Kwame Kenyetta Brengettcy v. State of Mississippi

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI
NO. 1999-KA-01516-SCT
KWAME KENYETTA BRENGETTCY a/k/a MAC 10
v.
STATE OF MISSISSIPPI
DATE OF JUDGMENT: 08/13/1999
TRIAL JUDGE: HON. ANDREW C. BAKER
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED: YALOBUSHA COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT: BRADLEY STUART PEEPLES
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE: OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL
BY: DEWITT T. ALLRED, III
DISTRICT ATTORNEY: ROBERT L. WILLIAMS
NATURE OF THE CASE: CRIMINAL - FELONY
DISPOSITION: AFFIRMED - 09/06/2001
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:
MANDATE ISSUED: 9/27/2001
BEFORE PITTMAN, C.J., COBB AND DIAZ, JJ.
COBB, JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:
¶1. In February of 1998, Kwame Kenyatta Brengettcy was jointly indicted with three other individuals for
the drive-by shooting death of Mark Martin, which had occurred on August 31, 1997. The three-count
indictment charged all four men with conspiracy to commit a drive-by shooting and murder. The Yalobusha
County Circuit Court granted each of the defendant's motions to sever, and Brengettcy was tried separately
on March 8, 1999. That jury was unable to reach a unanimous verdict, and Brengettcy was tried a second
time on August 9, 1999. In his second trial, the jury convicted Brengettcy of murder, and the trial court
sentenced him to life imprisonment. Aggrieved, Brengettcy now appeals raising the following issues:
I. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN DENYING THE APPELLANT'S PRO-SE MOTION
TO DISMISS, THEREBY VIOLATING HIS CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHT TO A SPEEDY
TRIAL.
II. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN FINDING SUFFICIENT EVIDENCE TO DENY
THE APPELLANT'S MOTIONS FOR A DIRECTED VERDICT AND JUDGMENT NOT
WITHSTANDING THE VERDICT.
III. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN FINDING THE WEIGHT OF THE EVIDENCE
ADEQUATE TO DENY THE APPELLANT'S MOTION FOR A NEW TRIAL.
IV. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN GRANTING JURY INSTRUCTION 9 (S-1) AND
DENYING JURY INSTRUCTION D-12.
¶2. We conclude that Brengettcy's assignments of error are without merit, and we affirm the judgment of the
trial court.
FACTS
¶3. On the night of August 31, 1997, Mark Martin was shot and killed in Coffeeville, Mississippi. Earlier
that evening, Martin had been involved in an altercation with a man named John Bland at a Coffeeville
nightspot. Three other men were present at the scene: Joe Armstrong, Larry Carr, and the appellant,
Kwame Kenyetta Brengettcy. Bland, Armstrong, Carr and Brengettcy left the scene in separate cars, but
returned about fifteen minutes later in Armstrong's car. Four eyewitnesses positively identified Brengettcy as
the person sitting in the front passenger seat of Armstrong's car.
¶4. As Armstrong's vehicle approached, gunfire erupted from it, mortally wounding Martin. Although the
testimony was disputed, eyewitnesses said that the gunfire came from the front passenger seat, and one
witness expressly stated that Brengettcy was the person who fired. As the gunmen's car sped away, friends
of Martin who were eyewitnesses transported the dying man to a hospital in Grenada, Mississippi.
¶5. After learning the identity of the four men involved, police tracked them to a motel in Batesville,
Mississippi, and gave chase from there. Police eventually managed to shoot out the tires and bring the
vehicle to a stop. At the scene of the capture, Mississippi Highway Patrolman Jerry Eastridge retrieved a
.38 Rossi handgun which was later identified as the murder weapon. The four men were arrested at that
time.
ANALYSIS
I. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN DENYING THE APPELLANT'S PRO-SE MOTION
TO DISMISS, THEREBY VIOLATING HIS CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHT TO A SPEEDY
TRIAL.
¶6. Brengettcy's first issue arises from a pro se motion to dismiss the charges against him which was denied
by the trial court. Although Brengettcy states that the trial court erred in denying his pro se motion to
dismiss, his motion may be more accurately viewed as a demand for a "fast and speedy trial." At the
conclusion of his brief in support of this motion, Brengettcy prays for dismissal of the charges against him.
