Steve Puckett v. Larry Abels

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI
NO. 95-CA-00856-SCT
STEVE PUCKETT, COMMISSIONER OF THE MISSISSIPPI DEPARTMENT OF
CORRECTIONS
v.
LARRY ABELS, DEVIASSI LATEFF ADAMS, EUGENE ADAMS, FREDDIE ADAMS, JR.,
ROY LEE ADAMS, WILLIE ADDISON, TIMOTHY AKBAR, CHARLES LYDEL
ALDRIDGE, JIMMY FRANK ALLEN, PATRICK ALLEN, VERGIL MAURESE ALLEN,
CHARLES ALLISON, SHERMAN ONEIL AMOS, JUDY ANDERSON, LEVONZEL
ANDERSON, MELONEY L. ANDERSON, MICHAEL DESM ANDERSON, VICTOR
ANDREWS, VICTOR B. ANDREWS, NATIVIDAD ARREOLA, MICHAEL ANTHONY
AUTIN, NICKY JOE BABB, RICHARD ARN BAGGETT, ALBERT JAMES BAILEY, ET AL.
DATE OF JUDGMENT: 07/18/95
TRIAL JUDGE: HON. JAMES E. GRAVES JR.
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED: HINDS COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT: OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL
BY: JOSEPH S. GOFF
JAMES M. NORRIS
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEES: THOMAS FORTNER
NATURE OF THE CASE: CIVIL - OTHER
DISPOSITION: AFFIRMED - 11/21/96
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:
MANDATE ISSUED: 12/12/96
EN BANC.
SULLIVAN, PRESIDING JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:
¶1. On June 15, 1995, Appellees filed a complaint in the Circuit Court of the First Judicial District of
Hinds County, Mississippi for a declaratory judgment. This complaint asked for a declaratory
judgment as to the applicability of Senate Bill 2175, Section 4, paragraph 4, amending Miss. Code
Ann. § 47-5-138 (1993) (Earned Release), as unconstitutional to crimes that occurred prior to the
effective date of this bill. The retroactive application of this bill requires that eighty-five percent
(85%) of a sentence be served and eliminates the opportunity for parole that existed prior to Senate
Bill 2175. The Appellees were all charged with felony crimes that occurred prior to July 1, 1995, the
effective date of Senate Bill 2175, and their charges were not to be disposed of until after July 1,
1995. On June 19, 1995, Appellees filed an amended complaint for declaratory judgment, citing
Senate Bill 2175, Section 3, paragraph (1)(g), amending Miss. Code Ann. §47-7-3 (Supp. 1993), as
also being violative of the United States and Mississippi Constitutions. On June 21, 1995, Steve
Puckett, Commissioner of the Mississippi Department of Corrections, (Puckett) filed an answer to
the original and amended complaints.
¶2. On June 30, 1995, a hearing was held before Hinds County Circuit Court Judge James E. Graves,
Jr. Judge Graves ruled that Senate Bill 2175 is an ex post facto law as it applies to the Appellees,
who were charged with committing crimes prior to July 1, 1995, but who were not to be sentenced
until on or after July 1, 1995.
¶3. Puckett filed a notice of appeal. Both parties filed a joint motion for expedited treatment on
appeal, which this Court granted on September 28, 1995.
I.
WHETHER SENATE BILL 2175 OF THE 1995 LEGISLATIVE SESSION (THE "TRUTH
IN SENTENCING" LAW) VIOLATES THE STATE AND FEDERAL CONSTITUTIONAL
PROHIBITIONS AGAINST Ex post facto LAWS AS APPLIED TO OFFENDERS
CHARGED WITH COMMITTING CRIMES THAT OCCURRED PRIOR TO JULY 1,
1995.
¶4. The retroactive application of Senate Bill 2175 requires that eighty-five percent (85%) of a
sentence be served and eliminates the opportunity for parole that existed prior to Senate Bill 2175.
The Appellees, all charged with felony crimes that occurred prior to the effective date of Senate Bill
2175, argue that this effectively increases the length of incarceration that an inmate must serve after
they have been sentenced and therefore violates the Ex Post Facto Clauses of the United States and
Mississippi Constitutions.
