs entire action with prejudice.”
When Trude still refused to disclose the required information, the district court held
him in civil contempt, confined him in jail, and issued another order on November 4, 2014.
This order warned that, under rule 37.02(b)(3), a court has the power to strike all pleadings,
dismiss the action, and render a default judgment against the disobedient party. The order
again noted, “Failure to abide by this Order will result in a finding that Plaintiffs are in
immediate contempt of court, a hearing will be conducted and the Court will consider
additional jail time, fines, and/or additional sanctions.” When Trude provided the location
of the equipment to Glenwood but still did not fully comply with the disclosure of all jobs
performed, the district court issued an order to show cause on November 19, 2014. The
order provided, “If good cause is not shown, appropriate sanctions may include contempt,
or dismissal of the Plaintiffs remaining pleadings.”
Although the district court provided no specific warning regarding failure to comply
with turning over the laptop, none appears necessary to put a party on notice that destroying
20
evidence is impermissible and will likely result in sanctions. “[C]ustodial parties have a
duty to preserve relevant evidence for use in litigation” and may destroy evidence only
when there is a legitimate need and the noncustodial party is provided with “sufficient
notice and a full and fair opportunity to inspect the evidence.” Miller, 801 N.W.2d at 128.
Trude never claimed that the laptop data was wiped for any legitimate purpose. He instead
claimed ignorance.
The district court gave JBI and Trude clear and repeated warnings of the
consequences of their persistent failing to comply with its orders.
Pattern of Violations
Simply put, Trude’s discovery violations were not isolated and clearly reflect a
pattern to obstruct litigation tactically and to avoid disclosure. See Williams v. Grand Lodge
of Freemasonry AF & AM, 355 N.W.2d 477, 480 (Minn. App. 1985) (upholding dismissal
and noting that plaintiff’s “refusal to cooperate in discovery was not an isolated instance”),
review denied (Minn. Dec. 20, 1984). The district court found that “Plaintiffs appear to be
playing games with the discovery process, with the Court’s Orders, with the other parties,
and with the Court.” We need not recount the overwhelming evidence of the repeated
violations that support the finding on this factor.
Willful Violations with No Justification
Sanctions under rule 37 may include “dismissal of all or part of a claim if a party
willfully and persistently fails to comply with a discovery order without justification or
excuse.” Frontier Ins. Co., 788 N.W.2d at 922. The district court consistently found no
justification for Trude’s violations. When the district court first sanctioned Trude on
21
December 20, 2013, it found his failure “inexcusable” and intentional. When it held Trude
in contempt, the district court found that he acted in bad faith and flagrant disregard for the
court’s order. And when it struck JBI and Trude’s answer, it found that Trude failed to
justify the nondisclosure, had acted in bad faith, provided misleading or untrue information,
and testified falsely. All of the district court’s findings on Trude’s misconduct, willfulness,
and unpersuasive justifications are abundantly supported by the record. For one example,
the record informs us that the computer-wiping program had been installed and run at 2:39
a.m. on the morning that Trude turned the laptop over to Glenwood, and the wiping
program itself had then been deleted without any disclosure to Glenwood, let alone any
justification.
Prejudice
Caselaw emphasizes that prejudice is the primary factor in justifying the imposition
of a rule 37.02 sanction striking pleadings and rendering a default judgment. Firoved, 277
Minn. at 283, 152 N.W.2d at 368; Sudheimer, 372 N.W.2d at 794. The district court found
that JBI and Trude’s “flagrant pattern of violating discovery rules and Court Orders has
impaired [Glenwood’s] ability to establish [its] case and [JBI and Trude’s] non-complying
conduct in not producing documents has deprived [Glenwood] of a fair trial.” The court
also noted that the absence of evidence from the laptop “cripples [Glenwood] because they
have no to very little documentation of Mr. Trude and Plaintiffs daily business and/or
documented business activities.” Trude faults the district court for not saying what parts of
the litigation the destroyed evidence would have pertained to. Obliterating documentary
evidence in a fraud and conspiracy case and then chiding the sanctioning court for not
22
identifying exactly how the obliterated evidence would have affected the case is not an
especially persuasive strategy. For obvious reasons, a party’s failure to produce evidence
allows a fact-finder to infer that, if the evidence had been produced, it would have been
unfavorable to the party who failed to produce it. Wajda v. Kingsbury, 652 N.W.2d 856,
861 (Minn. App. 2002), review denied (Minn. Nov. 19, 2002). The district court was
permitted to (and reasonably did) infer that the laptop contained information helpful to
Glenwood and harmful to JBI and Trude.