¶7. Alleged speedy trial violations are examined and determined on a case-by-case basis due to the factual
specifics of each action. Sharp v. State, 786 So.2d 372, 377 (Miss. 2001). A defendant's right to a
speedy trial is secured by the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution and by
Article 3, Section 26 of the Mississippi Constitution of 1890. Beavers v. State, 498 So.2d 788, 789
(Miss. 1986). The Mississippi Code also provides a statutory right to a speedy trial, stating: "Unless good
cause be shown, and a continuance duly granted by the court, all offenses for which indictments are present
to the court shall be tried no later than two hundred seventy (270) days after the accused has been
arraigned." Miss. Code Ann. § 99-17-1 (2000). This statutory right, often referred to as the 270-day rule,
attaches at arraignment rather than at arrest. Handley v. State, 574 So.2d 671, 674 (Miss. 1990). The
270-day rule is satisfied when the defendant has been brought to trial. Id. at 674.
¶8. Even when that trial results in a mistrial or hung jury, the time of retrial remains within the discretion of
the trial court, although a substantial delay may still violate the constitutional right to a speedy trial. Id.
Because this case involves two trials, an analysis of Brengettcy's speedy trial claim requires the calculation
of three time periods: (1) the time between the arrest and the first trial for constitutional purposes; (2) the
time between arraignment and the first trial for 270-day rule purposes; and (3) the time between mistrial and
retrial for constitutional purposes.
¶9. A chronology of the relevant dates in this case is as follows:
Aug. 31, 1997 Crime Occurs
Sept. 1, 1997 Brengettcy and co-defendants arrested
Feb. 19, 1998 Indictment filed against all four defendants
March 16, 1998 Counsel appointed for Brengettcy
April 10, 1998 Brengettcy's Motion for Discovery filed
July 23, 1998 Order to Transport Brengettcy from Parchman on or before August 8th
July 31, 1998 Motion to Sever filed
Aug. 18, 1998 Agreed Order of Continuance
Sept. 16, 1998 Order of Continuance and Resetting of Trial Date for March 8, 1999
Nov. 20, 1998 Brengettcy's pro so motion to dismiss filed
March 3, 1999 Brengettcy's Waiver of Arraignment and Entry of Plea
March 8, 1999 Brengettcy's first trial resulting in a hung jury
March 10, 1999 Notice that jury was unable to reach unanimous verdict in first trial
March 12, 1999 Order of Continuance and Setting 2nd Trial for August 9, 1999
August 9, 1999 Brengettcy's second trial
A. The Constitutional Right
¶10. In reviewing such a constitutional challenge, we have not set a specific length of time as being per se
unconstitutional, but instead have applied the four-part balancing test articulated by the U.S. Supreme Court
in Barker v. Wingo, 407 U.S. 514, 92 S.Ct. 2182, 33 L.Ed.2d 101 (1972). Handley, 574 So.2d at 674.
The four Barker factors to consider are: (1) the length of the delay, (2) the reason for the delay, (3) the
defendant's assertion of his right, and (4) the prejudice to the defendant. Barker, 407 U.S. at 530. None of
the four factors is determinative; rather, a totality of the circumstances test is used. Beavers, 498 So.2d at
790. "We are mindful indeed that no one factor is dispositive of the question. Nor is the balancing process
restricted to the Barker factors to the exclusion of any other relevant circumstances." McGhee v. State,
657 So. 2d 799, 802 (Miss. 1995).
1. The length of the delay.
¶11. The first Barker factor is the length of the delay. In Beavers, this Court identified the relevant dates
used to calculate the length of the delay as being the arrest date and the trial date. Id. Although all the
factors are relevant for the balancing test, this Court has recognized that a delay of eight months or more is
presumptively prejudicial. Smith v. State, 550 So.2d 406, 408 (Miss.1989). Where the delay is not
presumptively prejudicial, there is no need to review the remaining Barker factors. Handley, 574 So.2d at
677.