¶5. Prior to July 1, 1995, most offenders convicted of felonies and sentenced to a term of
incarceration of one (1) year or more, were allowed to be eligible for parole after serving twenty-five
percent (25%) of their sentence pursuant to Miss. Code Ann. § 47-7-3 (Supp. 1993) (Parole Board
Review). This section stated:
(1) Every prisoner who has been or may hereafter be convicted of any offense against the State
of Mississippi, and is confined in the execution of a judgment of such conviction of the
Mississippi State Penitentiary for a definite term or terms of one (1) year or over, or for the
term of his or her natural life, whose record of conduct shows that such prisoner has observed
the rules of the Penitentiary, and who has served not less than one-fourth (¼) of the total of
such term or terms for which such prisoner was sentenced, or, if sentenced to serve a term or
terms of thirty (30) years or more, or, if sentenced for the term of the natural life of such
prisoner, has served not less than ten (10) years of such life sentence, may be released on parole
as hereinafter provided . . . .
Miss. Code Ann. § 47-7-3 (Supp. 1993). This section went on to enumerate the exceptions which
included: (a) prisoners convicted as habitual or confirmed criminals; (b) prisoners convicted of a sex
crime who first had to receive an examination by a competent psychiatrist or psychologist before
parole would be granted; (c) prisoners would not be eligible for parole until they had served one (1)
year of their sentence, unless they had accrued any meritorious earned time allowance, in which case
they were eligible for parole at earlier time increments; and (d) prisoners who after January 1, 1977,
were convicted of robbery or attempted robbery through the display of a firearm would be eligible for
parole until having served ten (10) years. Senate Bill 2175, Section 3, paragraph (1)(g) amended this
section and a portion was added which reads "[n]o person shall be eligible for parole who is
convicted or whose suspended sentence is revoked after June 30, 1995 . . . ." Act of Apr. 17, 1995,
ch. 596, 1995 Miss. Laws 940 (codified at Miss. Code Ann. § 47-7-3 (1)(g) (Supp. 1995)).
¶6. Also prior to July 1, 1995, an inmate could obtain his release by serving fifty percent (50%) of his
sentence pursuant to the earned time provisions of Miss. Code Ann. § 47-5-138 (1993) (Earned
Release). This section before the amendment stated:
(1) The department may promulgate rules and regulations to carry out an earned time allowance
program based on the good conduct and performance of an inmate. An inmate is eligible to
receive an earned time allowance of one-half (½) of the period of confinement imposed by the
court except those inmates excluded by law. When an inmate is committed to the custody of the
department, the department shall determine a conditional earned time release date by
subtracting the earned time allowance from an inmate's term of sentence and shall prepare a
conditional earned time release date for each inmate.
Miss. Code Ann. § 47-5-138 (1) (Supp. 1993). This section was amended to state that "[t]his section
does not apply to any sentence imposed after June 30, 1995." Act of Apr. 17, 1995, ch. 596, 1995
Miss. Laws 941 (codified at Miss. Code Ann. § 47-5-138 (1) (Supp. 1995)).
¶7. Senate Bill 2175, Section 4, paragraph 4, amended Miss. Code Ann. § 47-5-138 (Supp. 1993) as
follows:
For any sentence imposed after June 30, 1995, an inmate may receive an earned time allowance
of four and one-half (4-½) days for each thirty (30) days served if the department determines
that the inmate has complied with the good conduct and performance requirements of the
earned time allowance program. The earned time allowance under this subsection shall not
exceed fifteen percent (15%) of an inmate's term of sentence.
Act of Apr. 17, 1995, ch. 596, 1995 Miss. Laws 941 (codified at Miss. Code Ann. § 47-5-138 (4)
(Supp. 1995)).
¶8. Article I, § 9, Clause 3 of the United States Constitution states "No Bill of Attainder or ex post
facto Law shall be passed." Article I, § 10, Clause 1 of the United States Constitution prohibits a
state from passing ex post facto laws, stating "No State shall . . . pass any . . . ex post facto Law . . .
