Lyndon C. Myers v. State of Mississippi

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF MISSISSIPPI
NO. 2013-KA-00610-SCT
LYNDON C. MYERS a/k/a LYNDON MYERS a/k/a
LYNDON CHARLES MYERS a/k/a LYNDON C.
MYERS, III
v.
STATE OF MISSISSIPPI
DATE OF JUDGMENT: 01/11/2013
TRIAL JUDGE: HON. WILLIAM E. CHAPMAN, III
TRIAL COURT ATTORNEYS: JACOB M. RITCHEY
MICHAEL GUEST
BRYAN P. BUCKLEY
COURT FROM WHICH APPEALED: MADISON COUNTY CIRCUIT COURT
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT: J. M. RITCHEY
ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE: OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL
BY: BARBARA WAKELAND BYRD
DISTRICT ATTORNEY: MICHAEL GUEST
NATURE OF THE CASE: CRIMINAL - FELONY
DISPOSITION: AFFIRMED - 09/04/2014
MOTION FOR REHEARING FILED:
MANDATE ISSUED:
EN BANC.
RANDOLPH, PRESIDING JUSTICE, FOR THE COURT:
¶1. Lyndon Myers was charged and convicted on multiple counts of armed robbery, inter
alia. See infra ¶¶ 6, 9. Myers claims error on five issues. Finding no error, we affirm Myers’s
convictions and sentences.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
¶2. Myers was employed at the Dollar Tree store located in the Grandview shopping
center, Madison, Mississippi. On May16, 2012, Myers was scheduled to work until closing
at 10:00 p.m. However, according to the assistant manager Jasmine Wilson, Myers asked her
“three or four times” if he could “leave at 9:00 because his baby’s mother was coming . . .
to pick him up from work, and that if he wasn’t out there, that she was going to leave . . . .”
Wilson had Myers “sit in . . . and verify the money with [her] . . . . [O]nce [she] finished the
bank deposit for that part of the night, [she] let him clock out and go home” at 9:00 p.m.
¶3. Later that night, Chamon Williams, Myers’s co-employee, exited the Dollar Tree.
Upon exiting, Williams was confronted by Earnest Johnson, Myers’s cousin. Johnson
displayed a gun and told Williams to “give him the money.” Williams told Johnson that she
had no money. Another Dollar Tree employee opened the store door to check on Williams.
Johnson then took Williams’s cell phone and forced her back into the store with him.
¶4. Johnson went straight to the manager’s office. Johnson pointed the gun at the window
of the office “and t[old] [her] to open the door” or “he was going to hurt [her] employees.”
Wilson opened the office door. Johnson entered and told Wilson “to open the safe up and to
get the petty cash out.”1 Wilson complied. Johnson had Williams place the money in a Dollar
1
State: “When he asked you for the petty cash, did that mean anything to you?”
Wilson: “Yes . . . that means that somebody had told him exactly what to get.”
State: “Did you all refer to it as petty cash?”
Wilson: “Yes.”
State: “Did you ever just call it money or did you call it petty cash?”
Wilson: “No, its specifically called petty cash.”
2
Tree bag. He then took Wilson’s cell phone, and, after threatening to kill anyone who tried
to leave the store, Johnson exited.
¶5. Johnson was picked up by “a red Grand Am” traveling “at a fast rate of speed[.]”
Subsequently, after receiving a “be on the lookout[,]” a Madison County sheriff’s deputy
stopped a red Grand Am traveling north on Interstate 55 near the Nissan plant. Myers was
driving. When the deputy stopped the vehicle, “before [he] exited, both subjects put their
hands on the roof of the car.” After Myers and Johnson were removed from the vehicle, the
vehicle was searched and the stolen money and a gun were found in a Dollar Tree bag
located in the trunk of the red Grand Am. Myers’s coemployees testified that Myers drove
a red Grand Am.
¶6. In July 2012, Myers and Johnson were coindicted for three counts of armed robbery,
one count of conspiracy to commit armed robbery, and one count of possession of burglary
tools.2 Myers additionally was indicted for possession of a firearm by a prior convicted felon.
¶7. Myers’s trial began on November 13, 2012. Johnson testified at Myers’s trial.3
Johnson testified that it was Myers’s idea to rob the Dollar Tree. They formulated the plan
approximately three weeks before the robbery. Johnson testified that, after Myers left work
that night, Myers and his wife picked up Johnson and went to their house. Myers “gave
2
The charge for possession of burglary tools was dismissed at trial.
3
Johnson had pleaded guilty to simple robbery on November 5, 2012. At the time of
Myers’s trial, Johnson had not been sentenced, but his plea recommendation was that he
“receive forty years . . . with twenty five years to serve.”
3
[Johnson] a black shirt, and he brought the gun back out and put it in the trunk.” Myers then
drove Johnson to Madison and “dropp[ed] [him] off across the street” from the Dollar Tree.
Myers told Johnson that the remaining employees “were supposed to [leave] at 11:00” and
told him where the safe was located in the store. Johnson’s description of the robbery was
consistent with Wilson’s and Williams’s testimony.
¶8. Following the armed robbery, Johnson exited the store and proceeded to where Myers
was supposed to pick him up, but Myers was not there.4 Johnson called Myers, who told him,
“[c]uz, I’m on my way.” Myers arrived momentarily traveling “fast.” Johnson got in the red
Grand Am, and the two sped out of the parking lot and “got on the interstate.” Johnson
“threw the [stolen] phones” and “the black shirt” out of the window. After traveling a few
miles north on the interstate, Myers pulled over and “put the money and gun in the trunk[,]”
because “he [had] license and insurance . . . . [I]f they were pulled over they [(the police)]
won’t search the car . . . .”
¶9. The jury convicted Myers of three counts of armed robbery, conspiracy to commit
armed robbery, and possession of a firearm by a prior convicted felon. The trial court later
sentenced Myers to thirty-five years on each of the armed-robbery counts, and to five years
for conspiracy to commit armed robbery. The trial court ordered that those sentences be
served concurrently. The trial court also sentenced Myers to ten years for felon in possession
4
State: “Did he explain to you in any way – if he is supposed to be waiting for you
and he is not there . . . did he explain why he didn’t follow the plan?”
Johnson: “No, sir. I just thought he was going for an alibi.”
4
of a firearm, but, after “serv[ing] a term of One (1) days(s) in the custody of the MDOC,
[Myers] shall be released” and “serve a term of five (5) years(s) on supervised post-release
supervision.” The trial court ordered that sentence to be served consecutively to the sentences
imposed for armed robbery and conspiracy to commit armed robbery. Myers also was
ordered to pay “court costs, fees and assessments in the amount of one thousand, six hundred,
two dollars and fifty cents . . . within ninety days [of] release from custody.”
¶10. Within weeks of Myers’s trial, Johnson handwrote a third and fourth letter 5 (signed
affidavit) recanting the sworn testimony he offered at his plea hearing 6 and Myers’s trial.