¶12. Brengettcy was arrested on September 1, 1997, and first brought to trial on March 8, 1999, for a
total of 554 days or more than 18 months. This delay is presumptively prejudicial and requires an analysis
of the remaining Barker factors. The length of time between the disposition of his first trial and the
commencement of his second trial is only 154 days, which is not presumptively prejudicial, and there is no
need to consider the remaining factors with regard to Brengettcy's retrial.
2. The reason for the delay.
¶13. The second Barker factor requires determination of the reason for the delay and the party to whom
the delay is attributable. Delays which are attributable to one party count against that party. Beavers, 498
So.2d at 791. Furthermore, the "risk of non-persuasion rests with the prosecution," and where the record is
silent as to the cause of a delay, this factor must weigh in favor of the defendant. Id.
¶14. The docket in Brengettcy's case reflects that he was indicted by the first grand jury convened following
his arrest. The Yalobusha County Circuit Court, First Judicial District, has only two terms of court each
year, each consisting of only 12 days. This dearth of available dates for trial necessarily makes it virtually
impossible to expeditiously hear cases, whether civil or criminal. The 172 days prior to the indictment
should not be counted against either side. During the 180 days between the indictment and the first agreed
continuance, routine activities including appointment of counsel and discovery were conducted with regard
to all four defendants. No severance was requested by Brengettcy or his three co-defendants until July 31,
1998, (162 days after indictment), and it understandably took longer because there were four attorneys to
be appointed and four sets of discovery to be completed.
¶15. The decision to sever the first of Brengettcy's co-defendants was not made until August 18, 1998, and
the trial of that severed defendant began that day. An "Agreed Order of Continuance" signed and approved
by Brengettcy's lawyer was filed that same day. A second "Order of Continuance" pertinent to Brengettcy
and the two remaining co-defendants was filed on September 16, 1998. The trial judge noted that the trial
of the severed co-defendant was not concluded until August 19, leaving only two days remaining in the term
for all other court matters, and that Brengettcy and the two other co-defendants "were unable to be tried
during this term of court due to docket congestion and the trial of co-defendant Bland." Citing statutory
good cause, the trial judge reset the trial of Brengettcy and the two other defendants for the next term of
court, on March 8, 1999. This delay of six months, until the next term of court, should not be charged
against the State. A congested docket is considered "good cause" for delay if the continuance is actually
granted for that reason. Sharp v. State, 786 So.2d at 378.
¶16. Brengettcy's first trial began on March 8, 1999, the day set by the court in its September order of
continuance. That trial ended with "no verdict due to the Jury's inability to reach a unanimous verdict" and,
on March 12, 1999, the trial judge again signed an "Order of Continuance and Resetting of the Trial Date"
which set a second trial of Brengettcy for the next term of court, on August 9, 1999. This order was
entered nunc pro tunc on June 11 and filed on June 17, 1999. These continuances appear to have resulted
due to the fact that the four defendants were severed one by one, and due to the six months period of time
between court terms. The record is silent with regard to any request from Brengettcy that a special term of
court be scheduled . These continuances should not be counted against the State in the Barker analysis.
See Armstrong v. State, 771 So.2d 988, 994-95 (Miss Ct. App. 2000) (applying the severance
reasoning in affirming conviction of one of Brengettcy's co-defendants). Furthermore, the third continuance
came after Brengettcy's first trial, and so has no effect on the constitutionality of the delay preceding that
trial. However, the length of time between Brengettcy's arrest and the first continuance is 352 days which is
still presumptively prejudicial even without considering the delay due to the continuances.
3. The defendant's assertion of his right.
¶17. The third Barker factor to consider is whether the defendant asserted his right before the trial. A
defendant "has no duty to bring himself to trial. . . . Still he gains far more points under this prong of the
Barker test where he has demanded a speedy trial." Jaco v. State, 574 So.2d 625, 632 (Miss. 1990).
However, a demand for a speedy trial is distinct from a demand for dismissal due to violation of the right to
a speedy trial. Perry v. State, 637 So.2d 871, 875 (Miss. 1994). See also Adams v. State, 583 So.2d
165, 169-70 (Miss. 1991)(holding that demand for dismissal coupled with demand for instant trial is
insufficient to weigh third Barker prong in defendant's favor where motion came after bulk of delay had
elapsed).