." The State of Mississippi adopted this prohibition in its Constitution in Article 3, § 16 stating, "Ex
post facto laws . . . shall not be passed."
¶9. The United States Supreme Court has interpreted Article I, § 10 of the United States Constitution
to forbid the enactment of
any statute which punishes as a crime an act previously committed, which was innocent when
done; which makes more burdensome the punishment for a crime, after its commission, or
which deprives one charged with crime of any defense available according to law at the time the
act was committed . . . .
Beazell v. Ohio, 269 U.S. 167, 169 (1925).
¶10. "In accordance with this original understanding, we have held that the Clause is aimed at laws
that 'retroactively alter the definition of crimes or increase the punishment for criminal acts.'"
California Dept. of Corrections v. Morales, 115 S. Ct. 1597, 1601 (1995) (quoting Collins v.
Youngblood, 497 U.S. 37, 41 (1990)). The United States Constitution "forbids the application of any
new punitive measure to a crime already consummated . . . ." Lindsey v. Washington, 301 U.S. 397,
401 (1937).
¶11. The Supreme Court has held that the purpose of the Ex post facto Clause is to assure that
legislative acts "give fair warning of their effect and permit individuals to rely on their meaning until
explicitly changed" and to "restrict[] . . . governmental power by restraining arbitrary and potentially
vindictive legislation." Weaver v. Graham, 450 U.S. 24, 28-29 (1981) (footnote and citations
omitted). A statute may violate the Ex post facto Clause "even if it alters punitive conditions outside
the sentence . . . [or where it] substantially alters the consequences attached to a crime already
completed, and therefore changes 'the quantum of punishment.'" Id. at 32-33 (citation omitted)
(quoting Dobbert v. Florida, 432 U.S. 282, 293-94 (1977)).
¶12. In Lindsey v. Washington, 301 U.S. 397 (1937), the statute in question there, at the time the
defendant committed his crime, sentenced grand larceny offenders to an indeterminate sentence of six
months to fifteen years. Lindsey, 301 U.S. at 398. By the time the defendant was sentenced, a change
in the law modified his penalty to a minimum fifteen-year sentence. Id. at 398-99. The Supreme
Court invalidated the retroactive application of this new law, even though the new provisions did not
increase the fifteen-year maximum sentence, but only made it mandatory, stating that "[t]he effect of
the new statute is to make mandatory what was before only the maximum sentence." Id. at 400.
"Removal of the possibility of a sentence of less than fifteen years . . . operates to [the defendant's]
detriment in the sense that the standard of punishment adopted by the new statute is more onerous
than that of the old." Id. at 400-01. The Lindsey Court found the retroactive application of the
minimum fifteen-year sentence violated the Ex post facto Clause because the defendant was
"deprived of all opportunity to receive a sentence which would give [the defendant] freedom from
custody and control prior to the expiration of the 15-year term." Id. at 402.
The Constitution forbids the application of any new punitive measure to a crime already
consummated, to the detriment or material disadvantage of the wrongdoer. It is for this reason
that an increase in the possible penalty is ex post facto, regardless of the length of the sentence
actually imposed, since the measure of punishment prescribed by the later statute is more severe
than that of the earlier.
Id. at 401 (citations omitted).
¶13. In Weaver v. Graham, 450 U.S. 24 (1981), the United States Supreme Court again struck a
retrospective statute changing the quantum of punishment to which a person was exposed for a given
offense. In Weaver, the defendant pled guilty to second-degree murder, which was committed on
January 31, 1976. Id. at 25. He was convicted and sentenced to fifteen years in prison, less time
already served. Id. at 25-26. The Florida statute at that time provided a formula for deducting gain-
time credits from sentences for "every prisoner who has committed no infraction of the rules . . . and
who has performed in a faithful, diligent, . . . and peaceful manner, the work, duties and tasks
assigned to him." Id. at 26 (citations omitted) (quoting Fla. Stat. § 944.27(1) (1975)). In 1978, the
Florida Legislature repealed the statute and enacted a new formula for monthly gain-time deductions
which mandated that prisoners receive fewer days of good-time per month. Id.