Subsequently, Myers filed a “Motion for Judgment Notwithstanding the Verdict, or, in the
alternative, Motion for New Trial.” Attached to that motion were Johnson’s most recent
letters. The trial court conducted a hearing on Myers’s motion, and Johnson testified. Finding
Johnson’s recantation lacked credibility, the trial court denied Myers’s motion. Thereafter,
Myers filed a “Notice of Appeal.”
ISSUES
¶11. On appeal, Myers raises the following issues, restated as follow:
I. Whether the trial court erred in denying Myers’s alibi instruction.
II. Whether the trial court erred in denying Myers’s necessity instruction.
III. Whether the trial court erred in allowing the State to question Myers
regarding his prior felony conviction.
5
Johnson and Myers exchanged other letters prior to trial, in which Myers asked
Johnson not to “tell on me[,]” and Johnson disclaimed Myers’s involvement. Their letters
will be discussed infra in Issue IV.
6
See supra n.3.
5
IV. Whether the trial court erred by denying Myers’s motion for a new trial.
V. Whether the trial court sentenced Myers to a term in excess of his
present life expectancy.
ANALYSIS
I. Whether the trial court erred in denying Myers’s alibi instruction.
¶12. This Court reviews the grant or denial of jury instructions for abuse of discretion.
Watkins v. State, 101 So. 3d 628, 633 (Miss. 2012). A defendant is entitled to have the jury
instructed on his “theory of the case – so long as that theory constitutes a legal defense to the
charged offense, is not repetitious, and is supported by the evidence.” Flowers v. State, 51
So. 3d 911, 913-14 (Miss. 2010).
¶13. Prior to trial, Myers filed a “Written Notice of Alibi Defense” pursuant to Uniform
Rule of Circuit and County Court 9.05. See URCCC 9.05. That notice stated, “[a]t the time
of the robbery . . . defendant claims to have been shopping at the Wal-Mart Store . . . .” The
notice also provided that Myers had “subpoenaed the security video recordings from the Wal-
Mart store . . . .” Those recordings were entered into evidence at trial and revealed that Myers
was at Wal-Mart while Johnson was robbing Myers’s fellow employees at the nearby Dollar
Tree.
¶14. At trial, Myers requested jury instruction D-2, which read as follows:
Alibi means elsewhere or in another place. In this case the defendant is
asserting the defense of alibi by saying that he was at Wal-Mart Store at the
time of the armed robbery and that his vehicle, which was parked in the Wal-
Mart parking lot, was running hot and he was working to repair his vehicle and
going in and out of Wal-Mart to obtain water and a flashlight for his vehicle
up until the time that Earnest Johnson commenced the armed robbery of the
Dollar Tree Store #2730.
6
Alibi is a legal and proper defense in law. The defendant is not required to
establish the truth of his alibi to your satisfaction, but if the evidence in this
case raises in the minds of the jury a reasonable doubt as to whether the
defendant was present and committed the crime, then you must give him the
benefit of the doubt and acquit him.
¶15. This Court has stated that “in cases where a defendant interposes the defense of alibi,
and presents testimony in support of such a defense, the defense is entitled to a jury
instruction focusing upon such a theory.” Morris v. State, 777 So. 2d 16, 29 (Miss. 2000)
(quoting Young v. State, 451 So. 2d 208, 210 (Miss. 1984)). However, “[w]here proof does
not support an alibi defense, the instruction should not be granted.” Cochran v. State, 913
So. 2d 371, 375 (Miss. Ct. App. 2005).
¶16. Myers’s presence “at Wal-Mart Store at the time of the armed robbery” did not
establish an alibi defense as to the State’s charges against him. In response to D-2, the State
submitted that “alibi is inapplicable to the facts in this case since the defendant is not charged
and the State doesn’t contend he was physically present [or] directly participat[ed] in the
crime.” Throughout trial, the State presented proof that Myers conspired with Johnson to
commit armed robbery, actually devised the plan, gave Johnson inside information about the
store that he knew as a result of being employed there, provided him with the gun, drove him
to the store, and drove the getaway in a car that matched the car Myers regularly drove to and
from work. The evidence established that Myers was at Wal-Mart when Johnson robbed the
Dollar Tree, located in a building in the same shopping center as Wal-Mart. But, Myers’s
physical location at the moment of the robbery “d[oes] not constitute a legal defense” to the
7
offenses for which Myers was prosecuted. Thus, the trial court did not abuse its discretion
in denying D-2.
II. Whether the trial court erred in denying Myers’s necessity
instruction.
¶17. The State adduced testimony that Myers’s fingerprint was on the gun which the
arresting officers seized from the trunk of the red Grand Am Myers was driving. To explain
the presence of his fingerprint, Myers testified that, “four to five days” prior to the robbery,
he and his three-year-old son had gone to Johnson’s house. Johnson “had the firearm laying
on the coffee table[,]” so, for his son’s safety, Myers claimed to have “grabbed the gun and
told [Johnson] to put it up.” Thus, Myers claimed that his fingerprint on the gun was from
necessity, but Myers offered no testimony as to necessity of possession of the gun found in
a Dollar Tree bag with the stolen money in the trunk of the car he was driving shortly after
the armed robbery of May 16.7
¶18. Myers requested jury instruction D-11, which read as follows:
The Court instructs the jury that necessity is a valid, legal defense to the crime
of possession of a firearm by a convicted felon. In order to be entitled to the
defense of necessity, the defendant must prove or establish to your satisfaction
each of the following: (1) that his possession of the firearm was done to
prevent a significant injury; (2) there was no adequate alternative to his
possession of the firearm; and (3) the harm, if any, caused by his possession
of the firearm was not disproportionate to the harm avoided.
7
The jury was instructed, in pertinent part, that “[c]onstructive possession may be
shown by evidence, which if believed by the jury, establishes that the said Taurus 9 mm
pistol was subject to the defendant’s dominion and control.”
8
¶19. Necessity is a recognized legal defense in this State,8 but, like Myers’s argument
regarding alibi, that defense is not applicable to this case. The evidence which he claims
supports the instruction – his testimony that he possessed the gun “four to five days” prior
to the robbery out of necessity – does not “constitute[] a legal defense to the charged
offense[.]” Flowers, 51 So. 3d at 913-14. He was not prosecuted for possession of the gun
on May 11 or May 12, just as he was not prosecuted for an armed robbery on May 11 or May
12. Myers’s admission that he handled the gun prior to the robbery, even if believed, does
not alter the fact that, when he was arrested on May 16, the gun was in his possession.
Myers’s testimony served as an explanation for the presence of his fingerprint on the gun,
but it does not acquit him from the charge of possession of the gun at the time of his arrest.
The jury was free to accept or reject Myers’s testimony, but that explanation did not support
a necessity defense to the crime for which he was prosecuted. Myers offered no testimony
that the gun was placed in the trunk out of necessity.
¶20. Myers was found in possession of the gun long after any claimed necessity had
passed. A defendant is not entitled to a necessity defense when he or she pursues a continued
8
See Knight v. State, 601 So. 2d 403 (Miss. 1992).
9
course of criminal conduct after circumstances justifying such conduct cease to exist.9
Therefore, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying D-11.
III. Whether the trial court erred in allowing the State to question
Myers regarding his prior felony conviction.