¶18. The record reflects that Brengettcy filed a pro se motion entitled "Motion To Demand Fast and
Speedy Trial" accompanied by a pro se "Brief in Support of Motion"(1) on November 20, 1998, which was
323 days after his arrest on September 1, 1997 and 108 days before his first trial. In this brief, Brengettcy
"prays for dismissal," and in his brief to this Court, he refers to the pro se brief as a "Motion to Dismiss." In
response, the State argues that Brengettcy should not have filed a "Motion to Demand Fast and Speedy
Trial" but rather should have filed a "Motion to Dismiss." The State further argues that Brengettcy's motion,
whatever its proper form, is procedurally barred because he did not pursue it to a hearing and ruling. The
State is incorrect. While failure or delay in raising a speedy trial claim may cost a defendant points in the
Barker analysis, there is no procedural bar solely for failing to properly pursue the claim in open court.
¶19. Ultimately, however, the issue of whether Brengettcy sought to demand a speedy trial or merely
dismissal for lack of a speedy trial is moot, as the record shows that his pro se motion was not submitted
until three months after the defendants were severed and the original trial date had passed, at which point
any further delays in starting Brengettcy's trial were attributable to him anyway. This issue weighs against
Brengettcy.
4. The prejudice to the defendant.
¶20. The final prong of the Barker analysis - prejudice to the defendant - has two aspects: (1) actual
prejudice to the accused in defending his case, and (2) interference with the defendant's liberty. Perry, 637
So.2d at 876. The Supreme Court has identified three main considerations in determining whether the
accused has been prejudiced by lengthy delay: (1) preventing "oppressive pretrial incarceration;" (2)
minimizing anxiety and concern of the accused; and (3) limiting the possibility that the defense will be
impaired. Barker, 407 U.S. at 532. On appeal, Brengettcy has not identified any particular prejudice
suffered due to the State's delay in bringing him to trial. On the contrary, in his "Brief in Support of Motion"
which accompanied his pro se motion, Brengettcy indicates that, while awaiting trial, he was already
incarcerated on an unrelated charge. Obviously, if Brengettcy was already in jail on unrelated charges, any
prejudice that could have arisen merely from interference with his liberty is alleviated, and since Brengettcy
did not show any actual prejudice to the defense of his case, this factor cannot weigh in his favor.
¶21. In conclusion, while this Court is troubled by the lengthy delays between the various steps in
Brengettcy's prosecution, it is cognizant that a rural court with only two terms each year, for a total of 24
days per year, faces unique difficulties which should not be charged against the State or the defendant.
Here, Brengettcy's failure to assert his right in a timely manner and his failure to show any real prejudice
outweigh the delays which resulted from the court schedule. There is no evidence of deliberate delay on the
part of the State.
B. The Statutory Right
¶22. In addition to the constitutional rights afforded by the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments and by
Article 3 of the Mississippi Constitution, Brengettcy also has the statutory right to a speedy trial arising from
§ 99-17-1. Miss.Code Ann. § 99-17-1 (2000). Under this provision, where the accused is not tried within
270 days of his arraignment, the defendant is entitled to dismissal. Nations v. State, 481 So.2d 760, 761
(Miss.1985). In the case sub judice, the court docket reflects that each of the four co-defendants waived
arraignment, with each waiver being entered on different dates. There is no mention of arraignment with
regard to Brengettcy in the record, until his waiver of arraignment and entry of plea was filed on March 3,
1999, just five days before his first trial. The 270-day rule was not violated.
II. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN FINDING SUFFICIENT EVIDENCE TO DENY
THE APPELLANT'S MOTIONS FOR A DIRECTED VERDICT AND JUDGMENT NOT
WITHSTANDING THE VERDICT.