¶14. Weaver sought habeas corpus relief claiming that the new statute, enacted subsequent to the
crime being committed and which altered the method of gain-time computation, affected him
detrimentally by extending his required prison time by more than two years and was therefore an ex
post facto law. Id. at 27. The Florida Supreme Court denied Weaver's petition. Id. at 27-28. The
United States Supreme Court reversed, holding that the 1979 Florida statute repealing the earlier
1975 statute and reducing the amount of gain-time violated the Ex post facto Clause when applied to
a prisoner whose crime was committed before the statute's enactment. Id. at 36. "By definition, this
reduction in gain-time accumulation lengthens the period that someone in petitioner's position must
spend in prison." Id. at 33. The Weaver Court stated that "the ex post facto prohibition . . . forbids
the imposition of punishment more severe than the punishment assigned by law when the act to be
punished occurred." Id. at 30.
Critical to relief under the Ex post facto Clause is not an individual's right to less punishment,
but the lack of fair notice and governmental restraint when the legislature increases punishment
beyond what was prescribed when the crime was consummated. Thus, even if a statute merely
alters penal provisions accorded by the grace of the legislature, it violates the Clause if it is both
retrospective and more onerous than the law in effect on the date of the offense.
Id. at 30-31 (citations omitted).
¶15. In Miller v. Florida, 482 U.S. 423 (1987), the Supreme Court looked at the Florida sentencing
scheme which had established "presumptive sentencing ranges" for various offenses, which
sentencing judges were required to follow in the absence of "clear and convincing reasons" for a
departure. Miller, 482 U.S. Id. at 426. When the petitioner in Miller committed his crime, his
presumptive sentencing range would have been 3½ to 4½ years. Id. at 432. The state legislature
altered the formula for establishing the presumptive sentencing range for certain sexual offenses,
before Miller was sentenced, by increasing the "primary offense points" assigned to those crimes. Id.
at 427. As a result, Miller's presumptive range progressed to 5½ to 7 years. Id. Thus, the Miller
Court considered the operation of more severe sentencing guidelines to crimes that were committed
before the guidelines' establishment. The United States Supreme Court held that this increase in the
"quantum of punishment" violated the Ex post facto Clause. Id. at 434. The Court held that a
prisoner need not show that he definitely would have served a lesser sentence under the previous
legal scheme in order to show an ex post facto violation. Id. at 432. "In other words, the mere
presence of some discretion . . . before . . . the change in law does not in and of itself foreclose an ex
post facto claim." Jones v. Georgia State Board of Pardons and Paroles, 59 F.3d 1145, 1149 (11th
Cir. 1995) (footnote omitted) (citing Miller, 482 U.S. at 432-33). The Miller Court, as in Weaver,
emphasized that a crucial part of ex post facto jurisprudence was whether a defendant was given "fair
warning of [the] effect [of legislative enactment]" and could "rely on their meaning until explicitly
changed." Id. at 430.
¶16. Senate Bill 2175, like the new law in Lindsey , increases the possible penalty, "regardless of the
length of the sentence actually imposed, since the measure of punishment prescribed by the later
statute is more severe than that of the earlier." Id. (citations omitted).
¶17. Senate Bill 2175, like the statute in Weaver, "constricts the inmate's opportunity to earn early
release, and thereby makes more onerous the punishment for crimes committed before its enactment.
This result runs afoul of the prohibition against ex post facto laws." Id. at 35-36 (footnote omitted).
¶18. Senate Bill 2175, like the new law in Miller, did not give these Appellees fair notice, and the
punishment for the conduct being imposed has increased. Id. at 430. Thus, Senate Bill 2175 increases
the "quantum of punishment," as expressly prohibited by Weaver.