We observe also that Glenwood was prejudiced not only by unknowable evidence
but by Trude’s ultimate failure to disclose all jobs performed in the period relevant to
Glenwood’s claims against all parties. Although Glenwood had some evidence that JBI
subcontracted for Golden West, this was disclosed by Golden West and not JBI and Trude.
The district court’s dismissal of JBI and Trude’s affirmative claims, its striking of
their answer, and its issuing a default judgment were well within its discretion after the
court’s considerable, demonstrated patience with Trude’s ongoing flouting of discovery
obligations.
Other Claims on Appeal
JBI and Trude argue that the district court erred by deciding the issue of the Ziegler
equipment in favor of Glenwood and that it erred in “consolidating” cases. We do not
address these issues because even if the court erred (and we are not indicating that it did),
JBI and Trude were nevertheless obligated to follow its orders. They raise several other
meandering issues on the merits of the underlying claim on which they defaulted. We will
not discuss these issues. We affirm the district court as to JBI and Trude’s appeal.
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III. GOLDEN WEST & LADON PETERSON
Golden West and LaDon raise several challenges to the district court’s application
of the claimed causes of action to these facts, arguing (1) ascribing successor liability was
inappropriate because the district court did not find there was a transfer of all assets of one
company to another; (2) liability is inappropriate under MUFTA because contracts are not
property subject to MUFTA and the district court never found that PEM owned the
contracts or the scrapers to transfer them to Golden West; (3) the district court could not
expand liability under a conspiracy theory because a violation of MUFTA is not an
underlying tort able to serve as the basis for the conspiracy; and (4) the district court abused
its discretion by piercing Golden West’s corporate veil to impose liability on LaDon
individually.
Glenwood asserts that Golden West and LaDon have forfeited each of these issues
because they did not raise them in their answer, during discovery, in a pretrial statement,
at trial, or in posttrial motions. Glenwood contends that by changing course on appeal,
Golden West deprived the district court of the ability to assess or remedy any alleged errors.
And it maintains that the sole issue at trial was whether it could produce sufficient evidence
to support its claims. Only now, argues Glenwood, after years of litigation, Golden West
switches theories on appeal challenging the legal sufficiency of Glenwood’s claims.
Although Golden West and LaDon filed a reply brief, the brief contains no response
to Glenwood’s forfeiture arguments.
When a party has not moved for a new trial, the scope of review is limited to whether
the evidence sustains the fact-findings and whether the findings support the conclusions of
24
law and judgment. Gruenhagen v. Larson, 310 Minn. 454, 458, 246 N.W.2d 565, 569
(1976). And trial-procedure matters, evidentiary rulings, and jury instructions may be
reviewed on appeal only if there has been a motion for a new trial where the matters have
been assigned as error. Sauter v. Wasemiller, 389 N.W.2d 200, 201 (Minn. 1986). A motion
for a new trial gives both the district court and counsel the opportunity to more fully
develop critical aspects of the record for appeal. Id. This process requires counsel to draw
the district court’s attention to the specifics of an objection where the impact may not have
been understood during trial. Id. This rule preventing review of issues not raised in posttrial
motions “does not apply to substantive questions of law that were properly raised during
trial.” Alpha Real Estate Co. of Rochester v. Delta Dental Plan of Minn., 664 N.W.2d 303,
310 (Minn. 2003). But this does not mean that Golden West may raise questions of law on
appeal that were not raised in a posttrial motion and not properly raised during trial. See
id. at 311. The supreme court pointed out in Alpha Real Estate that Alpha had raised the
issues twice during the course of trial, in a summary judgment motion, and in a posttrial
brief, and the court explained that this gave the district court the opportunity to consider
the issues and time to flesh out or refine its reasoning. Id. Nothing like that occurred here.