¶23. Brengettcy next argues that he was entitled to a directed verdict or a judgment notwithstanding the
verdict. The standard for reviewing such motions is whether the evidence was legally sufficient to support
the verdict. Sheffield v. State, 749 So.2d 123, 125 (Miss.1999). This Court has stated:
[W]e must, with respect to each element of the offense, consider all of the evidence--not just the
evidence which supports the case for the prosecution--in the light most favorable to the verdict. The
credible evidence which is consistent with the guilt must be accepted as true. The prosecution must be
given the benefit of all favorable inferences that may reasonably be drawn from the evidence. Matters
regarding the weight and credibility to be accorded the evidence are to be resolved by the jury. We
may reverse only where, with respect to one or more of the elements of the offense charged, the
evidence so considered is such that reasonable and fair-minded jurors could only find the accused not
guilty.
Gleeton v. State, 716 So.2d 1083, 1087 (Miss.1998).
¶24. Brengettcy argues that the prosecution failed to prove his identity as the actual shooter, since the
prosecution's witnesses indicated the possibility that there was more than one shooter but only one gun was
recovered. This argument, however, is insufficient to overcome the presumption in favor of the verdict. The
record reflects the following eyewitness testimony:
(1) Prosecution witness Milton Kimble testified that, at the time of the shooting, Brengettcy was sitting
in the front passenger seat of the vehicle from which the gunshots originated;
(2) Prosecution witness Kevin Horton also testified that Brengettcy was sitting in the front passenger
seat of the car and that gunfire came from the front passenger seat;
(3) Prosecution witness James Henry Lewis also testified that Brengettcy was sitting in the front
passenger seat and that he saw Brengettcy and John Bland preparing to fire weapons;
(4) Prosecution witness McGary Logan also testified that Brengettcy was sitting in the front passenger
seat and that he saw Brengettcy and Bland shoot Martin.
¶25. Considering the evidence in the light most favorable to the guilty verdict and accepting as true all
credible evidence consistent with guilt, the evidence would not compel reasonable and fair-minded jurors to
find Brengettcy not guilty. Thus, the trial court's denial of Brengettcy's motions for directed verdict and
judgment notwithstanding the verdict was proper. This issue is without merit.
III. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN FINDING THE WEIGHT OF THE EVIDENCE
ADEQUATE TO DENY THE APPELLANT'S MOTION FOR A NEW TRIAL.
¶26. Unlike a motion for a directed verdict or judgment notwithstanding the verdict, a motion for a new trial
simply challenges the weight of the evidence. Sheffield, 749 So.2d at 125. This Court has explained that it
will reverse the trial court's denial of a motion for a new trial only for an abuse of discretion. Id. at 127. This
Court should not order a new trial unless it is convinced that "the verdict is so contrary to the overwhelming
weight of the evidence that, to allow it to stand, would be to sanction an unconscionable injustice." Id.
(quoting Groseclose v. State, 440 So.2d 297, 300 (Miss.1983)). Factual disputes are properly resolved
by a jury and do not mandate a new trial. McNeal v. State, 617 So.2d 999, 1009 (Miss.1993).
¶27. Brengettcy argues that Edwards v. State, 736 So.2d 475, 482 (Miss. Ct. App. 1999), is on point
and compels a reversal of his conviction. In Edwards, the Court of Appeals reversed a murder conviction
where the only eyewitness admitted at trial that he was not certain the defendant was the person he saw at
the scene of the crime. Id. The Court of Appeals distinguished the issue of witness credibility from that of
witness certainty and concluded that the testimony of a vacillating witness, standing alone, is insufficient to
support a jury's verdict. Id. at 483 (noting that "[f]or evidence that is sufficient to convict, the jury must
among other requirements be given proof that identifies the accused in a manner adequate to convince them
beyond a reasonable doubt. If only one person makes the identification and there is no other evidence that
adds to it, then if that witness himself is not convinced beyond a reasonable doubt, neither may be the jury.")
.
¶28. Brengettcy misapprehends the Edwards holding. In the instant case, none of the four prosecution
eyewitnesses vacillated in their testimony as the witness in Edwards did, and even those witnesses who did
not actually see Brengettcy open fire were affirmatively able to either place him in the front passenger seat
of the car or to testify that gunfire originated from the front passenger seat. Furthermore, any factual
disputes between the prosecution witnesses and the defense witnesses were resolved by the jury and should
not be disturbed. Plainly, the trial court did not abuse its discretion by denying Brengettcy's motion for a
new trial.