¶19. In the three cases above, the United States Supreme Court held that the question for an ex post
facto inquiry, after first determining that an amendment was indeed retrospective, was whether it
"disadvantage[d] the offender affected by it." Weaver, 450 U.S. at 29; Miller, 482 U.S. at 430;
Lindsey, 301 U.S. at 401. In a recent United States Supreme Court decision, California Dept. of
Corrections v. Morales, 115 S. Ct. 1597 (1995), the Court concluded that this language was only
dicta, holding that the proper focus for an ex post facto inquiry would be not "whether a legislative
change produced some ambiguous sort of disadvantage . . . but on whether any change . . . increased
the penalty by which such a crime is punishable." Morales, 115 S. Ct. at 1602 n.3 (citations omitted).
In Morales, the Court stated that the inquiry is whether the retroactive statute "produces a sufficient
risk of increasing the measure of punishment attached to the covered crimes." Id. at 1603 (footnote
omitted) (emphasis added).
¶20. In the only Mississippi case to discuss Morales, Justice James Smith provided a thorough
consideration of this decision in his dissenting opinion. Hill v. State, 659 So. 2d 547, 558-60 (Miss.
1995) (Smith, J. dissenting). Justice Smith noted that the Morales Court "maintained a long
established precedent" and "reaffirmed its long held position that the question of what legislative
adjustments are of sufficient moment to transgress the constitutional prohibition must be a matter of
degree." Id. at 559. Under Morales, we now focus the inquiry on whether the legislative change
increases the penalty by which a crime is punishable. As noted by Justice Smith, the "cases of
Lindsey, Miller and Weaver that Morales argued to the Supreme Court in Morales were all
enhanced punishment cases in clear violation of the Ex post facto Clause." Hill, 659 So. 2d at 560.
¶21. In Morales, the Court stated: "The ex post facto standard we apply today is constant: it looks to
whether a given legislative change has the prohibited effect of altering the definition of crimes or
increasing punishments." Id. at 1604 n.7 (emphasis added). Thus, the holding in Morales does not
overrule Weaver, Lindsey, and Miller because the focus in those three cases were on the effect the
new law had on the defendant. Morales does, however, sharpen the ex post facto inquiry by looking
at whether the statute affected the prisoner's actual term of confinement, rather than whether the
statute had disadvantaged the defendant. In looking towards the statute's effect, the Morales Court
held that the statute in question was not ex post facto law because "there [wa]s no reason to
conclude that the amendment w[ould] have any effect on any prisoner's actual term of confinement . .
. ." Id. at 1604.
¶22. Under Morales, "what legislative adjustments 'will be held to be of sufficient moment to
transgress the constitutional prohibition' must be a matter of 'degree.'" Id. at 1603 (quoting Beazell v.
Ohio, 269 U.S. 167, 171 (1925)). The Morales decision means that when an amendment does not
retrospectively "change the sentencing range" applicable to an offense, but does make a procedural or
other change, that may indirectly affect the length of time that a prisoner may serve, no violation of
the Ex post facto Clause has occurred because of the possibility of such an indirect effect is
"speculative and conjectural." Id. at 1602, 1603. In other words the new law must have a direct
effect on the sentence length. Thus, in keeping with the new focus promulgated by the United States
Supreme Court, we will apply the Morales "effect" review.
¶23. In Morales, the respondent was sentenced to fifteen years to life for the murder of his wife in
1980, and was eligible for parole in 1990. Id. at 1598. In 1989, as required by California law, the
Board of Prison Terms held a hearing in which the board found respondent unsuitable for parole. Id.
Morales would have been eligible for another suitability hearing in 1990; however, this law was
amended in 1981 to allow the Board to defer subsequent hearings for up to three years for a prisoner
convicted of "more than one offense which involves the taking of a life" and if the Board found "that
it was not reasonable to expect that parole would be granted at a hearing during the following years
and states the bases for that finding." Id. at 1600 (footnote omitted) (quoting Cal. Penal Code Ann. §
3041.5(b)(2) (West 1982)). Thus, pursuant to this amendment, the Board of Prison Terms scheduled
Morales for a hearing in 1992. Id. Morales filed a federal habeas corpus petition, asserting that as
applied to him, the 1981 amendment constituted an ex post facto law under the United States
Constitution. Id. at 1598.