¶21. “The circuit court’s decision to admit the prior conviction for impeachment is
reviewed under an abuse-of-discretion standard.” Strickland v. State, 980 So. 2d 908, 919
(Miss. 2008) (citing Henderson v. State, 641 So. 2d 1184, 1186 (Miss. 1994)).
¶22. In October 2007, Myers was convicted for the sale of drugs in the Circuit Court of
Madison County. For purposes of his present charge for possession of a firearm by a prior
convicted felon, Myers stipulated to his prior felony conviction, which was admitted by
agreement.
¶23. During its case-in-chief, the State did not delve into the nature of Myers’s previous
conviction. Myers elected to testify in his defense. Prior to his taking the stand, the State
“ask[ed] that the [c]ourt take up the matter of allowing [it] to question [Myers] as to his prior
9
In U.S. v. Panter, 688 F. 2d 268, 270-271 (5th Cir. 1982), the United States Court
of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit stated:
On three previous occasions, we have been urged to address the question
whether the existence of exigent circumstances or an emergency is a defense
to a firearms possession charge. United States v. Scales, 599 F. 2d 78 (5th Cir.
1979); United States v. Hammons, 566 F.2d 1301 (5th Cir.), vacated and
remanded on other grounds, 439 U.S. 810, 99 S. Ct. 68, 58 L. Ed. 2d 102(1978); United States v. Parker, 566 F.2d 1304 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 435
U.S. 956, 98 S. Ct. 1589, 55 L. Ed. 2d 808 (1978). In each case, we found it
unnecessary to decide the issue because the defendant kept the gun beyond the
time of the emergency that allegedly justified his possession.
10
felony conviction.” The State argued that the prior conviction would be “used to impeach
[Myers’s] testimony . . . .” Myers’s counsel argued, “we don’t have any objection to the State
calling again to the jury’s attention that he is a convicted felon . . . [but] the crime itself and
when it happened, those particulars would be more prejudicial than probative.” Thus, the
issue is not whether Myers’s prior conviction was admissible, for it already had been
admitted. The issue is limited to whether the State could question Myers on his prior
conviction.
¶24. The admission of prior convictions for impeachment purposes is guided by
Mississippi Rule of Evidence 609(a)(1) which provides, in pertinent part,
(a) General Rule. For the purpose of attacking the character for truthfulness of
a witness,
(1) evidence that (A) a nonparty witness has been convicted of a crime shall
be admitted subject to Rule 403, if the crime was punishable by death or
imprisonment in excess of one year under the law under which the witness was
convicted, and (B) a party has been convicted of such a crime shall be admitted
if the court determines that the probative value of admitting this evidence
outweighs its prejudicial effect to the party[.]
Miss. R. Evid. 609(a). The comments to Rule 609 provide that “convictions offered under
609(a)(1) to impeach a party must be analyzed under the guidelines set forth in Peterson [v.
State, 518 So. 2d 532 (Miss. 1987)] . . . to determine if the probative value is great enough
to overcome the presumed prejudicial effect to that party, and findings should be made on
the record by the judge.” Miss. R. Evid. 609 cmt. Although noting that “the relevant
considerations will vary to the particular facts of each case,” the Peterson court provided a
“specific list of factors to be considered by the trial judge[:]”
11
(1) The impeachment value of the prior crime.
(2) The point in time of the conviction and the witness’s subsequent history.
(3) The similarity between the past crime and the charged crime.
(4) The importance of the defendant’s testimony.
(5) The centrality of the credibility issue.
Peterson, 518 So. 2d at 636 (quoting 3 J. Weinstein, Evidence 609, 688-89 (1987)).
¶25. Consistent with this Court’s decision in Peterson and Rule 609(a)(1), the trial court
conducted a hearing regarding whether the State could question Myers about his prior felony
conviction and made on-the-record findings. The trial court found that the impeachment
value of the prior crime, vel non, and the importance of the defendant’s testimony weighed
against admissibility. However, because the prior conviction was relatively recent and wholly
dissimilar from the present charged crime, the trial court concluded that the remaining three
factors weighed in favor of admissibility.10 Ultimately, the trial court stated “that the
probative value of the State being allowed to elicit from the defendant the nature and the date
of his conviction outweighs the prejudicial effect.” The trial court “allowed [the State] to
inquire as to the nature and the date of the conviction[,]” but sua sponte proposed that the
jury receive a limiting instruction that Myers’s prior conviction was “only [to be]
10
See Peterson, 518 So. 2d at 637 (“The past crime, possession of marijuana with
intent to deliver, is so similar to the crime for which Peterson was being tried, sale of
marijuana, that the prejudicial effect of the conviction is very high.”)
12
consider[ed] for the purpose of attacking the defendant’s character for truthfulness.” 11 As can
be seen infra, the State followed the instruction of the trial court and limited its questions “to
the nature and the date of the conviction.”
¶26. The trial court conducted a full, on-the-record Peterson analysis. Based on the record
before this Court, we cannot conclude that the trial court abused its discretion by permitting
the State to question Myers about his prior felony conviction.
¶27. Furthermore, Myers opened the door to the State to impeach his testimony by asking
about his prior conviction. The trial court made its determination that Myers’s prior
conviction had little impeachment value after Myers elected to testify but prior to Myers
taking the stand. Myers proceeded to testify that Johnson was troubled, addicted to alcohol
and drugs, and “a bad crowd within himself.” Myers then portrayed himself as someone who
others thought could help Johnson and claimed that he had tried to help Johnson by “giving
him good advice about things.”
¶28. To contest Myers’s testimony that he was a mentor to Johnson, the State questioned
Myers regarding his prior conviction.
Q: “And is he [(Johnson)] a drug addict?”
Myers: “Yes, sir.”
Q: “And you are a convicted drug dealer?”
Myers: “Yes, sir.”
Q: “And you thought it would be a good idea to mentor Earnest Johnson? Yes
or no?”
11
The jury was instructed, in pertinent part, “you are not to consider the defendant’s
prior conviction . . . as evidence of his guilt of the crime(s) for which he is now on trial, but
you may consider that conviction only as it may bear on his character for truthfulness.”
13
Myers: “Yes, sir.”
....
Q: “When were you convicted of selling drugs?
Myers: “[I]t was 2007.”
¶29. In attempting to paint himself as a mentor to Johnson, who was addicted to alcohol
and drugs, Myers opened the door for the State to attack his credibility by questioning him
about his prior conviction for the sale of drugs. See Bush v. State, 895 So. 2d 836, 848-49
(Miss. 2005) (“By voluntarily indulging in the tactic of presenting himself as man who is
afraid of ‘guns, knives, or anything of that nature,’ Bush extended a conditional invitation
to the State for impeachment by way of his prior convictions[]” for “robbing a boy of his
jacket, armed robbery, and armed kidnaping.”) As a result of Myers’s testimony, the nature
and date of his prior conviction were probative of his credibility.
IV. Whether the trial court erred by denying Myers’s motion for a new
trial.
¶30. The decision to grant or deny a new trial based on recanted testimony “is left to the
sound discretion of the trial court free from interference except for abuse of such discretion.”