IV. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN GRANTING JURY INSTRUCTION 9 (S-1) AND
DENYING JURY INSTRUCTION D-12.
¶29. In reviewing the granting or refusal of various instructions, this Court has held that the instructions
actually given must be read as a whole, and no reversible error will be found if the instructions fairly
announce the law of the case and create no injustice when so read. Coleman v. State, 697 So.2d 777,
782 (Miss.1997) (quoting Collins v. State, 691 So.2d 918 (Miss.1997)). Ordinarily, failure to object to a
given instruction at trial results in a procedural bar on appeal, unless its granting amounts to plain error.
Sanders v. State, 678 So.2d 663, 670 (Miss.1996) ("As a rule, the Supreme Court only addresses issues
on plain error review when the error of the trial court has impacted upon a fundamental right of the
defendant"); Walker v. State, 671 So.2d 581, 606 (Miss.1995). However, an erroneously given
instruction constitutes plain error where the jury is not fully instructed on the elements of the crime. Hunter
v. State, 684 So.2d 625, 636 (Miss.1996).
A. Jury Instruction No. 9
¶30. In the case sub judice, Jury Instruction No. 9 reads as follows:
Members of the Jury, the Defendant, KWAME KENYETTA BRENGETTCY, has been charged
with the crime of Murder along with JOHN BLAND, JR., A/K/A "J.R.", JOE ARMSTRONG
A/K/A AFALFA and LARRY CARR, JR. A/K/A "SPANKY." As you know, each Defendant is
tried separately, and only KWAME KENYETTA BRENGETTCY is on trial today for this crime.
This Court instructs the Jury that Murder is the killing of a human being with malice aforethought, not
in necessary self-defense, without the authority of law, by any means or by any manner, when done
with the premeditated and deliberate design to effect the death of the person killed.
The Court further instructs the Jury that if you believe from the evidence in this case, beyond a
reasonable doubt, that from the evidence presented during this trial that someone other than
KWAME KENYETTA BRENGETTCY actually pulled the trigger and shot and killed Mark Martin,
but that more than one person is responsible for the death of Mark Martin, you may still find the
Defendant KWAME KENYETTA BRENGETTCY, guilty of Murder.
Accordingly, the Court instructs you the Jury that each person present at the time, and consenting to
and encouraging the commission of a criminal offense, including murder, and knowingly, willfully, and
feloniously doing any act which is an element of the crime, or immediately connected with it, or leading
to its commission, is as much a principle offender as if he had with his own hand pulled the trigger and
committed the whole offense. Therefore, if you are unable to find beyond a reasonable doubt that
KWAME KENYETTA BRENGETTCY actually shot with a firearm and killed Mark Martin, But,
you the Jury do find from the evidence beyond a reasonable doubt that:
1) The Victim, Mark Martin, was a living person on September 1, 1997, in Coffeeville, MS and;
2) Someone other than the Defendant, KWAME KENYETTA BRENGETTCY, did willfully and
with malice aforethought, shoot with a firearm and kill Mark Martin, with the deliberate design to
effect the death of Mark Martin, and;
3) The Defendant, KWAME KENYETTA BRENGETTCY, was present at the time of the murder
of Mark Martin, and consented to and encouraged the commission of the crime of the Murder of
Mark Martin, and did knowingly, willfully, unlawfully and feloniously do any act which is an element
of the crime of murder, or leading to its commission, such as, if you the jury so find, but not
necessarily limited to, knowingly, willfully, unlawfully and feloniously encouraging the actual shooter to
shoot and kill Mark Martin and/or also shoot at with a firearm but not actually hit Mark Martin, then
you shall find the Defendant, KWAME KENYETTA BRENGETTCY, Guilty of the Crime of
Murder of Mark Martin.
If the State has failed to prove any one or more of these elements, beyond a reasonable doubt, then
the jury shall find KWAME KENYETTA BRENGETTCY, not guilty of murder.