¶24. The Court stated it had previously declined to articulate a single formula for identifying
legislative changes that have a sufficient effect on substantive crimes or punishments to fall within the
constitutional prohibition. The Court articulated that the question of "what legislative adjustments
'will be held to be of sufficient moment to transgress the constitutional prohibition" must be a matter
of 'degree.'" Id. at 1603 (quoting Beazell, 269 U.S. at 171.).
¶25. In evaluating how the legislative enactment affected Morales, the Court first looked at the
amendment and how it only applied to a class of prisoners for whom the likelihood of release on
parole was quite remote. Id. at 1603. The Court looked toward the fact that the amendment would
"'relieve the [Board] from costly and time-consuming responsibility of scheduling parole hearings for
prisoners who have no chance of being released.'" Id. at 1604 (quoting In re Jackson, 703 P.2d 100,
105 (Cal. 1985)).
¶26. Second, the Court determined that California carefully tailored the amendment to achieve some
relief in a time-consuming responsibility. Id. "[T]he amendment has no effect on any prisoner unless
the Board first concluded, after a hearing, not only that the prisoner is unsuitable for parole, but also
that 'it is not reasonable to expect that parole would be granted at a hearing during the following
years.'" Id. (quoting Cal. Penal Code Ann. § 3041.5(b)(2) (West 1982)).
¶27. Third, the amended statute had "no effect on the date of any prisoner's initial parole suitability
hearing; it affects the timing only of subsequent hearings." Id. In addition the Court noted that "the
Board retain[ed] the authority to tailor the frequency of subsequent suitability hearings to the
particular circumstances of the individual prisoner." Id. Lastly, the Court found that the Board's
decision to defer parole review was subject to administrative appeal. Id. "An expedited hearing by the
Board--either on its own volition or pursuant to an order entered on an administrative appeal--would
remove any possibility of harm . . . ." Id. at 1605. In applying these considerations, the Court found
no ex post facto violation, because the amendment "create[d] only the most speculative and
attenuated possibility of producing the prohibited effect of increasing the measure of punishment for
covered crimes." Id. at 1603.
¶28. Although the Morales Court stated that it would not set out a bright-line test, the above factors
emphasized by the Court in applying this "effect" review, as applied to Senate Bill 2175, establish
that the California amendments in consideration in Morales and Senate Bill 2175 are materially
different in many ways.
¶29. The first consideration in the Morales review, is the amount of prisoners the amendment will
affect. Senate Bill 2175 will influence a large class of prisoners. Every prisoner who was convicted of
any offense before June 30, 1995, and was sentenced for a term of a year of over after July 1, 1995,
with the exception of habitual offenders, sex offenders who did not receive an examination by a
psychiatrist or psychologist, or any person who was convicted of robbery or attempted robbery
through the display of a firearm after 1977, would have been eligible for parole under Miss. Code
Ann. § 47-7-3 (Supp. 1993) after serving no less then one-fourth (¼) of the total of his term. Also,
any inmate could obtain his release by serving fifty percent (50%) of his sentence pursuant to the
earned time provisions of Miss. Code Ann. § 47-5-138 (Supp. 1993). Thus, unlike Morales, Senate
Bill 2175 clearly lengthens the Appellees sentences. Id. at 1603.
¶30. Second, the statute in Morales had "no effect on the date of any prisoner's initial parole
suitability hearing; it affect[ed] the timing only of subsequent hearings." Id. at 1604. However, unlike
the California statute in question, Senate Bill 2175 goes much further. It clearly eliminates any
possibility for parole stating in definite terms that "[n]o person shall be eligible for parole who is
convicted or whose suspended sentence is revoked after June 30, 1995." This Court cannot conclude,
as the Morales Court did, that the likelihood of parole for the Appellees was remote. Id. at 1603.
¶31. Third, the statute in Morales was "no arbitrary decision." Id. at 1604. In the case at hand, there
was no case specific inquiry or hearing conducted before the Legislature gave these Appellees longer
sentences. Id. at 1604. The increase in the Appellee's sentence, the ineligibility to receive parole
before serving eight-five (85%) of his sentence, is to be exercised automatically across the board.