Bradley v. State, 214 So. 2d 815, 817 (Miss. 1968). “[R]ecanting testimony is exceedingly
unreliable, and is regarded with suspicion; and it is the right and duty of the court to deny a
new trial where it is not satisfied that such testimony is true.” Id. The trial court’s
“determination . . . should not be set aside unless clearly erroneous.” Riddle v. State, 413 So.
2d 737, 740 (Miss. 1982) (quoting Peeples v. State, 218 So. 2d 436, 438-39 (Miss. 1969)).
14
¶31. Before Myers’s trial, on October 24, 2012, Johnson penned two letters. The first was
signed by Johnson. The second letter was signed by Johnson and notarized.12 Both letters
disclaimed Myers’s involvement in the armed robbery. Johnson wrote that, when he exited
the Dollar Tree, he called Myers for a ride and, “by him been [sic] my cuzin [sic][,] he gave
me a ride[,]” without knowledge that Johnson just had committed armed robbery.
¶32. On November 5, 2012, Johnson pleaded guilty to three counts of simple robbery.13
During his plea colloquy, Johnson testified under oath that no promises or hope of reward
had been made in return for his guilty plea. He further testified that the robbery was Myers’s
idea, Myers had given him the gun, and Myers had driven him to and from the robbery. Since
he and Myers had been arrested, Myers had spoken to him and “tried to get [Johnson] to hold
up for it . . . . Say I did everything and set him free.”
¶33. Johnson’s testimony at Myers’s trial was consistent with his testimony at his
November 5 plea hearing. During Myers’s trial, the State revealed the letters Johnson had
written on October 24 and questioned Johnson about the letters before the jury. At trial,
Johnson testified that Myers had asked him to write the letters, but they were not true.
According to Johnson, he wrote them “because [Myers] told [him] he’s going to put some
money on [his] book and look out for [him] while [he] was locked up.” Johnson further
testified that Myers had made other attempts to get him to say that he (Myers) was not
12
Johnson’s second letter was notarized by Myers’s defense counsel.
13
The transcript of Johnson’s plea hearing was entered into evidence as Exhibit S-1
at Myers’s post-trial hearing.
15
involved in the robbery. Thus, the jury received and considered exculpatory letters before
convicting Myers.
¶34. After Myers’s conviction, Johnson penned two more letters (one a signed affidavit)
recanting his testimony at his plea hearing and at Myers’s trial. He claimed that Myers had
not participated in the robbery, a version rejected by the jury at Myers’s trial. Johnson’s
affidavit stated that the “D.A. promised [him] 25 years . . . if [he] testified against . . .
Myers,” and “he didn’t want to be in prison for the rest of [his] life so [he] did it.”
¶35. On January 17, 2013, Myers filed a “Motion for Judgment Notwithstanding the
Verdict, or, in the alternative, For a New Trial[,]” and attached Johnson’s affidavit recanting
his trial testimony as “Exhibit A.” The trial court conducted a hearing on Myers’s motion.
At that hearing, Johnson testified that Myers was not involved in the robbery and provided
an expanded exculpatory version of the May 16 armed robbery. The trial court found that
Johnson’s post-trial version lacked credibility and denied his motion.
¶36. On appeal, Myers argues that he is entitled to a new trial because the “jury never got
the opportunity to hear Johnson’s recantation of his trial testimony.” While Myers is correct
that the jury did not hear Johnson’s post-trial recantation, his argument characterizes
Johnson’s post-trial testimony as something new. The subject of Johnson’s post-trial letters
and testimony was explored at trial, before the jury. Johnson was questioned by the State on
direct examination and extensively cross-examined by the defense about the pretrial,
16
exculpatory letters. Thus, Johnson’s inculpatory and exculpatory versions regarding Myers’s
participation, vel non, were squarely before the jury.14
¶37. In Gathings v. State, 46 So. 2d 800 (Miss. 1950), following Gathings’s trial, all three
alleged accomplices recanted their trial testimony and disclaimed Gathings’s involvement.
The Court reversed Gathings’s conviction based on the recanted testimony. Gathings’s
reasoning explains its distinction from the facts of today’s case. The Gathings Court opined:
Thus it will be seen that we do not have a case where State witnesses have told
one story on direct examination and an entirely different story on cross
examination, and where the jury was afforded the opportunity of determining
which story, if either, was the truth, but rather a case where the defendant as
convicted by the jury on the testimony of witnesses who were then
unimpeached and did not have the benefit of their subsequent repudiation of
the original story told by them.
Id. (Emphasis added.) In the case sub judice, the jury was “afforded the opportunity of
determining which [of Johnson’s] stor[ies], if either, was the truth[.]” Id. Unlike Gathings,
Johnson was examined at trial on his inculpatory and exculpatory versions, giving the jury
“the benefit” of considering Johnson’s inconsistent testimony. Id. In Gathings, no jury
passed upon the inconsistent versions.
¶38. In Gathings, the “only proof . . . that tended in any manner to implicate . . . Gathings”
was that of the “three alleged accomplices.” Id. at 801. In the case sub judice, the jury heard
14
The jury was instructed that “the law looks with suspicion and distrust upon the
testimony of an accomplice . . . . [Y]ou must first view his testimony with suspicion and
distrust, and then, after having exercised the utmost care and caution with respect to his
testimony, you must determine whether or not you believe beyond a reasonable doubt that
Earnest Johnson’s testimony is true.”
17
the testimony of Jesmane Young. Young, a lifelong acquaintance of Myers, was incarcerated
with Myers. Young testified that Myers told him that “he [(Myers)] was the one who set the
robbery up.” Myers told Young that he had gone “to Walmart . . . to buy some dog food and
to get some water to put in the car just to throw everybody off at the Dollar Tree . . . as
Earnest [(Johnson)] do [sic] the robbery.” Myers told Young that, when he and Johnson left
the Dollar Tree, “he stopped and pulled over and opened the trunk and put the stuff in the
trunk, the money and the gun . . . .” Myers further told Young that he was going to try and
get Johnson to take the fall and in return would put money on Johnson’s “books . . .
commissary account” in prison. Young’s testimony corroborated Johnson’s version of the
events sworn to at both his plea hearing and Myers’s trial. The trial court instructed the jury
that Young’s testimony should be considered with caution, despite Young’s testimony that
there had been no promises of favorable treatment in exchange for his testimony.15 16
Corrothers v. State __ So. 3d __, No. 2012-DP-00208-SCT, WL2894310, **15-16 (June 26,
2014).
15
The jury was instructed, in pertinent part, that “Jesmane Young . . . is an informant”
and “that the law looks with suspicion and distrust upon the testimony of an informant. You
should keep in mind that such informant testimony is always to be received and weighed
with great caution. In determining what weight, if any, that you should give to the testimony
of Jesmane Young, you must first view his testimony with suspicion and distrust, and you
must exercise the utmost care and caution with respect to his testimony.”
16
During the jury instruction conference regarding the informant instruction, supra
n.15, Myers’s counsel stated, “Judge, they [(the jury)] can disbelieve every word out of
[Johnson’s] mouth and believe everything Jesmane Young said and convict [Myers].”