¶31. Brengettcy argues that Jury Instruction 9 is a Hornburger Instruction - an instruction which
impermissibly allows a jury to convict a defendant for merely finding that he did any single act which is an
element of the crime of which he is accused. In Hornburger v. State, 650 So.2d 510, 515 (Miss. 1995),
this Court held that such an instruction was improper, although it is harmless error where the instructions
read as a whole require the State to prove every element of the offense charged. The instruction at issue in
Hornburger read as follows:
The Court instructs the Jury that each person present at the time, and consenting to and encouraging
the commission of a crime, and knowingly, willfully and feloniously doing any act which is an element
of the crime or immediately connected with it, or leading to its commission, is as much a principal as if
he had with his own hand committed the whole offense; and if you find from the evidence beyond a
reasonable doubt that the defendant, Gregory Hornburger, a/k/a Greg Hornburger, did willfully,
knowingly, unlawfully and feloniously do any act which is an element of the crime of burglary of a
building, or leading to its commission, then and in that event, you should find the defendant guilty as
charged.
Id. at 513-14.
¶32. While this Court held the original Hornburger instruction to be harmless error, in Liggins v. State,
726 So.2d 180, 184 (Miss. 1998), we reversed a conviction where a very similar jury instruction said that
the jury "shall" find the defendant guilty rather than "should" find him guilty, did not make the defendant's
consent an element to be proven by the State, and was not accompanied by an additional instruction laying
out the correct statement of the law. The net result of the Liggins instruction was that the State's burden of
proof was lessened, which compelled reversal. Id. at 184. See also Berry v. State, 728 So.2d 568 (Miss.
1999)(reversing where aiding and abetting instruction could mislead jurors into thinking they had option of
convicting even if State had proven only one element of crime).
¶33. Here, while Jury Instruction 9 was not the best possible statement of the law, the instruction did make
Brengettcy's consent an element to be proven by the State, and it also said that the State was required to
prove every element of the crime before the jury could convict. The error which led to reversal in Liggins is
simply not present here, and this issue is without merit.
B. Proposed Jury Instruction D-12
¶34. Brengettcy challenges the trial court's denial of his proposed Jury Instruction D-12, which is a jury
nullification instruction. Jury Instruction D-12 reads as follows:
The Court instructs the Jury that under the Constitution of the United States, the Jury has a paramount
right to acquit an accused person for whatever reason and to find him not guilty, even though the
evidence may support a conviction, and this is an important part of the jury trial system guaranteed by
the Constitution.
The Court further instructs the Jury that this principle of jury nullification is as much a part of and just
as important to the constitutional process as any other instruction which the Court has given this Jury,
and that in the final analysis, you, ladies and gentlemen of the Jury, are the sole judges of whether it is
right and fair to convict the Accused or whether under the totality of the circumstances, the Accused
should be found guilty. In arriving at your verdict you are not compelled to answer to anyone or to the
State, nor are you required at any time by the Court or any person or party to give a reason or to be
brought to accountability for your decision and vote.
¶35. However, Brengettcy's brief contains absolutely no arguments or case law supporting the use of this
instruction. The general rule is that failure to cite to any relevant authority in support of an argument
procedurally bars that argument on appeal. Edwards v. State, 737 So.2d 275, 295 (Miss. 1999). In any
event, this Court has clearly established that while a jury does indeed have the power to acquit for any
reason whatsoever, a defendant is not entitled to an instruction that it can ignore the law to do so.
Nicolaou v. State, 612 So.2d 1080, 1084 (Miss. 1992). This issue is without merit.
CONCLUSION
¶36. For the foregoing reasons, Brengettcy's conviction and sentence are affirmed.
¶37. CONVICTION OF MURDER AND SENTENCE OF LIFE IMPRISONMENT IN THE
CUSTODY OF THE MISSISSIPPI DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS AFFIRMED.
SENTENCE SHALL RUN CONSECUTIVELY TO ANY OTHER SENTENCES THE
APPELLANT MAY PRESENTLY BE SERVING.
PITTMAN, C.J., BANKS, P.J., SMITH, MILLS, WALLER, DIAZ AND EASLEY, JJ.,
CONCUR. McRAE, P.J., CONCURS IN RESULT ONLY.
1. These two documents are the only "speedy trial" documents filed before the trial.