Charles Ray Crawford v. State of Mississippi

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI
NO. 94-DP-01016-SCT
CHARLES RAY CRAWFORD
v.
STATE OF MISSISSIPPI
DATE OF JUDGMENT: 04/23/94
TRIAL JUDGE: HON. R. KENNETH COLEMAN
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED: TIPPAH COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT: DAVID O. BELL
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE: OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL
BY: LESLIE S. LEE
DISTRICT ATTORNEY: JIM HOOD
NATURE OF THE CASE: CRIMINAL - DEATH PENALTY (DIRECT
APPEAL)
DISPOSITION: AFFIRMED - 03/12/98
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED: 3/26/98
MANDATE ISSUED: 6/25/98
EN BANC.
McRAE, JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:
¶1. To this Court Charles Crawford appeals his conviction and sentence of death for the death of
Kristy Ray in Tippah County, Mississippi in 1993. Finding no cause for reversal in any of Crawford's
assignments of error, we affirm his convictions for capital murder, rape, burglary and sexual battery
and their corresponding sentences, including the sentence of death by lethal injection.
PROCEDURAL HISTORY
¶2. Charles Ray Crawford was indicted in the Circuit Court of Tippah County, Mississippi, on
September 23, 1993, for the murder of Kristy D. Ray while engaged in the commission of the crime
of kidnaping in violation of Miss. Code Ann. § 97-3-19(2)(e); burglary of an occupied dwelling, in
violation of Miss. Code Ann. 97-17-21; rape, in violation of Miss. Code Ann. 97-3-65(2); and sexual
battery, in violation of Miss. Code Ann. 97-3-95(a). The indictment also alleged that Crawford
committed the above crimes as an habitual offender, as he previously had been convicted of assault
and rape under Miss. Code Ann. 97-3-19(2)(e).
¶3. Venue changed from Tippah County to the Circuit Court of Lafayette County, Mississippi. A jury
was seated on April 18, 1994. Crawford was found guilty of all counts on April 22, 1994. The jury
sentenced Crawford to life imprisonment for the rape. Prior to the sentencing phase of Crawford's
trial with respect to the capital murder conviction, the trial judge conducted a hearing and determined
Crawford to be an habitual offender as to counts I through III. The judge sentenced Crawford to
serve fifteen years without parole for his burglary conviction, life imprisonment without parole for his
rape conviction, and thirty years without parole for his sexual battery conviction, all to be served
consecutively without the benefit of parole. Following the sentencing by the judge, the jury heard
evidence and arguments in aggravation and mitigation of the sentence of death. The jury returned a
sentence of death for capital murder conviction on April 23, 1994. The judge set an execution date of
June 10, 1994. The execution of Crawford's death sentence has been stayed pending resolution of his
appeal of the four convictions, his habitual offender status, and his death sentence. He assigns the
following points of error:
I. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN REFUSING TO SUPPRESS CHARLES CRAWFORD'S
CONFESSION.
II. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN NOT REQUIRING THE PROSECUTION TO GIVE
NOTICE OF THE AGGRAVATING CIRCUMSTANCES IN A TIMELY MANNER PRIOR
TO TRIAL.
III. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN NOT ALLOWING THE DEFENSE TO VOIR DIRE
THE JURY WITH REGARD TO WHETHER THEY WOULD AUTOMATICALLY VOTE
FOR DEATH.
IV. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN NOT ALLOWING THE DEFENSE TO VOIR DIRE
THE JURY WHETHER THEY WOULD CONSIDER MITIGATION.
V. IT WAS ERROR FOR THE PROSECUTOR TO VOUCH FOR THE SUFFICIENCY OF
THE EVIDENCE DURING CLOSING ARGUMENT AT THE GUILTY PHASE OF THE
TRIAL.
VI. IT WAS ERROR FOR THE PROSECUTION TO VOUCH FOR THE EVIDENCE AT
THE SENTENCING PHASE OF THE TRIAL.
VII. THE PROSECUTOR ERRONEOUSLY ARGUED TO THE JURY THAT IT NEED
NOT CONSIDER MITIGATION AND COULD DISREGARD SYMPATHY IN TOTO IN
ITS DELIBERATIONS.
VIII. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN FAILING TO INSTRUCT THE JURY THAT THE
CRIME OF KIDNAPING REQUIRED THE ELEMENT OF ASPORTATION.
IX. THE TESTIMONY OF JULIE ANN COOPER CONCERNING THE LIKELIHOOD OF
THE DNA MATCH WAS ERROR.
X. THE INTRODUCTION OF VICTIM IMPACT TESTIMONY VIOLATED
CRAWFORD'S RIGHTS UNDER THE FEDERAL AND STATE CONSTITUTIONS.
XI. IT WAS ERROR FOR THE PROSECUTION TO ARGUE THAT THE JURY COULD
NOT CONSIDER THE MITIGATING CIRCUMSTANCE OF "WHETHER THE
CAPACITY OF THE DEFENDANT TO APPRECIATE THE CRIMINALITY OF HIS
CONDUCT. . . ." SINCE THE JURY HAD ALREADY DETERMINED THAT CRAWFORD
WAS SANE.
XII. THE INSTRUCTION PURPORTING TO DEFINE "ESPECIALLY HEINOUS,
ATROCIOUS OR CRUEL" WAS CONSTITUTIONALLY OVERBROAD.
XIII. THERE WAS INSUFFICIENT EVIDENCE TO SUPPORT A BEYOND-A-
REASONABLE-DOUBT FINDING OF "ESPECIALLY HEINOUS, ATROCIOUS OR
CRUEL."
XIV. SENTENCING INSTRUCTION 2-A IMPERMISSIBLY LIMITED THE JURY'S
CONSIDERATION OF MITIGATION.
XV. SENTENCING INSTRUCTION 2-A IMPERMISSIBLY SHIFTED THE BURDEN OF
PROOF FROM THE PROSECUTION TO THE DEFENDANT.
XVI. THE USE OF AN ELEMENT OF CAPITAL MURDER AS AN AGGRAVATING
CIRCUMSTANCE FAILS TO NARROW THE CLASS OF DEATH-ELIGIBLE
DEFENDANTS IN A CONSTITUTIONAL MANNER.
XVII. THE HABITUAL OFFENDER PORTION OF THE INDICTMENT WAS
INSUFFICIENT IN THAT IT FOLLOWED THE WORDS "AGAINST THE PEACE AND
DIGNITY OF THE STATE" IN VIOLATION OF SECTION 169 OF THE MISSISSIPPI
CONSTITUTION.
XVIII. THE DEATH PENALTY IS DISPROPORTIONATE IN THIS CASE GIVEN THE
EXTENT OF CRAWFORD'S MENTAL HEALTH PROBLEMS.
XIX. THE AGGREGATE ERROR IN THIS CASE REQUIRES REVERSAL OF THE
CONVICTION AND SENTENCE.
FACTS
¶4. On Friday, January 29, 1993, at approximately 12:30 p.m., twenty year old Kristy Ray went to
the bank where her mother worked. Kristy worked part-time at the Sunburst Bank, since she was
also a student at Northeast Mississippi Community College. At about 5:15 p.m, Kristy and her
mother, Mary Ray, left the bank, with plans to see each other later that night at their house in
Chalybeate, a community near Walnut, Mississippi.
¶5. Mary tried to call Kristy around 6:45 p.m, but received no answer. She assumed that Kristy was
visiting her boyfriend. Mary finally got to her house at about 7:00 p.m., but Kristy's car was not
there. When she walked into her house, Mary found a ransom note on a table. The note, which also
contained a crude map, read, "There will be a red flag somewhere on this block Tuesday, 12:00
midnight, fifteen thousand dollars in gym bag or she dies. No police." Mary noticed that Kristy had
left her purse, that Kristy's room was in disarray, and that the phone was dead.
¶6. Mary left the house and drove to Walnut, first stopping at the home of Kristy's boyfriend, Brian
Mathis. Not finding her there, she next went to the video rental store where Kristy worked on the
weekends; however, no one there had seen Kristy. From the video store, Mary called her husband,
Tommy Ray, and then she called 911 to report Kristy's disappearance to the Tippah County Sheriff's
Department. After conducting preliminary investigations, the Sheriff's Department contacted the FBI.
¶7. Mary returned home, noticing signs of forced entry. She found that a screen over a window in
Kristy's room had been cut out and that a stacking pallet had been left leaning against the house under
Kristy's window. Later Mary discovered that someone had been through one of the drawers in her
and her husband's bedroom.
¶8. Also on the day of Kristy's disappearance, Charles Crawford's family discovered a ransom note in
their attic that was similar to the one found by Mary Ray. Fearing that Crawford, who was due for
trial on the following Monday for assault and rape, might kidnap someone, Crawford's mother, wife,
and grandfather reported the note to William Fortier, the attorney representing Crawford on other
pending criminal charges. Fortier alerted the law enforcement officials investigating the facts
surrounding Kristy's disappearance. On the following day, Fortier's law clerk, Shawn Akins, met with
law enforcement officials and turned over some medical records; the officials were trying to
determine whether Crawford was capable of committing the crime against Kristy.
¶9. The local and federal authorities established a command post at the Chalybeate school on the
Saturday following Kristy's disappearance. Additionally, authorities stationed law enforcement
officers at the residence of Mr. Miles, Crawford's former father-in-law. Officers reported seeing
Crawford approaching the residence, and Officers Jim Wall and Sammy Pickens of the Mississippi
Highway Patrol proceeded to the place where Crawford was seen. At the scene were the sheriff of
Tippah County, his deputies, and several FBI agents. When Crawford finally returned to the
residence on Saturday, he was arrested, carrying a double-barrel shotgun and a switchblade.
¶10. Upon arrest, Crawford was transported by Wall and Pickens. Wall testified that in the car, he
asked Crawford if he recognized him, to which Crawford replied yes. Then he advised Crawford of
his Miranda rights. After Wall was done, Crawford asked something to the effect of "Why are you
asking me this," or "What is going on here." Crawford said that he didn't know Kristy personally, but
he knew her when he saw her. Wall testified that in the car, Crawford said that he thought his leg was
broken, but that he did not want to go to a hospital.
¶11. Originally, Officers Wall and Pickens were directed to take Crawford to the Tippah County Jail
in Ripley. They discussed taking Crawford to the hospital. While en route to the jail, they were
instructed to bring Crawford back to the command center in Chalybeate. They continued with
Crawford to Chalybeate.
¶12. Upon arrival at the command center, Officers Wall and Pickens turned Crawford over to Joseph
Jackson, the agent in charge of FBI operations in Mississippi. Jackson re-Mirandized Crawford, and
proceeded to interview Crawford with Agents Jim Maddock and Tom Bush. Crawford did not sign a
waiver of his rights, but he immediately responded to Jackson after being advised of his rights, saying
that he could not understand why the officers wanted to talk to him but that he would answer
questions. Crawford complained that he had not been doing anything and that his back was injured as
a result of falling into a well. During the interrogation, Crawford was allowed to lie prone on the
floor, to alleviate any back pain he might have been suffering. Initially, Crawford said that he had
been hunting. Jackson asked Crawford if Kristy was alive and Crawford began to cry, admitting that
Kristy was no longer alive. When asked, Crawford agreed to lead law enforcement to her body.
Jackson testified that the questioning of Crawford took about twenty minutes.
¶13. Crawford and law enforcement officials left the command center at about 8:00 on that Saturday
night. Crawford escorted law enforcement through extremely rugged terrain and thick woods.
Crawford actually led the search team. Crawford never complained about his back during the search.
The team reached a heavily wooded area covered with leaves, and Crawford indicated that Kristy
was there. When Kristy's body was found, Crawford asked investigators why they did not finish him
off. Kristy was found at approximately 9:48 p.m, approximately four hundred yards from an
abandoned barn (the Hopper Barn).
¶14. Officer Wall raked the leaves back to uncover Kristy's body. He found her hands were cuffed
behind her back around a small cedar sapling. A sock had been stuffed into her mouth, and a gag was
around her head to keep it in place. Kristy had not been blindfolded. Her jeans had been pulled down
below her hips.
¶15. Dr. Steven Hayne, a pathologist, testified that Kristy had suffered a single stab wound to her
chest. Kristy had multiple abrasions over the right and left lower extremities, as well as scrapes to the
skin on her back and buttocks. She also had scrapes on her face and chest, as well as contusions on
her lips and abrasions on her wrist. The wrist injuries were consistent with Kristy being handcuffed.