18
¶39. Finally, Johnson was not the only one to pen a letter in this case. While both were
incarcerated, Myers wrote a two-page letter to Johnson, entered as State’s Exhibit 37 at trial.
Myers’s letter read, in pertinent part:
Ight [sic] let me break this down to you cuz in [sic] let this stick in your head
no matter what goes on or a n**** saying over there. Bro (cuz) you went in the
store by yourself with the gun and robbed them right “Right” okay I was in
[W]almart right “Right” the folks in the store pointed you out the line up right
“Right” not me right “Right” okay now watch this, but when they caught you
we were together right “Right” okay they know you ran in the store and robbed
the store they got you dead to the right cuz think about it, what is extra that I
can tell them about you that they don’t have already I can’t tell them
NOTHING lil cuz that’s what I’m not understanding when you say hold up for
everything. Lil cuz they don’t have me doing nothing the only thing that would
be left to do is that you tell on me that’s what I’m trying to get you to see that
what’s scaring me my life is in your hand folk. Okay let me explain this to you
“okay” the investigator come to you they going to ask you questions about me
for you to sank [sic] me no matter what they say you still going to get the same
amount of time the[y] probably [sic] ask you about how you get to the store,
how you hear about the store no matter what they ask you what scares me is
what you going to say you tell them I had nothing to do with it and didn’t know
what[’]s going on, is it, is all they need to know . . . . [I]f you ain’t got to sank
[sic] me “don’t” help me so when I get out me [and] family show our respect
for you by making sure you straight tooking [sic] care of . . . .”
(Emphasis added.) Myers’s letter corroborated Johnson’s version of the events sworn to at
his plea hearing and Myers’s trial.
¶40. Regarding the credibility of Johnson’s post-trial letters and subsequent testimony at
the hearing on Myers’s motion for a new trial, “we are reviewing a finding of ultimate fact,
one made by a trial court sitting without a jury. We do not reverse such findings where they
are supported by substantial credible evidence.” Yarborough v. State, 514 So. 2d 1215, 1220
(Miss. 1987).
19
¶41. At the post-trial hearing, on direct examination, Johnson testified:
Me [(Johnson)] and my girl, we had got high, and we got in an argument at
Applebee’s ’cause we didn’t have no more money. And I left Walmart, and
then I had called her. I had told her, meet me at Walmart. She was still cursing
me out. So I told her I’m going to have some money in a few minutes. And
when I was at Walmart, I just looked, and I seen somebody in the front
window of the store like they was fixing to come out. And I already had my
gun, ’cause we was heading to Jackson, and I don’t go to Jackson without no
gun. So when I seen them coming out, I went up in there and robbed them.
¶42. On cross-examination, Johnson provided another version of how he ended up at Dollar
Tree.
Well, when I left Applebee’s, I walked across [the street]. And as I was
coming down, it’s a side street. As I was coming down the side street, and I
seen people standing in the glass doorway, and a lady coming out, and that’s
when I ran to the thing.[17 ]
¶43. There is a striking inconsistency between Johnson’s post-trial version on direct
examination and that provided on cross-examination. In the version provided on direct
examination, Johnson claimed that he saw someone in the window of the Dollar Tree from
Walmart. On cross-examination, Johnson claimed to have seen someone inside the window
of the Dollar Tree when he was coming down a side street, which is on the opposite side of
Dollar Tree from Walmart.
17
At Myers’s trial, Johnson testified that he was sitting on a bench outside the store
when he saw a Dollar Tree employee (Chamon Williams) exiting the store. His testimony
was corroborated by Williams, who testified that, as she exited the store, Johnson was sitting
on a bench. Neither of Johnson’s post-trial versions account for this apparent conflict with
both his trial testimony and that of Williams.
20
¶44. Johnson then testified that, when he exited the Dollar Tree, he proceeded to his left,
the opposite direction from Wal-Mart. Although walking away from Wal-Mart, Johnson
claimed to have seen Myers walking out of the Wal-Mart store while he (Johnson) “was
looking for somebody’s car to steal.” Then, Johnson testified that he had not actually seen
Myers exit Wal-Mart, but rather, he recognized Myers’s front license plate from across the
expansive parking lot after 10:30 p.m. Johnson claimed that it was then that he called Myers
and asked for a ride, and Myers unwittingly picked him up.
¶45. Johnson also provided the trial judge with a different version of how the gun and
money ended up in Myers’s trunk. At trial, he testified that Myers had stopped on the
interstate and placed the bag in the trunk. At the post-trial hearing, Johnson testified:
[w]hen the police pulled us over, the police hopped out with a gun, told us to
put our hands up, and he said what the F going on [sic]. Then he [(Myers)] got
out of the car, and the police told him to walk backwards. And I let my seat
back, and then I reached back there and pulled the little string thing, and I
throwed [sic] the money back there.” 18
¶46. Following a thorough examination of Johnson’s plea testimony, trial testimony
(including his two pretrial letters), post-trial letters, and post-trial testimony which contained
different versions of the events of that night, the trial court concluded that “Johnson’s
18
Johnson’s new version of how the bag found its way into Myers’s trunk conflicted
with his own testimony at trial. It further conflicted with the testimony of both the arresting
deputy and the Madison police officer who conducted the inventory search of the vehicle at
the station. The arresting deputy testified that, when he stopped Myers and Johnson, both
placed their hands on the interior roof of Myers’s vehicle before he (the deputy) exited his
vehicle. See supra ¶ 5. Additionally, both the deputy and the officer testified that, upon
inspection of the vehicle, neither could locate any way to access the trunk from the interior
of the vehicle.
21
testimony is just not credible at all as it relates to what he testified to today.” There is ample
support in the record, including photographic evidence, for the trial court’s finding that
Johnson’s recantation lacked credibility. Based on the entire record before this Court, we
cannot conclude that the trial court abused its discretion, factually or legally, in denying
Myers’s motion for a new trial.
V. Whether the trial court sentenced Myers to a term in excess of his
present life expectancy.
¶47. This Court repeatedly has held that “sentencing lies within the sole discretion of the
trial court and, generally, will not be disturbed on appeal ‘so long as it does not exceed the
maximum term allowed by statute.’” Mosley v. State, 104 So. 3d 839, 841 (Miss. 2012)
(quoting Gibson v. State, 731 So. 2d 1087, 1097 (Miss. 1998)).
¶48. Upon his 2007 conviction, Myers was sentenced to five years in the custody of the
Mississippi Department of Corrections (MDOC), with four years suspended and four years
supervised probation. On July 24, 2012, the circuit court entered an order revoking Myers’s
supervised probation and remanding him to the custody of the MDOC to serve the remainder
of his sentence.19
¶49. Following his present convictions, the jury did not impose a life sentence for any of
Myers’s armed-robbery convictions. Thereafter, the trial court conducted a sentencing
19
That order is not part of the record in the present case. However, a copy of the
“Order of Revocation” is attached as an appendix to Myers’s “Brief of Appellant.”