Thus, this new disadvantage imposed by this legislation applies to everyone who has committed a
felony violation and would be committed for over a year.
¶32. Puckett argues that the Morales decision requires this Court to reverse the lower court in that
the amendment does not increase the penalty by which a crime is punishable. However, even applying
the considerations promulgated in Morales leads to the ineluctable decision that the amendment as
applied to these Appellees, will directly "increase the measure of punishment for covered crimes," and
the effect on these Appellees is not merely "speculative and attenuated," thus Senate Bill 2175 is an
ex post facto law.
¶33. Senate Bill 2175 eliminates any possibility for parole for all offenders who are sentenced on or
after July 1, 1995, yet who committed their crimes before July 1, 1995, or whose suspended sentence
are revoked after June 30, 1995. Prior to the enactment of the bill, prisoners had the possibility for
parole after serving twenty-five (25%) of their sentence pursuant to Miss. Code Ann. § 47-7-3
(1993) or an inmate could obtain his release by serving fifty percent (50%) of their sentence pursuant
to the earned time provisions of Miss. Code Ann. § 47-5-138 (1993). By denying the opportunity for
parole, prior to serving eighty-five percent (85%) of his sentence, Senate Bill 2175 effectually
increases the "standard of punishment," Lindsey v. Washington, 301 U.S. 397, 401 (1937), or the
"quantum of punishment," Miller v. Florida, 482 U.S. 423, 434 (1987), is "more onerous than the
law in effect on the date of the offense," Weaver v. Graham, 450 U.S. 24, 30-31 (1981), makes
"more burdensome the punishment for a crime," Beazell v. Ohio, 269 U.S. 167, 169 (1925), and is
not a "most speculative and attenuated risk of increasing the measure of punishment attached to
covered crimes." California Dept. of Corrections v. Morales, 115 S. Ct. 1597, 1605 (1995).
CONCLUSION
¶34. Senate Bill 2175, as applied retroactively to the Appellees, has the effect of increasing the
punishment beyond what was prescribed when the crimes were committed. Accordingly, Senate Bill
2175, as applied to these Appellees, is ex post facto law in direct contravention of the United States
and Mississippi Constitutions.
¶35. AFFIRMED.
PRATHER, P.J., BANKS, McRAE, ROBERTS AND MILLS, JJ., CONCUR. SMITH, J.,
DISSENTS WITH SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION. LEE, C.J., PITTMAN, J., NOT
PARTICIPATING.
SMITH, JUSTICE, DISSENTING:
¶36. I dissented in Hill v. State, 659 So. 2d 547 (Miss. 1994), regarding whether Miss. Code Ann.
§ 99-19-105 (Supp. 1994) was an ex post facto law. In Hill, I proceeded with an analysis of the
United States Supreme Court opinions of Dobbert v. Florida, 432 U.S. 282, 292 (1977); Collins v.
Youngblood, 497 U.S. 37, 41 (1990); Lindsey v. Washington, 301 U.S. 397, 401 (1937); Miller v.
Florida, 482 U.S. 423 (1987); Weaver v. Graham, 450 U.S. 24 (1981); and California Dept. of
Corrections v. Morales, 115 S. Ct. 1597 (1995), to arrive at the conclusion that there was no ex post
facto violation. I therefore readopt that portion of my dissent in Hill, 659 So. 2d at 557-561, which I
find to be again on point and applicable to the case sub judice.
¶37. Senate Bill 2175 requires that eighty-five percent of a sentence be served and eliminates the
opportunity for parole that existed previously. Prior to passage of the law, most offenders convicted
of felonies and sentenced to terms of incarceration of one year or more were eligible for parole after
serving twenty-five percent of their sentence. Miss. Code Ann. § 47-7-3 (Supp. 1993). The majority
holds that "Senate Bill 2175, as applied retroactively to the Appellees, has the effect of increasing the
punishment beyond what was prescribed when the crimes were committed. Accordingly, the majority
holds that Senate Bill 2175, as applied to these Appellees, is an ex post facto law in direct
contravention of the United States and Mississippi Constitutions." I disagree and therefore dissent.