Hayne testified that the scrapes found on Kristy's buttocks and thigh occurred while Kristy was alive
and were consistent with injuries a person would receive while engaged in a fight or flight response.
He also testified that the injuries were consistent with Kristy being dragged along a hard surface,
possibly branches or twigs. The injuries were also consistent with those occurring on someone
attempting to avoid or resist a rape. The abrasions on Kristy's face and contusion on her lip were
consistent with her face being pressed against a hard surface, as opposed to being dragged. Hayne
testified that Kristy died from a large stab wound to the left mid-chest which punctured her heart and
left lung, causing extensive internal and external hemorrhaging. It took Kristy between one and two
minutes to die.
¶16. Hayne testified that the wound that caused Kristy's death could have been made by a Marine
Corps-style Ka-Bar knife. The wound itself measured one and one-quarter inches in width and four
and one-half inches in depth, corresponding with that knife. Kristy also suffered "multiple contusions
that measured up to approximately one centimeter which would be three-eighths of an inch about the
anal orifice," which suggested penetration of the anus.
¶17. On the Monday following his arrest and the location of Kristy's body, Crawford gave a more
detailed account of the kidnaping and murder to the FBI. Agent Newsom Summerlin of the FBI
conducted an interview of Crawford at the Union County Sheriff's Office with Lieutenant Steve
Williams of the Mississippi Highway Patrol. Summerlin testified that prior to the interview, Crawford
read an interrogation advice or rights form, and signed a waiver of those rights. Summerlin testified
that Crawford stated that he did not know Kristy but that he had seen her around the Walnut,
Mississippi area. Crawford also stated that he was worried about "an upcoming event" and wanted to
be alone, and that when he wanted to be alone, he went to the Hopper Barn. Crawford stated that in
the early morning of Friday, January 29, 1993, his mother, Johnny Ruth Smith, dropped him off along
Providence Road (near the Hopper Barn) to go hunting. He had an over-and-under double barrel
shotgun. Crawford also stated that he had a knife similar to a Marine Corps Ka-Bar knife and a .22
caliber revolver. Crawford said that he had been stockpiling food and drink at the Hopper Barn for
approximately one month, so when he got to the barn he had some cookies and a drink.
¶18. Crawford said that he was very concerned about his upcoming event, and he had considered
running away, but had no money. He also considered suicide, but could not bring himself to do it. He
stayed at the barn until midday, when he left to hunt and hike. After reaching an area he was not
familiar with, Crawford decided to build a fire, which he soon put out because he was concerned that
someone would see the smoke. It was at this point that Crawford claimed to have a blackout; he
stated that the next thing he remembered was being inside the Ray residence. Crawford said that
when he came out of the blackout, he heard someone crying in one of the back bedrooms of the
house. Kristy was on the floor of one of the rooms with her hands cuffed behind her back. Crawford
said that he put on a ski mask so that Kristy would not be able to identify him and asked Kristy where
the keys to her car were. Crawford stated that he took Kristy and put her in the car and drove away.
Crawford stated that he took Kristy from the house because he did not know what he was going to
do and figured it was better to take her with him.
¶19. Crawford denied writing or ever having seen the ransom note found by Mary Ray. Crawford
stated that Kristy was very upset when they left her house that Friday night, but as they drove around
and began talking, she began to calm down. He claimed that they drove around for about forty-five
minutes to an hour talking to each other. Crawford then abandoned the car and took Kristy out. She
was still handcuffed, and he still had the knife, revolver, and shotgun. He claimed that he removed the
handcuffs when she promised not to run away. The two of them walked back and forth along
Jonesburough Road, and Crawford decided that since it was getting cold, they should go to the
Hopper Barn and spend the night there.
¶20. Crawford stated that as they approached the barn, he fell into a sinkhole that came up to his
neck, tossing his shotgun away as he fell. He claimed that Kristy asked him if he was all right, picked
the shotgun up, and helped pull him out. Crawford claimed that he and Kristy had something to
drink, ate cookies, and huddled together in the barn for warmth and talked throughout the night.
¶21. Crawford said that the next morning, Saturday, he heard a police siren and thought he saw a
sheriff's office car coming away from his grandparents home, which was near the Hopper Barn. He
said that he told Kristy it was the law, and she tried to talk him into turning himself in. Crawford then
fled into the woods with his shotgun and knife.(1) He claimed that Kristy ran after him in order to try
and convince him to turn himself in to the authorities. He claimed that Kristy told him no one had
been hurt and she would help him if he turned himself in. He was concerned because he did not know
how he was going to explain abducting her. Crawford said that he felt low, and Kristy had more or
less convinced him to let her go.
¶22. Summerlin noted that until this time, Crawford said that he kept the ski mask on at all times
except when it was dark inside the barn and Kristy could not see his face. Crawford said that when
Kristy convinced him to let her go, he then took his mask off and Kristy allegedly recognized him as
someone she had seen around town. Then Crawford stated that as they began walking back to
Kristy's car, he gave Kristy the shotgun. Crawford claimed that at that point he had another blackout.
¶23. The next thing Crawford remembered was sitting on a stump in the woods wearing a T-shirt,
blue jeans, and no shoes. Kristy was lying at his feet, handcuffed behind her back, dead. He claimed
that she was fully clothed with one of his socks in her mouth. He then decided to hide the body and
dragged Kristy by her feet across the ground. This is how Crawford explained her pants and
underwear being pulled down and her shirt being pulled up. Then he covered her body with leaves, so
that no one would find the body. Crawford stated that he sat on the tree stump for a while and
thought about what he was going to do. He put his boots back on, retrieved his shotgun and knife
and headed back through the woods toward the Providence Road area. Crawford said that he knew
people were looking for him, but did not know why. When he neared Providence Road he saw a
patrol car, so he sat on the hillside hidden from view. When the patrol car left, he crossed the road
into another wooded area. Crawford claimed that he then fell into an abandoned well that was about
ten feet deep and had to use his knife to dig himself out.
¶24. Crawford continued toward his residence, a house belonging to his ex-father-in-law. As he
approached the house, he was arrested. After discussing with Summerlin that he realized that taking
Kristy was wrong, Crawford later stated that he originally denied any knowledge of Kristy's
disappearance to buy himself time to think about what he was going to do. Crawford also said that he
must have killed her, but could not remember doing so. He told Summerlin that he sometimes had
blackouts and could not control himself.
¶25. Stephen Thompson of the Mississippi Highway Patrol testified that clothing, bedding, handcuff
keys, a padlock with keys, ammunition, food and soft drinks were found in the Hopper Barn. Tim
Wilbanks testified that on February 7, 1993, volunteer searchers found a pair of shoes, men's briefs,
long john bottoms, and a T-shirt near where Kristy's body was found. Wilbanks stated that the shoes,
found between trees and shrubs, looked as if they had been thrown there, while the underwear and T-
shirt were found under a brush pile. Joe Foster testified that he later found a knife and a pistol in a
nylon holster in his field which is located approximately one-quarter mile from the Hopper Barn. Dick
Koster of the Walnut Police testified that he searched the area where the knife and gun were found
and discovered a belt with a Harley Davidson buckle with the name "Chuck" stamped on the back of
it. This belt was similar to one worn by Crawford, whose nickname is "Chuck." Crawford had
previously admitted to investigators that he owned a Marine Corps Ka-Bar knife and a Taurus .22
caliber revolver. The weapons and belt matched the descriptions Crawford gave investigators of the
ones he had on the day of Kristy's disappearance.
¶26. Joe Andrews, of the Mississippi Crime Lab, testified that hairs collected from the clothing found
in the Hopper Barn were compared with known samples of hair from Kristy Ray and found to exhibit
the same characteristics. Andrews also testified that hairs found on clothing recovered by Wilbanks
exhibited the same microscopic characteristics as pubic hairs taken from Crawford. Debbie Haller, a
forensic serologist with the Mississippi Crime Lab, testified that stains found on the briefs appeared
to be a mixture of blood and seminal fluid. The long johns also contained blood stains. The crime lab
could not determine the blood group type from these stains. Heller forwarded samples from the briefs
and long john bottoms to Cellmark Diagnostic Laboratories to conduct DNA testing, along with
known blood samples from Kristy Ray. A vaginal swab taken from Kristy's body determined the
presence of seminal fluid. Heller determined that Crawford could be included as a possible source of
the seminal fluid.
¶27. Cellmark Laboratories conducted DNA testing of the stains found on this evidence. Julie Ann
Cooper of Cellmark testified that DNA evidence extracted from the vaginal swab matched the known
DNA samples of Crawford. The mix of blood and semen found on the briefs was matched to Kristy
and Crawford. The bloodstain on the long johns also matched both Kristy and Crawford.
¶28. Crawford presented an insanity defense through the testimony of family members and Dr.
Stanley Russel, a psychiatrist with the Mississippi Department of Corrections. Russel treated
Crawford during the time he was housed at Parchman, from June of 1993. Russel testified that
Crawford suffered from depression and periods of time lapse about which he has no memory. Russel
diagnosed Crawford as a psychogenic amnesiac. Russel referred to the prior medical history of
Crawford, including medication prescribed by a psychiatrist when Crawford was ten, his
hospitalization in East Mississippi State Hospital in 1989, his hospitalization at a psychiatric facility in
Memphis in 1991 and two forensic evaluations at Whitfield. Crawford had been diagnosed with
bipolar disorder (manic depressive illness) in 1989, and he had been prescribed lithium, which seemed
to calm the moods of manic people. Russel also testified regarding Crawford's anger and resentment
as a child and his antisocial behavior as a teenager. Russel ultimately testified that in his opinion
Crawford satisfied "the M'Naghten test for not being criminally responsible for his actions as a result
of mental disorder that affected his reasoning to the point that he was not aware of the nature and
consequence of his behavior."
¶29. Rebuttal testimony was presented by Dr. Chris Lott, a clinical psychologist with the Mississippi
State Hospital. Lott testified that he saw no evidence that Crawford ever suffered from bipolar
illness, based on his review of the diagnosis at the East Mississippi State Hospital. Lott did not think
that Crawford had a disease of the mind, an illness, or major mental disorder. He testified that there
was nothing in Crawford's records to show that he was delusional or that he was suffering from
irrational belief or hearing voices. He also testified that Russel improperly diagnosed Crawford as a
psychogenic amnesiac because Crawford "appeared to be malingering his problems or memory
deficits." Lott stated that Crawford showed premeditation and that he knew the nature and the
quality of his actions and that he was able to distinguish between right and wrong.
¶30. Dr. Reb McMichael, a forensic psychiatrist with the Mississippi State Hospital, testified that
Crawford did not meet the requirements of M'Naghten at the time of the crime. McMichael stated
that psychogenic amnesia was a rare diagnosis and that in his opinion, Crawford did not have it.
McMichael believed that Crawford was planning an act and purposely concealed Kristy Ray's body
and that this showed that he knew the nature and quality of his act--that the act was wrong and that
he did not want to get caught.(2)
ANALYSIS
I. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN REFUSING TO SUPPRESS CHARLES CRAWFORD'S
CONFESSION.
¶31. Crawford argues that his statements made to F.B.I. agents and police on Saturday, January 30,
1993, should have been suppressed because: 1) his constitutional rights were violated when he was
interrogated outside the presence of his attorney; 2) his statements were involuntary in that he was in
great pain and law enforcement refused to obtain medical treatment for him until they had obtained a
confession; and 3) his statements were obtained with the assistance of illegally obtained and
privileged information (mental health reports obtained from Crawford's attorney without his consent).
Usually for this Court, determining whether a confession is admissible is a finding of fact which is not
disturbed unless the trial judge applied an incorrect legal standard, committed manifest error, or made
a decision contrary to the overwhelming weight of the evidence. Balfour v. State, 598 So. 2d 731,
742 (Miss. 1992). Crawford notes, however, and the State concedes, that the trial court did not make
specific factual findings regarding the admissibility of Crawford's confession. Therefore, this Court
must conduct an independent review of the totality of the circumstances discoverable in the entire
record in order to resolve the questioned validity of Crawford's confession. See Coverson v. State,
617 So. 2d 642, 647 (Miss. 1993); Holland v. State, 587 So. 2d 848, 860 (Miss. 1991).
A. The confession was taken in violation of Crawford's right to an attorney.
¶32. Crawford contends that law enforcement knew that he was represented by counsel and chose to
interrogate him outside the presence of his attorney anyway. In his statement of issues, Crawford
contends that admission of these confessional statements violated his Fifth and Sixth Amendment
rights to counsel. However, Crawford only addresses the Sixth Amendment claim in his brief.