According to the order, Myers’s probation was revoked because he had “failed to report
since 10-6-2011[.]”
22
hearing.20 Noting that his present life expectancy was 35.6 years, the trial court sentenced
Myers to thirty-five years for each count of armed robbery. The trial court ordered that those
sentences be served concurrently.
¶50. Myers makes no argument on appeal that his concurrent thirty-five-year sentences for
armed robbery “exceed[ed] the maximum term allowed by statute.” Mosley, 104 So. 3d at
841. Instead, Myers argues that his present sentences for armed robbery “were not calculated
to be less than his life expectancy of 35.6 years” because, under Mississippi Code Section
99-19-21(2),21 his previous sentence had been revoked and he “was statutorily precluded
from beginning the service of the sentences for his three armed robbery convictions . . . until
he had first completed the service of his previous four year prison sentence.”
20
See Miss. Code Ann. 97-3-79 (Rev. 2006) (A person convicted of armed robbery
“shall be imprisoned for life in the state penitentiary if the penalty is so fixed by the jury; and
in cases where the jury fails to fix the penalty at imprisonment for life in the state
penitentiary the court shall fix the penalty at imprisonment in the state penitentiary for any
term not less than three (3) years.”)
21
Section 99-19-21(2) provides, in pertinent part,
[w]hen a person is sentenced to imprisonment for a felony committed while
the person was on parole, probation, earned-release supervision, post-release
supervision or suspended sentence, the imprisonment shall commence at the
termination of the imprisonment for the preceding conviction. The term of
imprisonment for a felony committed during parole, probation, earned-release
supervision, post-release supervision or suspended sentence shall not run
concurrently with any preceding term of imprisonment.
Miss. Code Ann. § 99-19-21(2) (Rev. 2007).
23
¶51. Myers’s argument is without merit. This Court has stated, “each sentence is to be
imposed without respect to the other.” Erwin v. State, 557 So. 2d 799, 803 (Miss. 1990).
The trial court was not required to consider whether Myers still had time to serve on another
sentence any more than it was required to consider the sentences imposed on separate counts
within the same conviction. To do otherwise, “circumstances might well arise where it will
be impossible for the State to impose any meaningful sentence where more than one crime
was committed.” Id. (citing Harper v. State, 463 So. 2d 1036, 1041 (Miss. 1985)). Such a
result would be in hopeless conflict with Mississippi Code Section 99-19-21(1)22 and would
vitiate a trial court’s discretion to impose consecutive sentences.
¶52. Myers has failed to demonstrate that the trial court imposed any sentence upon his
present convictions which exceeded the statutory maximum. Thus, we will not disturb those
sentences on appeal.
CONCLUSION
¶53. Based upon our analysis, we affirm the judgments of conviction and sentencing order
of the Circuit Court of Madison County.
¶54. COUNT I: CONVICTION OF ARMED ROBBERY AND SENTENCE OF
THIRTY-FIVE (35) YEARS IN THE CUSTODY OF THE MISSISSIPPI
DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS, AFFIRMED. COUNT II: CONVICTION OF
ARMED ROBBERY AND SENTENCE OF THIRTY-FIVE (35) YEARS IN THE
22
Section 99-19-21(1) provides, “[w]hen a person is sentenced to imprisonment on
two (2) or more convictions, the imprisonment on the second, or each subsequent conviction
shall, in the discretion of the court, commence either at the termination of the imprisonment
for the preceding conviction or run concurrently with the preceding conviction.” Miss. Code
Ann. § 99-19-21(1) (Rev. 2007).
24
CUSTODY OF THE MISSISSIPPI DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS,
AFFIRMED. COUNT III: CONVICTION OF ARMED ROBBERY AND SENTENCE
OF THIRTY-FIVE (35) YEARS IN THE CUSTODY OF THE MISSISSIPPI
DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS, AFFIRMED. COUNT V: CONVICTION OF
CONSPIRACY TO COMMIT ARMED ROBBERY AND SENTENCE OF FIVE (5)
YEARS IN THE CUSTODY OF THE MISSISSIPPI DEPARTMENT OF
CORRECTIONS, AFFIRMED. COUNT VI: CONVICTION OF POSSESSION OF A
FIREARM BY A CONVICTED FELON AND SENTENCE OF TEN (10) YEARS IN
THE CUSTODY OF THE MISSISSIPPI DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS,
AFFIRMED. AFTER APPELLANT HAS SERVED ONE (1) DAY IN THE CUSTODY
OF THE MISSISSIPPI DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS, APPELLANT SHALL
BE RELEASED AND SERVE FIVE (5) YEARS ON SUPERVISED POST-RELEASE
SUPERVISION, UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE MISSISSIPPI DEPARTMENT
OF CORRECTIONS, WITH CONDITIONS. SENTENCES IN COUNTS I, II AND III
SHALL RUN CONCURRENTLY. SENTENCE IN COUNT V SHALL RUN
CONCURRENTLY WITH THE SENTENCES IN COUNTS I, II AND III.
SENTENCE IN COUNT VI SHALL RUN CONSECUTIVELY WITH THE
SENTENCES IN COUNTS I, II, III AND V. APPELLANT SHALL PAY COURT
COSTS, FEES AND ASSESSMENTS IN THE AMOUNT OF $1,602.50 TO BE PAID-
IN-FULL WITHIN NINETY (90) DAYS FOLLOWING RELEASE FROM
CUSTODY.
LAMAR, CHANDLER, PIERCE AND COLEMAN, JJ., CONCUR.
COLEMAN, J., SPECIALLY CONCURS WITH SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION
JOINED BY PIERCE, J.; RANDOLPH, P.J., JOINS IN PART. KING, J., DISSENTS
WITH SEPARATE WRITTEN OPINION JOINED BY DICKINSON, P.J., AND
KITCHENS, J. WALLER, C.J., NOT PARTICIPATING.
COLEMAN, JUSTICE, SPECIALLY CONCURRING:
¶55. I concur with the majority’s holding that Lyndon Myers is not entitled to the necessity
defense. However, in the end, I am of the opinion that, even if the concerns raised by the
dissent regarding the looseness of the jury instruction’s time frame and the uncertainty about
which of two possible possessions form the basis of Myers’s conviction for possession of the
gun should carry the day, I do not believe the facts adduced at trial sufficiently support the
25
second element of the necessity defense. I write separately to explain my opinion that, even
in light of Justice King’s dissent, Myers is not entitled to it.
¶56. When the question of whether to grant a jury instruction is close, “the trial court
should err on the side of inclusion rather than exclusion . . . .” Flowers v. State, 51 So. 3d
911, 912-13 (¶ 6) (Miss. 2010). Justice King argues the necessity defense is proper because
the jury instruction would include “on or about May 16, 2012.” Given that Myers was
charged with possession “on or about May 16th,” it is unclear whether the jury convicted
Myers of possession when he visited Johnson with his son or possession when the gun was
found in his car. I think that even if Justice King’s concerns are valid, they are without merit
because Myers has failed to make out a prima facie case for the necessity defense.