We hold that Golden West forfeited any arguments relating to the application of
successor liability, MUFTA, and conspiracy, by failing to argue these issues at any time to
the district court. No argument resembling these appellate challenges exists in Golden
West’s posttrial motion and no discussion of these issues occurred at the posttrial hearing.
The posttrial motion includes one paragraph on a broad and vague argument challenging
as flawed “the legal theory on which the Court based its finding of liability against Golden
25
West and LaDon Peterson.” The argument cites no legal authority, does not specifically
indicate which theory of liability found by the court is allegedly flawed, and has no
earmarks of a sufficiently developed issue so as to preserve it for appeal. We do not
consider the arguments on their merits.
Construed quite liberally, however, it does appear that one of Golden West and
LaDon’s arguments was credited by the district court, at least in a broad sense. The district
court noted in its order on Golden West and LaDon’s posttrial motions that LaDon argued
that the district court had erred by piercing the corporate veil to find him personally liable.
LaDon appeared to argue that successor liability, civil conspiracy, and alter ego are
incompatible notions and this prevented him from being individually liable. In its
memorandum of law, the district court held that these were not incompatible theories and
explained that it applied the equitable corporate-veil remedy because Golden West was
used for fraudulent purposes. It made substantial findings that Golden West engaged in a
civil conspiracy to commit fraud and effectuate fraudulent transfers.
LaDon deems erroneous the district court’s finding that Golden West’s corporate
veil should be pierced to hold him personally liable, arguing that the district court’s reliance
on a fraud theory is misplaced. A court may hold a party individually liable for acts of a
corporate entity if the party uses the corporate entity for a fraudulent purpose. Equity Trust
Co. Custodian ex rel. Eisenmenger IRA v. Cole, 766 N.W.2d 334, 339 (Minn. App. 2009).
LaDon maintains that veil-piercing fraud must include evidence of fraud in the use of the
corporate form itself, and he implies that it is further limited to using the corporate form to
26
conceal or misrepresent assets of the corporation’s owner. We do not think the law supports
LaDon’s argument.
Piercing the corporate veil is an equitable remedy used to avoid injustice. Id. We
review the district court’s exercise of this equitable power for abuse of discretion. Id.
Although Golden West cites cases in which the corporate form was used to conceal the
assets of the owner or shareholder of the corporation, the fraud justification for piercing
the corporate veil is not so limited. In fact “proof of strict common law fraud is not
required,” and instead “evidence that the corporate entity has been operated as a
constructive fraud or in an unjust manner” is all that must be presented to support the claim.
West Concord Conservation Club, Inc. v. Chilson, 306 N.W.2d 893, 898 n.3 (Minn. 1981).
Minnesota caselaw consistently allows veil piercing where “a corporation is used as an
instrument of fraud,” Whitney v. Leighton, 225 Minn. 1, 8, 30 N.W.2d 329, 333 (1947),
and it imposes no restriction to situations in which the corporate form was used to
fraudulently conceal assets of a nonowner. LaDon’s argument simply has no support in the
law, so we reject it. The evidence amply supports the finding that LaDon and other
conspirators used Golden West to protect PEM and Bud from Glenwood’s judgment.
Because Golden West has also not developed any argument on appeal on the
preserved issue as to whether the evidence supports the district court’s findings, we do not
discuss that argument, except to say that our careful review of the record informs us that
the argument would certainly fail. Golden West’s last claim, regarding attorneys’ fees, is
premised on Golden West succeeding on its successor-liability claim. Because Golden
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West gives us no reason to reverse the district court’s judgment on any claim, no discussion
on this issue is necessary.
Affirmed.
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