Assignments of error unsupported by any meaningful argument or relevant authority need not be
addressed on appeal. Brown v. State, 690 So. 2d 276, 297 (Miss. 1996). Therefore, as to the Fifth
Amendment claim, Crawford is procedurally barred.
¶33. Crawford claims that the admission of his confession violated his Sixth Amendment right to
counsel. Determining whether a confession is admissible is a finding of fact which is usually not
disturbed by this Court unless the trial judge applied an incorrect legal standard, committed manifest
error, or made a decision contrary to the overwhelming weight of the evidence. Balfour, 598 So. 2d
at 742. However, as stated previously, the trial judge here did not make a specific finding of fact as to
the admissibility of Crawford's confession. Therefore, while this Court may rely on necessarily
implied findings, we are under no obligation to review under the manifest error standard.
¶34. Under the Mississippi Constitution, the Sixth Amendment "right to counsel 'attaches once the
proceedings reach the accusatory stage.'" Johnson v. State, 631 So. 2d 185, 187-88 (Miss. 1994)
(citation omitted). The right to counsel, both federal and state varieties, attaches at the point in time
when the initial appearance under Rule 1.04 of the Uniform Rules ought to have been held. Morgan
v. State, 681 So. 2d 82, 90 (Miss. 1996). As is the case with the Fifth Amendment right to counsel, a
defendant's Sixth Amendment rights are not violated by questioning in the absence of his attorney
unless the defendant has asserted his right to an attorney. Wilcher v. State, 697 So. 2d 1087, 1096
(Miss. 1997).
¶35. Though it is not particularly clear from the appellant's brief, Crawford could be making one of
two arguments under the Sixth Amendment. First, Crawford may be arguing that because he was
represented by Fortier in another proceeding, he was not to be questioned outside the presence of
Fortier. At the time of the interrogation, Randy Fortier represented Crawford for a pending rape and
assault trial, which was not connected with the disappearance of Kristy Ray. Fortier's representation
did not yet extend to the offense of kidnaping. The Sixth Amendment right is offense-specific; it
cannot be invoked once for all future prosecutions. Mack v. State, 650 So. 2d 1289, 1316 (Miss.
1994); Balfour, 598 So. 2d at 746. Therefore, Crawford cannot rely on the invocation of his right to
counsel pursuant to previous charges of rape and assault.
¶36. It is more likely that Crawford is arguing that because he was arrested without a warrant, his
proceedings had reached an accusatory stage and his Sixth Amendment right to counsel had attached.
"Once the right to counsel has attached and been asserted, the State must of course honor it."
Morgan, 681 So. 2d at 90 (emphasis added). Although there is debate between the parties as to
when the accusatory stage began so as to jumpstart Crawford's right to counsel, we feel that this
determination is not germane to the disposition of the issue. As was addressed previously, there is a
conflict of testimony as to whether Crawford invoked his right to counsel. Because the trial court
made a general determination of admissibility rather than a specific finding of fact, we find that the
trial court did not err in admitting the confessional statement. Accordingly, Crawford's argument
regarding violation of his Sixth Amendment right to counsel is without merit.
B. The evidence shows that the confession was coerced from Crawford by denying him
medical treatment.
¶37. The next sub-issue raised by Crawford is whether his confession was coerced, based on a law
enforcement refusal to give him medical treatment for his back. The standard of review in such cases
is the same as that applied above. "[O]nce the trial judge has determined, at a preliminary hearing,
that a confession is admissible, the defendant/appellant has a heavy burden in attempting to reverse
that decision on appeal." Sills v. State, 634 So. 2d 124, 126 (Miss. 1994)(citation omitted). "Such
findings are treated as findings of fact made by a trial judge sitting without a jury as in any other
context. As long as the trial judge applied the correct legal standards, his decision will not be
reversed on appeal unless it is manifestly in error, or is contrary to the overwhelming weight of the
evidence." Foster v. State, 639 So. 2d 1263, 1281 (Miss. 1994) (citations omitted). "Where, on
conflicting evidence, the court makes such findings, this Court generally must affirm." Lesley v.
State, 606 So. 2d 1084, 1091 (Miss. 1992) (citations omitted).
¶38. The general rule is that for a confession to be admissible it must have been given voluntarily, and
not as the result of any promises, threats or other inducements. The burden is on the prosecution to
prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the confession was voluntary. The "burden is met and a prima
facie case made out by testimony of an officer, or other persons having knowledge of the facts, that
the confession was voluntarily made without any threats, coercion, or offer of reward." Chase v.
State, 645 So. 2d 829, 838 (Miss. 1994) (citation omitted).
¶39. The instant case is distinguishable from Mincey v. Arizona, 437 U.S. 385 (1978), cited by
Crawford. In Mincey, there was clear, undisputed indication that the defendant wanted a lawyer. Id.
at 399. Further, the defendant was "depressed almost to the point of coma." Id. at 398. Mincey had
partial paralysis of one hip, wore breathing tubs, a catheter, and an IV, and was under the influence of
medication. Id. at 396. As Crawford correctly states, evidence that the defendant was in pain during
the interrogation does not, by itself, render the defendant's confession involuntary. See Wheeler v.
State, 536 So. 2d 1347, 1349 (Miss. 1988); Gavin v. State, 473 So. 2d 952, 955 (Miss. 1985);
Bullock v. State, 391 So. 2d 601, 605-06 (Miss. 1980).
¶40. Crawford testified at the suppression hearing that at the time of his arrest, he was walking with a
shotgun as a crutch, because he had hurt himself. He said that he "had stepped through a dry well and
fell through some tin." Crawford testified that there was some debate as to whether he should be
taken to the hospital before he was taken to the Chalybeate School. He gave his interview while lying
on the floor because he "could not sit up in the chair," and told the authorities of the fact that he was
in pain. Crawford testified that the authorities told him "that the quicker we got this over with the
quicker we could get out of there and go on, you know, whatever attention I needed, you know,
could be taken care of."
¶41. Agent Jackson testified that Crawford mentioned that he had hurt his back when he first entered
the interrogation room at the Chalybeate School. Jackson asked Crawford if he would be more
comfortable lying on the floor, and Crawford responded that he would. He also denied that law
enforcement threatened or inferred that they would withhold medical treatment from Crawford unless
he talked and answered questions. Jackson's testimony was echoed by Agents Summerlin, Williams,
and Bush. Agent Maddock testified that he did not recall Crawford ever asking for medical
assistance.
¶42. In the case at hand, all officers who witnessed Crawford's statement testified that it was
voluntarily given. They specifically denied refusing Crawford medical treatment until he gave his
statement. Therefore, the State made a prima facie showing that Crawford's statement was voluntary.
Again, although the judge made no specific finding of facts regarding the admissibility of Crawford's
confession, in light of the conflicting evidence, this Court will rely on the findings implied by the trial
court's ruling. Saucier v. State, 562 So. 2d 1238, 1244 (Miss. 1990). Since it cannot be said that the
trial court erred, Crawford's arguments on this point are without merit. Hunter v. State, 684 So. 2d
625, 633 (Miss. 1996).
C. The confession was coerced from Crawford by law enforcement using information that
was obtained in violation of Crawford's rights and is thus inadmissible as fruit of the
poisonous tree.
¶43. Crawford also asserts that F.B.I. agent Newsom Summerlin went to Randy Fortier's law office
and obtained Crawford's mental health records from a law student working for Fortier. Further, prior
to Crawford's arrest, F.B.I. agent Joe Jackson read the mental health records and consulted with an
F.B.I. behavioral science expert about techniques for obtaining a confession from persons with
Crawford's psychological profile.
¶44. Crawford now alleges that his mental health records were taken from his lawyer without
Crawford's consent, thereby making them illegally obtained. Crawford argues further that the use of
illegally obtained material to extract a confession from him renders his confession illegal as well. The
State argues that the records were not confidential and that the evaluations of Crawford were done in
anticipation of his rape and assault trial, thus meaning that discovery of the records was inevitable.
¶45. Crawford claims that his mental health records were subject to the attorney/client privilege
under the Mississippi Rules of Evidence, Rule 502(b). That rule reads as follows:
A client has a privilege to refuse to disclose and to prevent any other person from disclosing
confidential communications made for the purpose of facilitating the rendition of professional
legal services to the client (1) between himself or his representative and his lawyer or his
lawyer's representative, (2) between his lawyer and the lawyer's representative, (3) by him or his
representative or his lawyer or a representative of the lawyer to a lawyer or a representative of a
lawyer representing another party in a pending action and concerning a matter of common
interest therein, (4) between representatives of the client or between the client and a
representative of the client, or (5) among lawyers and their representatives representing the
same client.
Miss. R. Evid. 502(b). Confidential communications are those "not intended to be disclosed to third
persons other than those to whom disclosure is made in furtherance of the rendition of professional
legal services to the client or those reasonably necessary for the transmission of the communication."
Miss. R. Evid. 502(a)(5).
¶46. Crawford's mental health records are not a part of the record on appeal. A party seeking reversal
of the judgment of a trial court must present this Court with an adequate record to show that
reversible error has been committed. Chase, 645 So. 2d at 845; Hansen v. State, 592 So. 2d 114,
127 (Miss. 1991); Smith v. State, 572 So. 2d 847, 849 (Miss. 1990). This Court has stated, "[W]e
know of no authority for pretermitting the requirement of a record reflecting the error." Queen v.
Queen, 551 So. 2d 197, 199 (Miss. 1989). If the mental health records released by Crawford's
attorney contained disclosures made to a mental health professional in preparation of Crawford's
defense, then the records may be privileged. However, if Fortier released records that only showed
Crawford's prior confinement to a state hospital, the records may not be privileged. Either way, this
Court would need the actual mental health records to determine whether the attorney-client privilege
protected them from disclosure. Presently, the Court has no basis on which to conclude that
Crawford's records were confidential.
¶47. Even if the records were privileged, however, Crawford's rights were not violated when his
attorney turned the records over to law enforcement. Although Fortier did not testify at the pretrial
hearing, he did testify at the trial.
Q: Okay. And what if anything happened that caused you to relinquish or to well to relinquish
that representation?
Fortier: The case, the cases that I had been retained to represent Mr. Crawford on concerned
some criminal cases in the circuit court of Tippah County. These cases were set for trial on
Tuesday, on Friday I believe or the week before these cases were to go to trial I received a
phone call early Friday morning from Mr. Crawford's mother telling me that something urgent
had come up; that she needed to talk to me. At that point in time I made arrangements for her
to come to the office and meet with me. She came to the office with I believe it was Mr.
Crawford's wife Gail and also with Mr. Crawford's grandfather Mr. John Lee Montgomery and
at that time they told me certain things and information that related to this case that is being
tried today. From that point it put me in a very difficult situation from the standpoint that I was
representing Mr. Crawford and of course there was an attorney client privilege and I had to
represent his rights but at this point in time it with the possibility with the possibility of another
crime being committed I had a duty to tell them what knowledge I had about this and because
of the conflicts of interest that was created arising out of this situation I didn't have any choice
to but to withdraw as Mr. Crawford's attorney in the previous cases.
According to this testimony, Fortier, in good faith, believed that Crawford may have been committing
a crime. Although Fortier did not personally turn over any of Crawford's medical records to the
police, the relationship between Fortier and Crawford extended to Fortier's law clerk, Shawn Akins.
Miss. R. Evid. 502(a)(4). See also Miss. Rules of Professional Conduct, Rule 5.3 (c). Akins actually
turned over Crawford's records. Fortier testified that he remembered telling Akins that the attorney
client privilege existed but a serious crime had been committed. Pursuant to Rule 1.6 of the
Mississippi Rules of Professional Conduct, neither Fortier nor Akins can be faulted for providing
Crawford's mental health records to law enforcement officials. Assuming that the records were
privileged and confidential, Rule 1.6(b)(1) states that a lawyer may reveal such confidential
information to the extent the lawyer reasonably believes necessary "to prevent the client from
committing a criminal act." Therefore, since the records were not obtained illegally, Crawford's
confession (which may or may not have resulted from use of the mental records) was not illegal on
this basis. This assignment of error is without merit.