¶57. The necessity defense has three essential elements: “(1) the act charged must have
been done to prevent a significant evil; (2) there must have been no adequate alternative; and
(3) the harm caused must not have been disproportionate to the harm avoided.” McMillian
v. City of Jackson, 701 So. 2d 1105, 1107 (¶ 8) (Miss. 1977). Myers fails to make a prima
facie showing that there was no adequate alternative. In McMillian, McMillian argued that
she had no other alternative but to participate in an abortion protest on the grounds of the
abortion clinic. Id. at 1108 (¶ 11). Her protest constituted trespass, and she claimed it was
a necessity because unborn children were in imminent harm. Id. The Court refused the
necessity defense stating that “McMillian could have sought an injunction to prevent any
unlawful action at the clinic in advance of the date McMillian was compelled to trespass.”
Id. The Court reasoned that “[c]learly, [an injunction] would have been a better alternative
26
than violating the law.” Id. Under the instant case, Myers was not able to take action in
advance, but even in spite of that, Myers clearly had other immediate alternatives to touching
the gun. Myers testified Johnson was sitting on the couch and the gun was on the coffee
table; Myers could have simply told Johnson to remove the gun from the area. Moreover,
Myers could have just as easily taken his son and left the house. While proving a negative
is difficult, the second element of the necessity defense requires it, and the record before the
Court simply does not support the conclusion that Myers had no reasonable alternative to
possessing the gun to protect his son.
¶58. The Court in Flowers reached the opposite conclusion, finding that the defendant had
made a “prima facie showing of the necessity defense.” Flowers, 51 So. 3d at 913 (¶8).
Flowers testified that “he had no time to do anything but break into the house” because
“someone was after him with a gun . . . .” Id. Myers was not faced with a moving third party
or a party chasing him. Although he testified his son was active, the danger was a static item,
the gun sitting on the coffee table. The gun was, undeniably, a threat to the safety and well
being of his son, but the facts clearly support that Myers just as easily could have asked
Johnson to move the gun or left.
¶59. At trial, Myers’s attorney asked whether Myers “consider[ed] . . . any other alternative
available to [him] other than to pick that gun up and make sure that Earnest got it away from
[his] son.” Myers answered, “For the safety of my son that was about it.” When his attorney
reworded the question, Myers then said “No, sir.” The line of questioning by Myers’s
attorney misstates the test. The test is not whether Myers “considered” any other alternative,
27
but whether any other adequate alternative in fact was available to him. In McMillian, the
defendant did not consider an injunction as an alternative, but the court found that it was a
clear alternative. McMillian, 701 So. 2d at 1108 (¶ 11).
¶60. In McMillian, McMillian also argued that, under O’Bryant v. State, she was entitled
to the necessity defense because the O’Bryant Court observed that the defendant had the
right, for “every lawful defense [the defendant] asserts, even though based upon meager
evidence and highly unlikely, to be submitted as a factual issue to be determined by the jury
under proper instruction of the court.” McMillian, 701 So. 2d at 1108 (¶ 13) (quoting
O’Bryant v. State, 530 So. 2d 129, 133 (Miss. 1988)). In response, the Court drew a
distinction between where “the lack of an adequate alternative is less than meager” as
opposed to “non-existent” and not “supported by any evidence.” McMillian, 701 So. 2d at
1108 (¶ 14) (citing Abram v. State, 606 So. 2d 1015, 1035 (Miss.1992), overruled on other
grounds by Foster v. State, 961 So. 2d 670 (Miss. 2007)). In other words, the Court will not
grant a jury instruction where the necessity defense is nonexistent, as here, other alternatives
clearly were available to Myers.
¶61. The evidence did not support the giving of a necessity defense instruction because it
was devoid of any evidence that Myers lacked any reasonable alternative to possessing the
gun.
PIERCE, J., JOINS THIS OPINION. RANDOLPH, P.J., JOINS THIS
OPINION IN PART.
KING, JUSTICE, DISSENTING:
28
¶62. I dissent as to Issue II, whether the trial court erred in denying Myers’s necessity
instruction. Because I believe that the trial court should have granted Myers’s instruction on
necessity as a defense to his felon in possession of a firearm charge, I would reverse and
remand his conviction for that offense.
¶63. Myers was charged in a multi-count indictment with several felonies. These included
count VI, which charged that:
[B]ased upon a series of acts connected together and constituting parts
of a common scheme and plan, LYNDON C. MYERS, on or about the 16th
day of May, 2012, in the county aforesaid and within the jurisdiction of this
Court, did unlawfully, knowingly, and feloniously possess a firearm when
LYNDON C. MYERS, the said defendant, had previously been convicted of
a felony offense. . . .
(Emphasis added.)
¶64. The State offered proof that Myers’s thumb print was identified on a 9MM pistol
found in the bag with money, which had been stolen from Dollar Tree, allegedly by Earnest
Johnson, on May 16, 2012. Myers testified that he and his infant son had visited Johnson’s
home approximately four or five days prior to the robbery (May 11 or 12, 2012), that he saw
the pistol on a table, and that he moved it to prevent injury to his son. That testimony is as
follows:
Q. You were here yesterday when the fingerprint man testified?
A. Yes, Sir.
Q. And how he testified that it was your right thumb print --
A. --Yes, sir.
Q. -- on the Taurus nine millimeter pistol that was found in the bag along with
the robbery money?
A. Yes, sir.
Q. You heard that testimony?
29
A. Yes, sir.
Q. Did you at any time on the day of the robbery, May 16, 20121[sic], did you
at any time on that day handle or touch in any way that firearm?
A. No, sir.
Q. Who did that firearm belong to?
A. Earnest Johnson.
Q. Okay. Have you ever handled that firearm in the past?
A. Yes, sir, I have touched it. You know, the fingerprint guy said he has seen
fingerprints last up to years.
Q. Well, tell the jury when you touched the gun the last time?
A. I came to Earnest’s house maybe -- it was on a Saturday, me and my son
came to the house. I have a three-year-old son. When I came to Earnest’s
house, he had the firearm laying on the coffee table. So I grabbed the gun and
told him to put it up. I only did it because of the safely of my son. If my son
hadn’t been there, I would have never touched it. When I walked in the house,
he had the gun laying on the coffee [t]able, on the coffee table in his house.
I was really just stopping by for a slight visit because him and his friend-girl
had just moved into that apartment, and I wanted to just come through and just
show my respects. So I came in. He had the gun sitting on the coffee table.
I grabbed the gun and told him to put it up. “Put this up, man.” That’s how
my fingerprint got on the gun.
Q. Is that the only time you’ve ever touched it?
A. Yes, sir.
Q. How long prior to May 16th of this year did that happen when you touched
the gun?
A. Maybe four to five days before.
Q. Four to five; is that what you said?
A. Yes.
Q. Okay. And who was with you on that occasion when you touched the gun?
A. Me, my son, and Earnest.
Q. And how old is your son?
A. Three years old.
Q. Was the gun loaded?
A. Yes, sir. Well, I have no idea, Mr. Ritchey. I don’t know if it was or not.
I don’t know. Knowing Earnest, it probably was. I don’t know. I just told him
to put it up.