¶38. Senate Bill 2175 is not a violation of either the state or federal constitutions and therefore not ex
post facto. Criminal defendants who committed offenses prior to July 1, 1995, were merely allowed
the opportunity to take advantage of provisions for early release by way of earned release or parole
board review. Miss. Code Ann. § 47-5-138 and § 47-7-3. The definition of what constitutes criminal
conduct is not changed by Senate Bill 2175. Nor is the penalty by which a crime is punishable.
¶39. When a defendant is sentenced to custody of the Mississippi Department of Corrections
(MDOC), there is no guarantee that the inmate will be released on his earned time release date. The
projected release date is simply that, projected. It is clearly conditional upon several factors, i.e.,
good conduct and performance requirements which must be met to even be eligible for earned time.
The violation of MDOC rules definitely affects whether an inmate forfeits earned time. Miss. Code
Ann. § 47-5-138 (2). Therefore, the earned time release date is nothing but a projected, possible, and
"conditional" date which provides the opportunity for a inmate to take advantage of MDOC rules for
a possible early release.
¶40. An examination of Miss. Code Ann. § 47-7-3, which governs when a convicted felon appears
before a parole board for a hearing yields the same result. The statute makes it clear that if an inmate
has met several requirements they "may be released on parole." Miss. Code Ann. § 47-7-3(1). Thus,
parole board hearings are nothing more than possible or conditional means for an inmate who has
behaved and obeyed MDOC rules to be considered for early release. Again, no guarantees and
certainly no "retroactive altering of the definition of crimes or increase[d] . . . punishment for criminal
acts," as in Beazell v. Ohio, 269 U.S. 167, 169-170 (1925).
¶41. In California Dept. of Corrections v. Morales, 115 S.C.. 1597 (1995), Morales was allowed to
plead nolo contendere in 1980 to second-degree murder, despite a previous conviction for first-
degree murder. He was sentenced to fifteen years to life. The law in effect in 1980 at the time of
Morales' offense then entitled him to a mandatory parole hearing in 1989 and in each successive year
thereafter. California amended its parole statute in 1981 to delay parole hearings for multiple
murderers for up to three years. The Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals reversed the denial of Morales'
petition for habeas corpus but, the United States Supreme Court, revisiting Collins v. Youngblood,
497 U.S. 37, 41 (1990), declined to find an ex post facto violation. The Morales Court, in holding
that the amendment did not increase the punishment for the crime held that:
It left untouched his indeterminate sentence and the substantive formula for securing any
reductions to the sentencing range . . . . the amendment creates only the most speculative and
attenuated possibility of increasing the measure of punishment for covered crimes, and
such conjectural effects are insufficient under any threshold that might be established
under the Clause.
Morales 115 S. Ct. at 1602-03. (emphasis added).
¶42. Here, the majority accepts the Appellees' argument that Mississippi Code Ann. §99-19-105 (
Supp. 1994), constitutes an ex post facto law because their punishment is enhanced due to the
requirement that the innate must now serve eighty-five percent of their sentence before being
released, whereas previously they would have been eligible for parole. They claim that this causes
them to operate at a disadvantage. The majority fails to recognize the distinction between a legislative
change which produces some ambiguous sort of disadvantage or affects a prisoner's opportunity to
take advantage of early release provisions and one which alters the definition of criminal conduct or
increases the penalty by which a crime is punishable." Id., at 1602 n.3. An analysis of Morales and
the application of the Youngblood ex post facto inquiry by the United States Supreme Court clearly
dictates that the latter, not the former, situation produces an unconstitutional result.
¶43. The Supreme Court considered and distinguished Lindsey, Miller, and Weaver from Morales.
They may also be distinguished in the case at bar. There is no ex post facto violation. As I stated in
the Hill dissent, "the precedent decisions of Dobbert, Youngblood and Morales applied to the case
at bar, clearly indicate no vested right [of Abels, et al] was impaired that would constitute an Ex Post
Facto violation." Hill, at 561.
¶44. I respectfully dissent.