D. Conclusion
¶48. The confession taken from Crawford by law enforcement officials was not coerced and did not
violate his constitutional rights or the attorney-client privilege. Therefore, the confession was
admissible. The trial court did not err in denying Crawford's motion to suppress, and assignment of
error I is without merit.
II. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN NOT REQUIRING THE PROSECUTION TO GIVE
NOTICE OF THE AGGRAVATING CIRCUMSTANCES IN A TIMELY MANNER PRIOR
TO TRIAL.
¶49. Three months before his trial began, Crawford filed a motion requesting that the prosecution
give timely notice of the aggravating circumstances it was seeking in support of the death penalty.
The trial court ordered that such notice would be given with the filing of the jury instruction twenty-
four hours prior to trial. Crawford now alleges that this notice was insufficient and that the failure to
require adequate disclosure of aggravating circumstances was error.
¶50. This Court has stated:
[w]e believe that the fact that our capital murder statute lists and defines to some degree the
possible aggravating circumstances surely refutes the appellant's contention that he had
inadequate notice. Anytime an individual is charged with murder, he is put on notice that the
death penalty may result. And, our death penalty statute clearly states the only aggravating
circumstances which may be relied upon by the prosecution in seeking the ultimate punishment.
Williams v. State, 445 So. 2d 798, 804-05 (Miss. 1984). This Court found that defendant Williams
received adequate notice. Id. at 805.
¶51. Upon indictment, Crawford knew that the State was charging him with capital murder
predicated on the underlying felony of kidnaping. Further, he was aware that the State would be
seeking the death penalty. The docket entry sheet reflects that the State filed its jury instructions on
February 9, 1994, one week after the preliminary hearing in which Crawford complained that he had
not received notice, and over two months before trial. Therefore, despite the trial court's instruction
that the State be required to give notice twenty-four hours prior to trial, here Crawford had sufficient
notice of the aggravating circumstances sought by the State. Pursuant to Williams v. State, supra,
then, Crawford received adequate notice of the aggravating circumstances. Accordingly, this
assignment of error is without merit.
III. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN NOT ALLOWING THE DEFENSE TO VOIR DIRE
THE JURY WITH REGARD TO WHETHER THEY WOULD AUTOMATICALLY VOTE
FOR DEATH.
IV. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN NOT ALLOWING THE DEFENSE TO VOIR DIRE
THE JURY WHETHER THEY WOULD CONSIDER MITIGATION.
¶52. Crawford alleges that he was not allowed to fully voir dire the jury as to whether they would
automatically vote to impose the death penalty or whether they would consider mitigating evidence.
¶53. Voir dire is conducted under the supervision of the trial court, and a great deal must, of
necessity, be left to its sound discretion. Ballenger v. State, 667 So. 2d 1242, 1250-51 (Miss. 1995).
This Court has directed that, notwithstanding a prospective juror's scruples, the trial court "should
inquire further whether the juror would follow its instructions and a fair verdict render according to
the law and the evidence." Hansen, 592 So. 2d at 128. This Court similarly has directed the trial
court to take a substantial role in conducting Witherspoon voir dire of potential jurors in capital
cases. See Hansen, 592 So. 2d at 128-29; Lockett v. State, 517 So. 2d 1317, 1335 (Miss.1987);
Gray v. State, 472 So. 2d 409, 421 (Miss.1985), rev'd on other grounds, 481 U.S. 648 (1987).
¶54. The issue argued by Crawford about whether the prospective jurors would automatically vote to
impose the death penalty is the reverse of that propounded in Witherspoon v. Illinois, 391 U.S. 510(1968), and its progeny, where it was held that a juror who would never vote for the death penalty
regardless of circumstances or what instructions of law were given is not impartial and should be
removed for cause. The United States Supreme Court in Morgan v. Illinois, 504 U.S. 719 (1992),
held that the trial court erred in refusing to ask whether a potential juror would automatically impose
the death penalty upon finding the defendant guilty. It is logical that the Circuit Court should take a
similar role when conducting reverse Witherspoon voir dire.
¶55. Regarding Witherspoon voir dire, Crawford points to one instance in which his attorney
attempted to question the potential jurors about whether they would automatically vote for the death
penalty.
Pannell: Is there anyone else that believes that a person who is found guilty of capital murder
that is a murder committed in the commission of another crime, which in this case is alleged to
be kidnaping should automatically get the death penalty if they are found guilty other than the
people that responded none of you think that that ought to be automatic. Let me add in are
there any of you that feel that the death penalty ought to be automatic and the situation where
someone kills another after committing or during committing a sexual assault; would that
change if we add that to the equation; does anyone think that that should bring an automatic
death penalty?
Little: Object to the form of the question, Your Honor, process of aggravation in mitigation not
just the way its. [sic]
The Court: Rephrase your question. I think your [sic] in the right area rephrase your question.
Pannell: Is there anybody here, well let me preface this; you have been told that if there is a
penalty phase in this trial that Mr. Crawford is found guilty that you will be asked to impose the
death penalty. That your alternative to that will in this case be life without the possibility of
parole. And that the State will argue and perhaps put on evidence as to certain aggravating
factors and in other words things that tend to show that the crime was worse that would tend to
show that the Defendant deserved more punishment and that the Defendant would be allowed
to put on proof in mitigation in other words evidence that even though he were guilty of the act
charged that there were other things that acted to or that would act to show or give you an
opportunity to consider mercy in this case.
Little: Object to that, Your Honor.
Pannell: Is there any one here--
Little: Excuse me, I object to the mercy part. Know where he is trying to go but that is not the
right way to do it.
The Court: Objection sustained. Rephrase your question.
Pannell: Is there anyone here that because they had sat on a jury and decided that Mr. Crawford
was guilty of the crime of all of the crimes charged that would not listen to this mitigating
evidence that would not apply it. Now I know that two of you have said that you just couldn't
do that. That if he was found guilty that you would automatically vote for the death penalty and
it didn't matter what the mitigation showed. Is there anybody here that could not look at the
mitigation and give it weight in terms of the sentencing phase of this trial. And if I had asked the
question in a different way would your answers could it have to be depends on what it is. Is
there any of you who would refuse to consider a mitigating factor that Mr. Crawford's family
did in fact care about him and love him? Is there any of you that would refuse to consider a
mitigating factor if shown to you that Mr. Crawford had made some type of satisfactory
adjustment to life in prison? Is there any of you that would refuse to consider.
Little: Your Honor, if I could. I don't know if it's proper for voir dire to go down the possible
list of the mitigation circumstances. I know we could not ask them on our voir dire.
The Court: I think you covered by asking if they would consider mitigating circumstances. I
think you have very capably done that. I think you are correct it would be form of the proof the
instructions but I think you have asked whatever.
Even though Crawford alleges that the trial judge's rulings amounted to a refusal to allow the defense
to adequately question the venire during voir dire, the trial judge did not err. The trial judge himself
conducted voir dire regarding whether the venire would automatically vote to impose the death
penalty or automatically vote not to impose the death penalty. Therefore, under Ballenger, the trial
judge conducted sufficient questioning, and combined with the individual examination of jurors, voir
dire of the venire was sufficient as to whether anyone would automatically vote to impose death. The
trial judge also conducted voir dire in relation to evidence of mitigation while inquiring in regards to
automatic imposition of the death penalty. The trial judge told defense attorney Pannell that he had
already asked if they would consider mitigating circumstances, which Pannell had done. The
defendant is entitled to ask whether the potential jurors would consider mitigating circumstances, and
here the defense attorney was not precluded from doing so.(3) Assignments of error III and IV are
without merit.
V. IT WAS ERROR FOR THE PROSECUTOR TO VOUCH FOR THE SUFFICIENCY OF
THE EVIDENCE DURING CLOSING ARGUMENT AT THE GUILTY PHASE OF THE
TRIAL.
¶56. Crawford contends that during the closing argument in the guilt phase of his trial, District
Attorney Little asked the jury to vote guilty based on the fact that this was a case, unlike others the
district attorney had tried, where there was plenty of evidence. Therefore, Crawford insists that the
argument constituted improper vouching for the sufficiency of the evidence. No contemporaneous
objection to the prosecutor's statement was raised by the defense counsel. Therefore, the error is
procedurally barred. "Counsel may not sit idly by making no protest as objectionable evidence is
admitted, and then raise the issue for the first time on appeal." Davis v. State, 684 So. 2d 643, 658
(Miss. 1996).
VI. IT WAS ERROR FOR THE PROSECUTION TO VOUCH FOR THE EVIDENCE AT
THE SENTENCING PHASE OF THE TRIAL.
¶57. Crawford alleges that the prosecutor improperly vouched for evidence in the sentencing phase of
his trial. Crawford contends that during closing argument in the sentencing phase, the district
attorney impermissibly characterized himself as an unpaid volunteer for the people of the State and
described why he thought the death penalty was proper in this case. Crawford believes that the
prosecutor's argument told the jury that "it should base a finding of especially heinous, atrocious, or
cruel, on the prosecutor's assurances that this was one of the most deserving of that appellation out
of the eight hundred cases a year that are processed through the District Attorney's office." Once
again, however, defense counsel failed to make a contemporaneous objection to the prosecution's
arguments. Therefore, the issue is procedurally barred. Davis, 684 So. 2d at 663.
VII. THE PROSECUTOR ERRONEOUSLY ARGUED TO THE JURY THAT IT NEED
NOT CONSIDER MITIGATION AND COULD DISREGARD SYMPATHY IN TOTO IN
ITS DELIBERATIONS.
¶58. Crawford alleges that during closing argument of the sentencing phase, the district attorney told
the jury that it should not consider sympathy for the defendant's family in determining the appropriate
sentence. Again, for failure to contemporaneously object, this assignment of error is procedurally
barred. In Hansen v. State this Court held, "We find in the record no defense objection to either of
these arguments. Given the wide latitude generally available counsel in closing argument, we hold
Hansen's failure to object leaves the points waived and requiring no further consideration." Hansen,
592 So.2d at 139-40. (citations omitted). Likewise, in Foster, 639 So. 2d at 1289, this Court held
that the defendant was procedurally barred from challenging remarks made by the prosecution during
closing argument when the record demonstrated that the defendant did not lodge a contemporaneous
objection at trial. See also Davis v. State, 660 So. 2d 1228, 1245-46 (Miss. 1995). Accordingly, this
assignment of error is procedurally barred.
VIII. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN FAILING TO INSTRUCT THE JURY THAT THE
CRIME OF KIDNAPING REQUIRED THE ELEMENT OF ASPORTATION.
¶59. Crawford argues that Instruction S-6 was erroneous in that it instructed the jury on the
underlying felony of kidnaping as it applied to the capital murder charge, but failed to contain the
necessary element of asportation. Crawford's claim is procedurally barred. Davis, 684 So. 2d at 663.
Not only did Crawford's counsel not object to the instruction given, he also stated, "That is a fair
statement of the law." This assignment of error has no merit.
IX. THE TESTIMONY OF JULIE ANN COOPER CONCERNING THE LIKELIHOOD OF
THE DNA MATCH WAS ERROR.(4)
¶60. Crawford argues that the trial judge erred in permitting the jury to hear expert testimony
regarding the likelihood of a DNA match as calculated by the product rule method on the grounds
that a product rule calculation was not applicable. The defendant does not now question the general
admissibility of DNA evidence. Therefore, Crawford argues that the depositing of the samples of
Kristy's blood and Crawford's semen were not independent events and the odds of Kristy's DNA
matching blood on the briefs and the odds of Crawford's semen matching semen on the briefs should
not have been subject to the product rule. The State responds that Crawford's current argument is
procedurally barred because it was not the basis of Crawford's objection to Forman's testimony at
trial. Alternatively, the State argues that Forman's testimony was wholly proper.
¶61. Crawford relies solely on People v. Collins, 438 P.2d 33 (Cal. 1968), for the proposition that
the application of the product rule to this case was erroneous, since "the occurrence of Kristy Ray's
DNA on an item and the occurrence of the perpetrator's DNA being on an item are not traits
independent of each other." In his motion in limine to prevent introduction of DNA evidence,
Crawford criticized the use of the product rule and the statistics used to explain the meaning of a
"match" produced by Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) testing. Indeed, two
population geneticists, among others, have asserted that the product rule is flawed because it rests on
the assumption that major population groups, such as Caucasians and Blacks, mate randomly across
groups. They contended that, in fact, members of subgroups tend to mate within their own subgroup,
resulting in population substructuring, which, in turn, alters the gene frequencies and renders
estimates obtained through the product rule invalid. R.C. Lewontin and Daniel L. Hartl, "Population
Genetics in Forensic DNA Typing", Science, vol. 254, Dec. 20, 1991, at 1745-50.(5)
¶62. As part of its presentation of DNA evidence, the prosecution called Lisa Forman, a population
geneticist, to testify about the likelihood of Crawford's DNA matching the DNA found on the
clothing of the victim.
Forman: A status tissue or population geneticist would say the likelihood that a random person
who was not those two people but a random person would match would be approximately one
in five hundred thousand per set of samples. So each situation is unique. The fact that Kristy
Ray matches this set of samples over here that is one in five hundred thousand of and by itself.
And the fact that Charles Crawford matches this set of samples over here, that's one in five
hundred thousand of and by itself using the modified ceiling method. The fact that they both
match a set of crime scene samples in which both people were for whatever other reasons
appear to have been involved is now something that you might wish to consider statistically
together.
Robinson: Is there an accepted method of doing that, combining the items and comparing those
numbers together?
Forman: Well if they are truly independent you could multiply by five hundred thousand by five
hundred thousand and come up with some extraordinary number but you would have to
determine whether or not they were both truly independent events first.
When asked whether the odds of Kristy Ray's and Crawford's DNA matching off the same exhibit
would be greater than one in five hundred thousand if the long johns and briefs were added together,
Forman responded, "If again those are independent events you would be multiplying those
frequencies and the more you multiply small numbers together the smaller those numbers become and
the more rare an event is likely to happen by chance alone."
¶63. It is well settled that the determination of the admissibility of expert witness testimony rests
within the sound discretion of the trial judge. In Polk v. State, 612 So. 2d 381, 393 (Miss.1992), this
Court held that evidence of a DNA match using RFLP analysis was admissible. In Polk, the trial
court refused to admit population statistics, and this Court did not discuss on appeal the admissibility
of those statistics because of that ruling. Id. at 390. However, this Court did mention that an expert's
testimony as to those statistics went to the credibility of the testimony. Id. at 393.
¶64. Recently, this Court had another opportunity to pass upon the propriety of DNA evidence. In
Hull v. State, 687 So. 2d 708, 727 (Miss. 1996), the defendant argued that evidence of a DNA match
should not have been admitted unless reasonable probability estimates were also admitted. This Court
held "that where the trial court finds that evidence of a DNA match is admissible as relevant, the
court should also allow scientific statistical evidence which shows the frequency with which the
match might occur in the given population." Id. at 728.
¶65. In the instant case, the trial court denied Crawford's motion in limine regarding presentation of
DNA evidence. This constituted a finding that the DNA testimony from Forman was admissible as
relevant, pursuant to Frye v. United States, 293 F. 1013 (D.C. Cir. 1923)(6). As such, it was proper
for Forman to give statistics to show the frequency with which a match might occur in the general
population. Further, contrary to Crawford's allegation, the jury was not instructed to apply the
product rule to the DNA match statistics. As Forman's testimony shows, before the product rule
could be applied, a determination would have to be made that the events (the occurrence of Ray's
DNA and Crawford's DNA together on two different items) were independent of each other. No
evidence was elicited to show that such a determination had been made, so the jury could not have
made such a leap. More importantly, Forman testified regarding the "modified ceiling" method of
working through the population genetics models, as recommended by the National Research Council,
unlike the professor of mathematics in People v. Collins, who showed no evidence to sustain his
individual probability factors. This Court has concluded that the DNA methodology employed by
population geneticists, if conducted properly, satisfies the Frye standard. The trial court here
considered the DNA analysis in light of Frye and found the evidence of DNA matching admissible. In
light of that finding, it cannot be said that the trial court manifestly erred.
X. THE INTRODUCTION OF VICTIM IMPACT TESTIMONY VIOLATED
CRAWFORD'S RIGHTS UNDER THE FEDERAL AND STATE CONSTITUTIONS.
¶66. Crawford's tenth assignment of error alleges that the trial court improperly allowed victim
impact testimony in violation of the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments and the Mississippi
Constitution. During the sentencing phase of the trial, the prosecution called Mary Ray, the mother of
Kristy Ray, to the stand to talk about the impact of Kristy's death on her and her husband.
¶67. "Victim impact statements are those which describe the victim's personal characteristics, the
emotional effect of the crimes on the victim's family, and the family's opinions of the crimes and the
defendant." Wells v. State, 698 So. 2d 497, 512 (Miss. 1997). This Court adopted the opinion of the
United States Supreme Court in Payne v. Tennessee, 501 U.S. 808 (1991), that the Eighth
Amendment does not bar victim impact evidence and prosecutorial argument during the penalty
phase of a capital trial. Conner v. State, 632 So. 2d 1239, 1276-77 (Miss.1993), cert. denied, 513
U.S. 927 (1994); Jenkins v. State, 607 So. 2d 1171, 1183 (Miss.1992); Hansen, 592 So. 2d at 146-
47. "A State may legitimately conclude that evidence about the victim and about the impact of the
murder on the victim's family is relevant to the jury's decision as to whether or not the death penalty
should be imposed." Jenkins, 607 So. 2d at 1183.
¶68. This Court has determined that victim impact evidence, if relevant, is admissible in the
sentencing stage. Davis, 684 So. 2d at 661. This Court has also held that evidence about the
characteristics of the victim is relevant to the crime charged. "The evidence offered was proper and
necessary to a development of the case and true characteristics of the victim and could not serve in
any way to incite the jury." Jenkins, 607 So. 2d at 1183 (finding that evidence that victim was a
mother, that she was a wife of four years, and that she was shy and did not like to wear dresses
because they exposed her legs was relevant). Therefore, the evidence about the impact of Kristy
Ray's death on her family was properly admitted. Wilcher, 697 So. 2d at 1104.
XI. IT WAS ERROR FOR THE PROSECUTION TO ARGUE THAT THE JURY COULD
NOT CONSIDER THE MITIGATING CIRCUMSTANCE OF "WHETHER THE
CAPACITY OF THE DEFENDANT TO APPRECIATE THE CRIMINALITY OF HIS
CONDUCT. . . ." SINCE THE JURY HAD ALREADY DETERMINED THAT CRAWFORD
WAS SANE.
¶69. Crawford contends that during closing argument of the sentencing phase, the prosecutor told the
jury that it could not consider the mitigating circumstance of whether the capacity of the defendant to
appreciate the criminality of his conduct and conform his conduct to the law was impaired. No
contemporaneous objection was made to the alleged suggestion by the prosecutor, so the issue is
procedurally barred. Davis, 684 So. 2d at 663.
XII. THE INSTRUCTION PURPORTING TO DEFINE "ESPECIALLY HEINOUS,
ATROCIOUS OR CRUEL" WAS CONSTITUTIONALLY OVERBROAD.
¶70. Crawford complains that the instruction given by the trial court on the "heinous, atrocious or
cruel" (HAC) aggravating circumstance was unconstitutionally overbroad. The instruction
complained of, Sentencing Instruction 2-A, read as follows:
The court instructs the jury that considering whether the capital offense was especially heinous
atrocious, or cruel, heinous means outrageously wicked and shockingly; atrocious means
outrageously wicked and vile; and cruel means designed to inflict a high degree of pain with
indifference to or even enjoyment of the suffering of others.
An especially heinous, atrocious or cruel capital offense is one accompanied by such additional
acts as to set the crime apart from the norm of murders--the conscienceless or pitiless crime
which is unnecessarily torturous to the victim.
If you find from the evidence beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant utilized a method of
killing which caused serious mutilation, or that there was dismemberment of the body prior to
death, or that the defendant inflicted physical or mental pain before death, or that there was
mental torture or aggravation before death, or that a lingering or torturous death was suffered
by the victim then you may find this aggravating circumstance.
¶71. This Court has repeatedly held that this exact narrowing instruction on the "heinous, atrocious
and cruel" aggravator satisfies constitutional requirements. Lester, 692 So. 2d at 797-98 (Miss.
1997); Jackson v. State, 684 So. 2d 1213, 1236-37 (Miss. 1996); Carr v. State, 655 So. 2d 824,
851-52 (Miss. 1995); Conner, 632 So. 2d at 1269-71; Jenkins, 607 So. 2d at 1181-82. This Court
will not reverse Crawford's conviction and sentence on an argument consistently found to be
ineffective.
XIII. THERE WAS INSUFFICIENT EVIDENCE TO SUPPORT A BEYOND-A-
REASONABLE-DOUBT FINDING OF "ESPECIALLY HEINOUS, ATROCIOUS OR
CRUEL."
¶72. Crawford argues that the "especially heinous, atrocious, or cruel" circumstance was not shown
beyond a reasonable doubt. Further, he states that the only justification for the aggravator was the
"blamelessness" of the victim. However, this Court has held that even if an "especially heainous
atrocious, or cruel" aggravating circumstance is erroneously submitted to a sentencing jury, a death
sentence does not necessarily have to be set aside, as long the jury determined that one or more other
valid aggravating circumstances existed. Johnson v. State, 547 So. 2d 59, 60 (Miss. 1989).
¶73. Appellate courts assume that juries follow the instructions. Payne v. State, 462 So. 2d 902, 904
(Miss.1984). In the present case, the jury found that the aggravating circumstances outweighed the
mitigating circumstances presented by Crawford. We have previously refused to re-weigh
aggravating and mitigating circumstances on appeal. See, e.g., Clemons v. State, 593, So. 2d 1004,
1006 (Miss. 1992). In the instant case, we find no reason to question the jury's finding as to the
aggravating and mitigating factors.
¶74. As stated in the discussion of the previous assignment of error, the "heinous, atrocious, or cruel"
instruction was properly limited. In addition, we find that there was sufficient evidence in the record
to warrant the instruction. Although Dr. Steven Hayne did testify that Kristy Ray died within a
minute or two after being stabbed, there are other facts supporting the instruction. The evidence
indicated Crawford sexually penetrated Kristy anally. He stuffed a sock in her mouth and stabbed
Kristy Ray once with a blade seven inches long, with such force that the knife caused a wound four
and a half inches deep, piercing her heart and lung. Crawford left Kristy to bleed to death, handcuffed
to a tree and alone in the woods. Crawford, after a period of reflection, buried Kristy under a pile of
leaves and left the scene. For these reasons, Crawford's contention regarding the impropriety of the
"especially heinous, atrocious, or cruel" aggravator is without merit.
XIV. SENTENCING INSTRUCTION 2-A IMPERMISSIBLY LIMITED THE JURY'S
CONSIDERATION OF MITIGATION.
¶75. Crawford argues that the jury was reasonably likely to interpret its instructions as a requirement
that it make a finding as a unanimous jury, not as individual jurors, before considering a mitigating
factor in any way in the sentencing process. He contends that the language of Instruction 2-A could
have misled the jury to believe that a finding of mitigating circumstances must be unanimous. The
United States Supreme Court in McKoy v. North Carolina, 494 U.S. 433 (1990), found that a jury
instruction which requires the jury to unanimously find mitigating circumstances in the balancing
process "impermissibly limits jurors' consideration of mitigating evidence" and violates the Eighth
Amendment. Id. at 444.
¶76. This specific question has been resolved by this Court on several occasions, most recently in
Davis v. State:
Davis complains that the jury was never instructed that mitigating circumstances were to be
found individually and not unanimously prior to being considered in the weighing process. In
summary, Davis argues that because findings of aggravating circumstances had to be
unanimous, reasonable jurors may have reached a like conclusion concerning the finding of
mitigating circumstances. Davis relies upon McKoy v. North Carolina, 494 U.S. 433, 110 S. Ct.
1227, 108 L. Ed. 2d 369 (1990); Mills v. Maryland, 486 U.S. 367, 108 S. Ct. 1860, 100 L. Ed. 2d
384 (1988); and State v. McNeil, 327 N.C. 388, 395 S.E.2d 106 (1990), cert. denied, North
Carolina v. McNeil, 499 U.S. 942, 111 S. Ct. 1403, 113 L. Ed. 2d 459 (1991)(holding that oral
instructions which require a jury to find mitigating circumstances unanimously to be reversible
error).
Other courts have extended the holdings of McKoy and Mills to reverse death sentences where
the jury was not told explicitly that mitigating circumstances are to be found and weighed by
individual jurors. However, this Court in Hansen v. State, 592 So. 2d 114, 149-50 (Miss.1991),
declined to extend these holdings. Where the instruction does not use the words "unanimously"
nor "unanimous" in the mitigating circumstances portion of the jury instructions "but instead is
found only in the aggravating circumstances portion," we have held that the instruction does not
offend the holding in Mills. Id. This Court has previously rejected this argument. See, e.g.,
Ladner v. State, 584 So. 2d 743, 760 (Miss.1991); Willie v. State, 585 So. 2d 660, 681
(Miss.1991); Turner v. State, 573 So. 2d 657, 668 (Miss.1990); and Shell v. State, 554 So. 2d
887 (Miss.1989), reversing on other grounds, 498 U.S. 1, 111 S. Ct. 313, 112 L. Ed. 2d 1 (1990)
.
Davis, 684 So. 2d at 664-65. Because Crawford's argument parallels that considered and rejected by
this Court in Davis, we will treat Crawford's argument similarly. Accordingly, this assignment of
error is without merit.
XV. SENTENCING INSTRUCTION 2-A IMPERMISSIBLY SHIFTED THE BURDEN OF
PROOF FROM THE PROSECUTION TO THE DEFENDANT.
¶77. Crawford argues that Instruction 2-A, informing the jury that the defendant had the burden of
proving that the mitigating circumstances outweighed the aggravating circumstances, impermissibly
shifts the burden of proof from the prosecution to the defendant. This claim is meritless. Instruction
2-A correctly stated the law, as it is clearly pronounced in Miss. Code Ann. § 99-19-101 (1994), that
the mitigating circumstances must outweigh the aggravating circumstances:
(2) After hearing all the evidence, the jury shall deliberate on the following matters:
(a) Whether sufficient factors exist as enumerated in subsection (7) of this section;
(b) Whether sufficient aggravating circumstances exist as enumerated in subsection (5) of this
section;
(c) Whether sufficient mitigating circumstances exist as enumerated in subsection (6) of this
section, which outweigh the aggravating circumstances found to exist; and
(d) Based on these considerations, whether the defendant should be sentenced to life
imprisonment, life imprisonment without eligibility for parole, or death.
(3) For the jury to impose a sentence of death, it must unanimously find in writing the
following:
(a) That sufficient factors exist as enumerated in subsection (7) of this section;
(b) That sufficient aggravating circumstances exist as enumerated in subsection (5) of this
section; and
(c) That there are insufficient mitigating circumstances, as enumerated in subsection (6), to
outweigh the aggravating circumstances.
Miss. Code Ann. § 99-19-101(2) & (3) (1994)(emphasis added). This Court has stated, "Miss. Code
Ann. § 99-19-101(2)(c) clearly requires that the jury find that the mitigating circumstances outweigh
the aggravating circumstances." Foster, 639 So. 2d at 1301. This Court has previously rejected the
argument that the burden of proof is shifted by requiring that the mitigating circumstances outweigh
the aggravating circumstances. Lester, 692 So.2d at 769. Crawford's argument is meritless.
XVI. THE USE OF AN ELEMENT OF CAPITAL MURDER AS AN AGGRAVATING
CIRCUMSTANCE FAILS TO NARROW THE CLASS OF DEATH-ELIGIBLE
DEFENDANTS IN A CONSTITUTIONAL MANNER.
¶78. Crawford was indicted for capital murder, under Miss. Code Ann. § 97-3-19(2)(e), murder in
the course of kidnaping. Crawford's jury was instructed to consider three aggravating circumstances
in deciding upon death as a sentence: 1) the defendant was previously convicted for a felony
involving the use or threat of violence; 2) the offense was committed during the crime of kidnaping;
and 3) the offense was especially heinous, atrocious or cruel. Crawford now alleges that the use of
kidnaping as both an element of capital murder and as an aggravating circumstance violates the
Eighth Amendment. Specifically, he contends that Mississippi's capital sentencing scheme fails the
requirement of a means by which to narrow those convicted of the death eligible crimes to the few
individuals most deserving to be executed.
¶79. This Court addressed a similar question in Blue v. State, 674 So. 2d 1184 (Miss. 1996). Blue
contended that the "sexual battery" aggravating circumstance used in the instruction was neither
"determinate" nor "genuinely narrow" as required under Arave v. Creech, 507 U.S. 463 (1993). In
Creech, the United States Supreme Court stated:
Our precedents make clear that a State's capital sentencing scheme also must "genuinely narrow
the class of persons eligible for the death penalty." When the purpose of a statutory aggravating
circumstance is to enable the sentencer to distinguish those who deserve capital punishment
from those who do not, the circumstance must provide a principled basis for doing so. If the
sentencer fairly could conclude that an aggravating circumstance applies to every defendant
eligible for the death penalty, the circumstance is constitutionally infirm.
Id. at 474 (citations omitted and emphasis added). In rejecting Blue's argument, this Court held that
because the defendant had committed two separate acts of sexual battery, the latter act of sexual
battery aggravated the crime and narrowed the class substantially. Blue, 674 So. 2d at 1217.
¶80. This Court reviewed another similar claim in Foster v. State, 687 So. 2d 1124, 1139 (Miss.
1996). Foster argued that because the jury found that he committed capital murder in the commission
of the crime of robbery, the aggravating circumstance which alleged that the crime was committed
during the course of robbery duplicated an element of the offense of capital murder. Id. As a result,
Foster argued, the double counting was constitutionally infirm because it did not narrow the class of
death-eligible defendants in a rational manner. Id. In deciding Foster, this Court relied on its
resolution of this exact question in Leatherwood v. State, 435 So. 2d 645 (Miss.1983).
He [being the defendant Leatherwood] reasons that since robbery is an element of capital
murder, that it should not also be used as an aggravating circumstance as permitted under
Mississippi Code Annotated section 97-3-19 (Supp.1982). The appellant suggests that this
causes him to begin the sentencing stage with one aggravating circumstance against him and
thus starts at a disadvantage rather than with a clean slate. He argues that the weighing process
is already stacked against him before he even gets up to offer anything in mitigation; and that
his practice brings us precariously close to the old ways of mandatory, arbitrary statutes
condemned in Furman v. Georgia, 408 U.S. 238, 92 S. Ct. 2726, 33 L. Ed. 2d 346 (1972).
We do not agree with the appellant's contention. Under our capital murder statute, when an
accused is found guilty of capital murder arising out of a robbery, he then becomes subject to a
jury finding that he should be executed if the jury feels that the facts justify it. However, his
execution is not mandated and the jury may properly find that he should be sentenced to life in
prison. They may so find whether the defendant puts on any evidence of mitigating
circumstances or not. This is a far cry from the old statute which mandated execution upon
conviction of a capital offense.
Leatherwood, 435 So.2d at 650. This Court has already resolved Crawford's contention, previously
upholding the use of an underlying offense as an aggravating circumstance in keeping with the United
States Supreme Court's ruling in Lowenfield v. Phelps, 484 U.S. 231 (1988). Foster, 687 So. 2d at
1139. Therefore, Crawford's assignment of error is without merit.
XVII. THE HABITUAL OFFENDER PORTION OF THE INDICTMENT WAS
INSUFFICIENT IN THAT IT FOLLOWED THE WORDS "AGAINST THE PEACE AND
DIGNITY OF THE STATE" IN VIOLATION OF SECTION 169 OF THE MISSISSIPPI
CONSTITUTION.
¶81. Crawford argues that the portion of the indictment charging him with habitual offender status
was contained on a page attached to the rest of the indictment, coming after the signature of the
grand jury foreman and after the phrase "against the peace and dignity of the State of Mississippi."
His position is that the habitual offender portion of the indictment is fatally defective. Crawford relies
on the case of McNeal v. State, 658 So. 2d 1345 (Miss. 1995) to seek vacation of his habitual
offender status.
¶82. The State argues that the procedure of referring within each count to the fact that Crawford was
being indicted as a habitual offender satisfied the technical statutory requirements for the indictment.
The State also argues that Crawford is procedurally barred from making a claim of a defective
indictment, because he failed to demur or bring the defect to the attention of the trial judge. Brandau
v. State, 662 So. 2d 1051, 1053 (Miss. 1995). The issue of a faulty indictment was first mentioned on
appeal to this Court. The deficiency appearing in the indictment complained about by Crawford is
non-jurisdictional, and may not be raised for the very first time on direct appeal absent ". . . a
showing of cause and actual prejudice." Brooks v. State, 573 So. 2d 1350, 1353 (Miss. 1990). See
Miss. Code Ann. § 99-39-21(1) (1994).
¶83. This Court particularly noted that the defendant in McNeal was not prejudiced by the technical
violation within the indictment, due to his awareness of the charges and the indictment's compliance
with Rule 2.05 of the Uniform Criminal Rules of Circuit Court Practice. McNeal, 658 So. 2d at
1350. Crawford's indictment meets the requirements of Rule 2.05, which is now revised as Uniform
Circuit and County Court Rule 7.06 (1995). See McNeal, 658 So. 2d at 1349. There is nothing to
indicate that Crawford objected to the indictment at any time before this appeal. Crawford's objection
to the portion of the indictment charging him as an habitual offender is procedurally barred.
XVIII. THE DEATH PENALTY IS DISPROPORTIONATE IN THIS CASE GIVEN THE
EXTENT OF CRAWFORD'S MENTAL HEALTH PROBLEMS.
¶84. In all cases involving a sentence of death, Miss. Code Ann. § 99-19-105 (1994) requires this
Court to determine "whether the sentence of death is excessive or disproportionate to the penalty
imposed in similar cases, considering both the crime and the defendant." See Irving v. State, 361 So.
2d 1360, 1370 (Miss. 1978), cert. denied, 441 U.S. 913 (1979)(proportionality review involves
comparison to other death penalty cases since Jackson v. State, 337 So. 2d 1242 (Miss. 1976));
Gray v. State, 472 So. 2d 409, 423 (Miss. 1985), rev'd on other grounds, 481 U.S. 648 (1987)
(proportionality review insures that "such penalty is neither wanton, freakish, excessive, nor
disproportionate").
¶85. Crawford contends that the fact that he suffered from extraordinary mental problems raises
doubt as to whether his execution would be constitutional given the Eighth Amendment's prohibition
against cruel and unusual punishment. See Conner, 632 So. 2d at 1265. Crawford urges this Court to
follow the case of Edwards v. State, 441 So. 2d 84 (Miss.1983), wherein the Court vacated a death
sentence and remanded for imposition of a life sentence, with two justices being of the opinion that
"there was no credible evidence in the record which would support any view other than that the
defendant. . .was seriously mentally disturbed at the time of his crime." Id. at 97 (Robertson, J.,
joined by Prather, J., on sentence phase). This Court has held that Edwards is of no precedential
value since it represents only a plurality vote. Conner, 632 So. 2d at 1265. Nevertheless, the
defendant in Edwards suffered from an extensive history of paranoid schizophrenia. Edwards, 441
So. 2d at 93.
¶86. The Eighth Amendment does not categorically prohibit the execution of mentally retarded
persons. Jones v. State, 602 So. 2d 1170, 1175 (Miss.1992). This Court has determined that
mentally retarded persons may be subject to the death penalty under Mississippi law as well. Jones,
602 So.2d at 1175; Neal v. State, 451 So. 2d 743, 762 (Miss. 1984), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 1098(1984). In order to uphold a mentally retarded defendant's Eighth Amendment protection against
cruel and unusual punishment, the jury must be provided a vehicle with which to consider and give
effect to the mitigating evidence of his mental retardation in rendering its sentence. Jones, 602 So.2d
at 1174.
¶87. Miss. Code Ann. § 99-19-101(6) (1994) sets forth the mitigating circumstances which the
sentencing jury in death penalty cases must consider. Included are § 99-19-101(6)(b), "[t]he offense
was committed while the defendant was under the influence of extreme mental or emotional
disturbance," and § 99-19-101(6)(f), "[t]he capacity of the defendant to appreciate the criminality of
his conduct or to conform his conduct to the requirements of the law was substantially impaired."
Pursuant to this statute, the jury in the case sub judice was instructed to consider these mitigating
circumstances. The jury also heard extensive argument from defense counsel regarding Crawford's
mental condition and its impact on these mitigating factors.
¶88. Dr. Martin Webb, a psychologist, testified that Crawford was a manic depressive, and that at the
time of Kristy Ray's death, he probably was under extreme duress. He also testified that Crawford's
capacity to appreciate the criminality of his conduct at the time of the commission of the crime was
substantially impaired. Dr. Stanley Russel testified that Crawford was acting under extreme duress at
the time of the crime. He also testified during the guilt phase that Crawford suffered from
psychogenic amnesia, meaning that he had no recollection of killing Kristy Ray. Dr. Reb McMichael,
on the other hand, testified that Crawford was not manic at the time of the crime. McMichael stated
that based on the evidence available, Crawford was not substantially impaired as to his capacity to
conform his conduct to the requirements of the law. Dr. Chris Lott, a clinical psychologist, testified
that there was no evidence to suggest that Crawford ever suffered from manic depressive or bipolar
disorder. He did state that he believed that Crawford knew right from wrong, and that the events
from Crawford's childhood did not indicate a major mental disorder.
¶89. None of the experts testified regarding Crawford's IQ or his level of retardation, if any. The
"battle of the experts" boils down to whether Crawford's emotional state at the time of the crime
would preclude the imposition of the death penalty. In the recent Wells case, the State's expert, Dr.
Donald Guild, testified that Wells's decision to stay at the crime scene for twenty to thirty minutes
while the victim died and his subsequent decision to move the victim, bury him, and clean up the area
were not consistent with a mental snap or true mental illness. Wells, 698 So. 2d at 515. Guild
testified that he did not believe that Wells was under the influence of extreme mental or emotional
disturbance. Id.
¶90. Here, Crawford behaved in a similar fashion, dragging Kristy Ray by her feet to hide her body in
a brush pile. Crawford covered her with leaves, because he wanted to hide the body. Then he sat at a
nearby tree stump to decide what he would do. Once he got near his home, he sat on a hillside,
watching patrol cars go back and forth, because he did not want anyone to see him. Because this
factual scenario closely resembles that of the Wells, we find that the conclusion reached by the Court
in Wells should apply here. This Court has determined "that Mississippi's sentencing scheme in death
penalty cases, together with appropriate jury instructions and appropriate argument, satisfies the
constitutional concern expressed above regarding mentally retarded defendants." Wells, 698 So. 2d at
515; Jones, 602 So.2d at 1174. This assignment of error is without merit.
XIX. THE AGGREGATE ERROR IN THIS CASE REQUIRES REVERSAL OF THE
CONVICTION AND SENTENCE.
¶91. This Court may reverse a conviction and sentence based upon the cumulative effect of errors
that independently would not require reversal. Jenkins, 607 So. 2d at 1183-84; Hansen, 592 So. 2d
at 153. However, where "there was no reversible error in any part, so there is no reversible error to
the whole." McFee v. State, 511 So. 2d 130, 136 (Miss.1987). Based on the conclusions made above
with regard to the specific issues raised, we find that the assignments made by Crawford do not rise
to the level of reversible error individually or in the aggregate.
CONCLUSION
¶92. Pursuant to Miss. Code Ann. § 99-19-105(3)(1994), in addition to reviewing the merits of those
issues raised by the defendant, this Court is required to determine:
(a) Whether the sentence of death was imposed under the influence of passion, prejudice or any
other arbitrary factor;
(b) Whether the evidence supports the jury's or judge's finding of a statutory aggravating
circumstance as enumerated in Section 99-19-101; and
(c) Whether the sentence of death is excessive or disproportionate to the penalty imposed in
similar cases, considering both the crime and the defendant.
¶93. Other capital murder cases decided by this Court, as set forth in the Appendix, have been
reviewed and compared to the instant case. We find that the sentence of death in this case was not
influenced by passion, prejudice or any other arbitrary factor. Further, the evidence supports the
jury's findings of statutory aggravating circumstances as enumerated in Miss. Code Ann. § 99-19-
105(5)(1994). Finally, the sentence of death in this case is neither excessive nor disproportionate to
those cases in which such sentence has been imposed and upheld. Crawford's conviction of capital
murder and sentence of death is supported by substantial evidence in the record. Crawford received a
fundamentally fair trial. Therefore, we affirm Crawford's conviction and death sentence.
¶94. COUNT I: CONVICTION OF BURGLARY OF AN INHABITED DWELLING AND
SENTENCE OF 15 YEARS IN THE CUSTODY OF THE MISSISSIPPI DEPARTMENT OF
CORRECTIONS AS AN HABITUAL OFFENDER AFFIRMED. COUNT II: CONVICTION
OF RAPE AND SENTENCE OF LIFE IMPRISONMENT IN THE CUSTODY OF THE
MISSISSIPPI DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS AS AN HABITUAL OFFENDER
AFFIRMED. SENTENCE IN COUNT II TO RUN CONSECUTIVE TO SENTENCE IN
COUNT I AND TO SENTENCES IN CAUSE NUMBERS HK-93-022 AND LK-93-089.
COUNT III: CONVICTION OF SEXUAL BATTERY AND SENTENCE OF 30 YEARS IN
THE CUSTODY OF THE MISSISSIPPI DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS AS AN
HABITUAL OFFENDER AFFIRMED. SENTENCE IN COUNT III TO RUN
CONSECUTIVE TO SENTENCES IN COUNT I AND COUNT II AND TO SENTENCES IN
CAUSE NUMBERS HK-93-022 AND LK-93-089. COUNT IV: CONVICTION OF CAPITAL
MURDER AND SENTENCE OF DEATH AFFIRMED. EXECUTION DATE TO BE SET
WITHIN SIXTY DAYS OF FINAL DISPOSITION OF THIS CASE PURSUANT TO MISS.
CODE ANN. § 99-19-105(7)(1996) AND M.R.A.P. 41(a).
PRATHER, C.J., PITTMAN, P.J., ROBERTS, SMITH, MILLS AND WALLER, JJ.,
CONCUR. BANKS, J., CONCURS WITH SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION JOINED BY
PRATHER, C.J. SULLIVAN, P.J., NOT PARTICIPATING.
BANKS, JUSTICE, CONCURRING:
¶95. While I agree with the majority, I write separately to reiterate that extreme caution should be
taken when admitting victim impact evidence in the penalty phase of a capital murder case.
¶96. In Payne v. Tennessee, 501 U.S. 808 (1991), the United States Supreme Court concluded that
the Eighth Amendment did not bar the admission of victim impact evidence and prosecutorial
argument of the same; however, Payne did not establish the blanket rule that all victim impact
evidence is admissible, no matter its relevancy to the matter at hand.
¶97. The requirement that evidence be relevant to be admitted during trial -- guilt or sentencing -- is
not novel. See Miss. R. Evid. 402 ("All relevant evidence is admissible . . . Evidence which is not
relevant is not admissible"). Rule 401 explains "relevant evidence" is that "evidence which has any
tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action
more probable or less probable than it would be without the evidence." Miss. R. Evid. 401.
¶98. Given our decision in Wilcher, we must accept the proposition that victim impact evidence is
relevant as for assisting the jury in resolving the issue before it -- deciding the appropriate sentence.
See Wilcher v. State, 697 So. 2d 1087 (Miss. 1997) (approving the use of victim impact testimony
during the sentencing phase of trial). It remains our law, nevertheless, that the admission of irrelevant
evidence -- the purpose of which could only be to incite the jury, thereby causing the trier of fact to
render a decision based upon arbitrary, impermissible factors -- is precluded. See Snelson v. State,
No. 93-DP-00023-SCT, 1997 WL 688357, at *3-4 (Miss. Nov. 06, 1997) (finding evidence that
defendant bought and used cocaine after he sold stolen guns irrelevant on the issue whether the
defendant killed the victim and that such evidence was clearly inflammatory and offered for the sole
purpose of improperly influencing the jury).
¶99. In State v. Bernard, 608 So. 2d 966, 970 (La. 1992), the Louisiana Supreme Court specifically
addressed whether evidence of the character of the victim or the impact of the crime on the victim's
family is relevant to the jury's evaluation of the circumstances of the offense and the character and
propensities of the offender, for purposes of determining the appropriate punishment. The court
decided that such evidence is relevant; however, the court noted, "The more detailed the evidence
relating to the character of the victim or the harm to the survivors, the less relevant [said evidence is
to the ultimate issue before the jury]." Id. at 971. In other words, the more marginal the relevance of
the evidence, the greater the risk that an arbitrary factor will be injected into the jury's sentencing
deliberations.
¶100. Thus, the Louisiana court expressly warned against the introduction of "detailed descriptions of
the good qualities of the victim or particularized narrations of the emotional, psychological and
economic sufferings of the victim's survivors, which go beyond the purpose of showing the victim's
individual identity and verifying the existence of survivors reasonably expected to grieve and suffer
because of the murder." Id. at 972. In my view, that warning is appropriate and necessary to the
proper administration of capital punishment.
¶101. Here, the testimony from the victim's mother treaded dangerously close to crossing that
impermissible line recognized by Justice O'Connor in Payne. Payne, 501 U.S. at 831 (O'Connor, J.,
concurring). The mother's testimony, in some instances, approached impermissible "particularized
narrations of the emotional, psychological and economic sufferings" she encountered due to her
daughter's death. Bernard, 608 So. 2d at 972. For example, her decision to have the victim at a
young age had no bearing whatsoever on the victim's unique identity, nor did it verify the existence of
survivors reasonably expected to grieve and suffer because of Kristy's murder. The same can be said
regarding the testimony about Kristy's grandparent. Moreover, the comments about marriage and
grandchildren cannot be categorized as providing relevant information on Kristy's individual identity
or verifying survivors because she was neither married nor a mother.
¶102. That said, I still am not persuaded that the victim impact evidence was so extensive as to
implicate the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment as interpreted by the Payne Court.
The mother's testimony totaled less than six pages, and it was not as extensive as the victim impact
evidence allowed in Payne. I, therefore, concur with the result reached by the majority on this issue.
Nevertheless, I am compelled to reiterate that victim impact testimony should be limited to specific
details concerning whether the victim left dependents, parents, or siblings, and should only provide a
"quick glimpse" into the victim's life. See Wilcher, 697 So. 2d at 1121 (cautioning that should be
limited to whether the victim left dependents, parents, or siblings, and provide a "quick glimpse" into
the victim's life) (Banks, J., dissenting) (citing Payne, 501 U.S. at 830) (O'Connor, J., concurring).
Otherwise, the danger of inciting the jury and causing a life or death decision to be made based upon
arbitrary, irrelevant emotional factors is simply too great and offensive to the Due Process Clause.
PRATHER, C.J., JOINS THIS OPINION.
APPENDIX
DEATH CASES AFFIRMED BY THIS COURT
Wells v. State, 698 So. 2d 497(Miss. 1997)
Wilcher v. State, 697 So. 2d 1087(Miss. 1997)
Wiley v. State, 691 So. 2d 959 (Miss. 1997)
Brown v. State, 690 So. 2d 276 (Miss. 1996).
Simon v. State, 688 So. 2d 791 (Miss. 1997).
Jackson v. State, 684 So. 2d 1213 (Miss. 1996).
Williams v. State, 684 So. 2d 1179 (Miss. 1996).
Davis v. State, 684 So. 2d 643 (Miss. 1996).
Taylor v. State, 682 So. 2d 359 (Miss. 1996).
Brown v. State, 682 So. 2d 340 (Miss. 1996).
Blue v. State, 674 So. 2d 1184 (Miss. 1996).
Holly v. State, 671 So. 2d 32 (Miss. 1996).
Walker v. State, 671 So.2d 581(Miss. 1995).
Russell v. State, 670 So. 2d 816 (Miss. 1995).
Ballenger v. State, 667 So. 2d 1242 (Miss. 1995).
Davis v. State, 660 So. 2d 1228 (Miss. 1995).
Carr v. State, 655 So. 2d 824 (Miss. 1995).
Mack v. State, 650 So. 2d 1289 (Miss. 1994).
Chase v. State, 645 So. 2d 829 (Miss. 1994).
Foster v. State, 639 So. 2d 1263 (Miss. 1994).
Conner v. State, 632 So. 2d 1239 (Miss. 1993).
Hansen v. State, 592 So. 2d 114 (Miss. 1991).
*Shell v. State, 554 So. 2d 887 (Miss. 1989), Shell v. Mississippi, 498 U.S. 1, 111 S. Ct. 313, 112
L. Ed. 2d 1 (1990) reversing, in part, and remanding, Shell v. State, 595 So. 2d 1323 (Miss. 1992)
remanding for new sentencing hearing.
Davis v. State, 551 So. 2d 165 (Miss. 1989).
Minnick v. State, 551 So. 2d 77 (Miss. 1989).
*Pinkney v. State, 538 So. 2d 329 (Miss. 1989), Pinkney v. Mississippi, 494 U.S. 1075, 110 S. Ct.
1800, 108 L. Ed. 2d 931 (1990) vacating and remanding Pinkney v. State, 602 So. 2d 1177 (Miss.
1992) remanding for new sentencing hearing.
*Clemons v. State, 535 So. 2d 1354 (Miss. 1988), Clemons v. Mississippi, 494 U.S. 738, 110 S. Ct.
1441, 108 L. Ed. 2d 725 (1990) vacating and remanding, Clemons v. State, 593 So. 2d 1004 (Miss.
1992) remanding for new sentencing hearing.
Woodward v. State, 533 So. 2d 418 (Miss. 1988).
Nixon v. State, 533 So. 2d 1078 (Miss. 1987).
Cole v. State, 525 So. 2d 365 (Miss. 1987).
Lockett v. State, 517 So. 2d 1346 (Miss. 1987).
Lockett v. State, 517 So. 2d 1317 (Miss. 1987).
Faraga v. State, 514 So. 2d 295 (Miss. 1987).
*Jones v. State, 517 So. 2d 1295 (Miss. 1987), Jones v. Mississippi, 487 U.S. 1230, 108 S. Ct. 2891,
101 L. Ed. 2d 925 (1988) vacating and remanding, Jones v. State, 602 So. 2d 1170 (Miss. 1992)
remanding for new sentencing hearing.
Wiley v. State, 484 So. 2d 339 (Miss. 1986).
Johnson v. State, 477 So. 2d 196 (Miss. 1985).
Gray v. State, 472 So. 2d 409 (Miss. 1985).
Cabello v. State, 471 So. 2d 332 (Miss. 1985).
Jordan v. State, 464 So. 2d 475 (Miss. 1985).
Wilcher v. State, 455 So. 2d 727 (Miss. 1984).
Billiot v. State, 454 So. 2d 445 (Miss. 1984).
Stringer v. State, 454 So. 2d 468 (Miss. 1984).
Dufour v. State, 453 So. 2d 337 (Miss. 1984).
Neal v. State, 451 So. 2d 743 (Miss. 1984).
Booker v. State, 449 So. 2d 209 (Miss. 1984).
Wilcher v. State, 448 So. 2d 927 (Miss. 1984).
Caldwell v. State, 443 So. 2d 806 (Miss. 1983).
Irving v. State, 441 So. 2d 846 (Miss. 1983).
Tokman v. State, 435 So. 2d 664 (Miss.1983).
Leatherwood v. State, 435 So. 2d 645 (Miss.1983).
Hill v. State, 432 So. 2d 427 (Miss. 1983).
Pruett v. State, 431 So. 2d 1101 (Miss. 1983).
Gilliard v. State, 428 So. 2d 576 (Miss. 1983).
Evans v. State, 422 So. 2d 737 (Miss. 1982).
King v. State, 421 So. 2d 1009 (Miss. 1982).
Wheat v. State, 420 So. 2d 229 (Miss. 1982).
Smith v. State, 419 So. 2d 563 (Miss. 1982).
Johnson v. State, 416 So. 2d 383 (Miss. 1982).
Edwards v. State, 413 So. 2d 1007 (Miss. 1982).
Bullock v. State, 391 So. 2d 601 (Miss. 1980).
Reddix v. State, 381 So. 2d 999 (Miss. 1980).
Jones v. State, 381 So. 2d 983 (Miss. 1980).
Culberson v. State, 379 So. 2d 499 (Miss. 1979).
Gray v. State, 375 So. 2d 994 (Miss. 1979).
Jordan v. State, 365 So. 2d 1198 (Miss. 1978).
Voyles v. State, 362 So. 2d 1236 (Miss. 1978).
Irving v. State, 361 So. 2d 1360 (Miss. 1978).
Washington v. State, 361 So. 2d 61 (Miss. 1978).
Bell v. State, 360 So. 2d 1206 (Miss. 1978).
* Case was originally affirmed in this Court but on remand from U.S. Supreme Court, case was
remanded by this Court for a new sentencing hearing.
DEATH CASES REVERSED AS TO GUILT PHASE AND SENTENCE PHASE
Lester v. State, 692 So. 2d 755 (Miss. 1997).
Hunter v. State, 684 So. 2d 625 (Miss. 1996).
Lanier v. State, 684 So. 2d 93 (Miss. 1996).
Giles v. State, 650 So. 2d 846 (Miss. 1995).
Duplantis v. State, 644 So. 2d 1235 (Miss. 1994).
Harrison v. State, 635 So. 2d 894 (Miss. 1994).
Butler v. State, 608 So. 2d 314 (Miss. 1992).
Jenkins v. State, 607 So. 2d 1171 (Miss. 1992).
Abram v. State, 606 So. 2d 1015 (Miss. 1992).
Balfour v. State, 598 So. 2d 731 (Miss. 1992).
Griffin v. State, 557 So. 2d 542 (Miss. 1990).
Bevill v. State, 556 So. 2d 699 (Miss. 1990).
West v. State, 553 So. 2d 8 (Miss. 1989).
Leatherwood v. State, 548 So. 2d 389 (Miss. 1989).
Mease v. State, 539 So. 2d 1324 (Miss. 1989).
Houston v. State, 531 So. 2d 598 (Miss. 1988).
West v. State, 519 So. 2d 418 (Miss. 1988).
Davis v. State, 512 So. 2d 1291 (Miss. 1987).
Williamson v. State, 512 So. 2d 868 (Miss. 1987).
Foster v. State, 508 So. 2d 1111 (Miss. 1987).
Smith v. State, 499 So. 2d 750 (Miss. 1986).
West v. State, 485 So. 2d 681 (Miss. 1985).
Fisher v. State, 481 So. 2d 203 (Miss. 1985).
Johnson v. State, 476 So. 2d 1195 (Miss. 1985).
Fuselier v. State, 468 So. 2d 45 (Miss. 1985).
West v. State, 463 So. 2d 1048 (Miss. 1985).
Jones v. State, 461 So. 2d 686 (Miss. 1984).
Moffett v. State, 456 So. 2d 714 (Miss. 1984).
Lanier v. State, 450 So. 2d 69 (Miss. 1984).
Lahey v. State, 421 So. 2d 1216 (Miss. 1982).
DEATH CASES REVERSED AS TO PUNISHMENT AND REMANDED FOR
RESENTENCING TO LIFE IMPRISONMENT
Reddix v. State, 547 So. 2d 792 (Miss. 1989).
Wheeler v. State, 536 So. 2d 1341 (Miss. 1988).
White v. State, 532 So. 2d 1207 (Miss. 1988).
Bullock v. State, 525 So. 2d 764 (Miss. 1987).
Edwards v. State, 441 So. 2d 84 (Miss. 1983).
Dycus v. State, 440 So. 2d 246 (Miss. 1983).
Coleman v. State, 378 So. 2d 640 (Miss. 1979).
DEATH CASES REVERSED AS TO PUNISHMENT AND REMANDED FOR A NEW
TRIAL ON SENTENCING PHASE ONLY
Taylor v. State, 672 So. 2d 1246 (Miss. 1996).
*Shell v. State, 554 So. 2d 887 (Miss. 1989), Shell v. Mississippi, 498 U.S. 1, 111 S. Ct. 313, 112
L. Ed. 2d 1 (1990) reversing, in part, and remanding, Shell v. State, 595 So. 2d 1323 (Miss. 1992)
remanding for new sentencing hearing.
*Pinkney v. State, 538 So. 2d 329 (Miss. 1989), Pinkney v. Mississippi, 494 U.S. 1075, 110 S. Ct.
1800, 108 L. Ed. 2d 931 (1990) vacating and remanding, Pinkney v. State, 602 So. 2d 1177 (Miss.
1992) remanding for new sentencing hearing.
*Clemons v. State, 535 So. 2d 1354 (Miss. 1988), Clemons v. Mississippi, 494 U.S. 738, 110 S. Ct.
1441, 108 L. Ed. 2d 725 (1990) vacating and remanding, Clemons v. State, 593 So. 2d 1004 (Miss.
1992) remanding for new sentencing hearing.
*Jones v. State, 517 So. 2d 1295 (Miss. 1987), Jones v. Mississippi, 487 U.S. 1230, 108 S. Ct. 2891,
101 L. Ed. 2d 925 (1988) vacating and remanding, Jones v. State, 602 So. 2d 1170 (Miss. 1992)
remanding for new sentencing hearing.
Russell v. State, 607 So. 2d 1107 (Miss. 1992).
Holland v. State, 587 So. 2d 848 (Miss. 1991).
Willie v. State, 585 So. 2d 660 (Miss. 1991).
Ladner v. State, 584 So. 2d 743 (Miss. 1991).
Mackbee v. State, 575 So. 2d 16 (Miss. 1990).
Berry v. State, 575 So. 2d 1 (Miss. 1990).
Turner v. State, 573 So. 2d 657 (Miss. 1990).
State v. Tokman, 564 So. 2d 1339 (Miss. 1990).
Johnson v. State, 547 So. 2d 59 (Miss. 1989).
Williams v. State, 544 So. 2d 782 (Miss. 1989); sentence aff'd. 684 So. 2d 1179 (Miss.1996)
Lanier v. State, 533 So. 2d 473 (Miss. 1988).
Stringer v. State, 500 So. 2d 928 (Miss. 1986).
DEATH CASES REVERSED AS TO PUNISHMENT AND REMANDED FOR A NEW TRIAL
ON SENTENCING PHASE ONLY
Pinkton v. State, 481 So. 2d 306 (Miss. 1985).
Mhoon v. State, 464 So. 2d 77 (Miss. 1985).
Cannaday v. State, 455 So. 2d 713 (Miss. 1984).
Wiley v. State, 449 So. 2d 756 (Miss. 1984); resentencing affirmed, Wiley v. State, 484 So. 2d 339(Miss. 1986), cert. denied Wiley v. Mississippi, 479 U.S. 1036 (1988); resentencing ordered, Wiley
v. State, 635 So. 2d 802 (Miss. 1993) following writ of habeas corpus issued pursuant to Wiley v.
Puckett, 969 So. 2d 86, 105-106 (5th Cir. 1992); resentencing affirmed, Wiley v. State, 95-DP-
00149, February 13, 1997 (rehearing pending).
Williams v. State, 445 So. 2d 798 (Miss. 1984).
* Case was originally affirmed in this Court but on remand from U.S. Supreme Court, case was
remanded by this Court for a new sentencing hearing.
1. Crawford claimed that he must have lost his revolver when he fell in the sinkhole.
2. All other pertinent facts will be discussed as they relate to the particular assignments of error
asserted.
3. Pannell, after the trial judge told him that he had conducted sufficient voir dire regarding mitigating
circumstances, said the following:
You [sic] each telling me that you would do that. That you would listen to that to apply those.
Of course you would be give instruction of law that you follow those instructions and not go
off on what you believe the law ought to be but follow the law as the Court gives it to you. In
terms of everything in this case. Not only the guilty phase and the penalty phase, mitigation and
aggravation.
(emphasis added). When asked if any of the jurors thought they would have a problem following the
law, none responded.
4. In his statement of issues, Crawford suggests that the error was in Julie Ann Cooper's testimony.
However, within the brief, Crawford refers to the testimony of Lisa Forman. We will, therefore,
analyze the testimony of Forman.
5. Since 1991, the National Research Council has issued a report in which it declared that saying two
DNA patterns match without providing scientific data to support the statement is meaningless. See
Hull v. State, 687 So. 2d 708, 728 (Miss. 1996). However, the National Research Council issued
another report in 1996 which dismissed the claim that failure to account for population substructures
made "product rule" statistics unreliable. See Brim v. State, 695 So. 2d 268, 270-275 (Fla. 1997).
6. In Frye, the court ruled:
Just when a scientific principle or discovery crosses the line between the experimental and
demonstrable stages is difficult to define. Somewhere in this twilight zone the evidential force of
the principle must be recognized, and while courts will go a long way in admitting expert
testimony deduced from a well-recognized scientific principle or discovery, the thing from
which the deduction is made must be sufficiently established to have gained general acceptance
in the particular field in which it belongs.
Frye, 293 F. at 1014.