Myers was also questioned vigorously about this episode on cross-examination, and not only
did his story remain the same, but also he testified that his son was very active.
30
¶65. The State received instruction S-6, which read:
LYNDON C. MYERS has been charged in Count VI of the indictment
with the crime of Possession of a Firearm by a Convicted Felon. If you find
from the evidence in this case beyond a reasonable doubt that:
1. LYNDON C. MYERS, on or about the 16th day of May, 2012, in
Madison County, Mississippi;
2. Did unlawfully, knowingly and feloniously possess a firearm;
3. When, LYNDON C. MYERS, had previously been convicted of a
felony offense;
then you shall find the Defendant, LYNDON C. MYERS, guilty of Possession
of a Firearm by a Convicted Felon as charged in Count VI of the Indictment.
If the State has failed to prove any one or more of the above-listed
elements beyond a reasonable doubt, then you shall find the Defendant,
LYNDON C. MYERS, not guilty of Possession of a Firearm by a Convicted
Felon.
(Second emphasis added.)
¶66. Myers agreed to the grant of S-6, provided he received D-11. That is reflected in the
following exchange:
THE COURT: What about S-6?
MR. RITCHEY : Your Honor, I don’t have any objection to it provided that
we get our requested D-11. If we don’t, then I think there should be some
language about not in necessity. I believe necessity is a defense to the felony
possession of a firearm.
THE COURT: Y’all get that? He’s agreeing to the elements as long as he gets
D-11.
MR. GUEST: I know he testified he moved it because of his son, but I don’t
know that D-11 is supported by the facts in the case. There has been no
reasonable alternative, no adequate alternative, and what the State is alleging,
Your Honor, is that he possessed the gun on the day in question, which is
according to the elements he possessed it on or about May 16th. The proof
was that he touched the gun some days and that’s how his print got on there.
So I don’t think D-11 is applicable because he said he didn’t even handle the
gun on the date in which he is charged in the indictment.
31
¶67. Myers then asked the trial court to grant instruction D-11, regarding his defense of
necessity to the charge of possession of a firearm by a convicted felon. That proposed
instruction read:
The Court instructs the jury that necessity is a valid, legal defense to the
crime of possession of a firearm by a convicted felon. In order to be entitled
to the defense of necessity, the defendant must prove or establish to your
satisfaction each of the following: (1) that his possession of the firearm was
done to prevent a significant injury; (2) there was no adequate alternative to
his possession of the firearm; and (3) the harm, if any, caused by his
possession of the firearm was not disproportionate to the harm avoided.
¶68. The trial court denied this instruction during the following exchange:
THE COURT: D-11?
MR. MAYFIELD: Our objection is that there is no evidentiary basis for a
necessity defense.
THE COURT: Given the fact that the defendant is being prosecuted for
possessing the gun on May 16, 2012, not three weeks before.23
MR. MAYFIELD: Yes, sir.
MR. RITCHEY: Well, your Honor, I don’t know how you instruct the jury.
I mean, I would think there would be a tendency on the part of the jury that if
they believe – we’ve admitted he is a convicted felon. And if they believe that
ever at any time while he was convicted felon that he handled this weapon,
then the prosecution is going to be arguing that’s constructive possession, he
is a convicted felon, wham, he’s guilty, when necessity is a valid defense. I
don’t know we should be limited to the fact that he didn’t present any
testimony he touch it by necessity on the day of the 16th. I don’t think that
should prohibit us from getting this necessity defense. He’s entitled to that.
It’s a good defense to possession of a firearm by a convicted felon.
THE COURT: Unless he possessed it during the commission of conspiring
with another to commit an armed robbery. Isn’t that right?
MR. MAYFIELD: Your Honor, he is not charged with possessing it on the day
he touched it or says he touched it.
23
Myers specifically testified that he touched the gun four or five days before May 16,
2012. Moreover, the State chose to prosecute Myers not for possession on May 16, 2012,
but for possession of the firearm on or about May 16, 2012.
32
MR. RITCHEY: I don’t know that the jury can comprehend that distinction.
MR. MAYFIELD: Counsel has a perfectly good constructive possession
instruction with respect to it having been in its – arguably subject to a
dominion and control on the 16th of May.
MR. RITCHEY: I think we need some kind of instruction, Judge, that they
can’t convict him for being a felon in possession of a firearm unless they find
that he possessed the firearm on May 16th.
THE COURT: You’ve got that in the elements instructions.
MR. MAYFIELD: And they have been instructed on constructive possession.
THE COURT: D-11 will be refused.
(Emphases added.) Thus, Myers specifically requested that the jury be instructed that the
felon in possession charge was only for possession on May 16, 2012, and the trial court
maintained that his request was fulfilled by S-6, despite the fact that S-6 demanded Myers’s
conviction for possession on or about May 16, 2012.
¶69. Because instruction S-6 is not restricted to May 16, 2012, the date of the robbery, but
instead uses the language “on or about May 16, 2012,” I believe that Myers should have been
given his instruction D-11. The failure to grant D-11 allowed the jury to ignore Myers’
explanation and defense, and convict him for whenever he possessed the pistol.
¶70. “[A] trial judge, when requested, must properly instruct the jury on the defendant’s
theory of the case – so long as that theory constitutes a legal defense to the charged offense,
is not repetitious, and is supported by evidence.” 24 Flowers v. State, 51 So. 3d 911, 913-14
(Miss. 2010). This is because “a party has a right to have jury instructions on all material
24
Interestingly, the majority takes this quote out of context as support for its assertion
that necessity does not constitute a legal defense to the charged offense. Maj. Op. ¶19. In
Flowers, this Court held that it was error for the trial court to refuse a necessity instruction.
Flowers, 51 So. 3d at 913-14.
33
issues presented in the pleadings or evidence.” Id. at 912 (internal quotations and alterations
omitted). If the question of whether a jury instruction should be granted is close, “the trial
court should err on the side of inclusion rather than exclusion.” Id. at 912-13 (internal
quotations omitted). Furthermore, the trial court “must consider the evidence in the light
most favorable to the accused, and consider all reasonable favorable inferences that may be
drawn from the evidence in favor of the accused.” Id. at 913 (internal quotations and
alterations omitted).
¶71. The necessity defense excuses what would otherwise be criminal conduct when the
act was done to prevent a significant evil, no adequate alternative existed, and the harm
caused by the act was not disproportionate to the harm avoided by it. Id. In Flowers, the
defendant in a house-burglary prosecution testified that he broke into the house because
someone was trying to shoot him. Id. at 911-13. The prosecutor chose to cross-examine him
about other options, but he insisted that there were none but to break into the house. Id. at
913. “This testimony, if believed, established a prima facie showing of the necessity
defense.” Id. Likewise, in this case, Myers testified that a gun that he believed was likely
loaded was in the immediate vicinity of, and within the reach of, his very active toddler. He
testified that he picked it up and handed it to the owner simply to keep his child from harm.
If believed, this testimony established a prima facie showing of the necessity defense. As
the Court in Flowers noted,
In a criminal prosecution, trial and appellate judges do not always find
the defendant’s testimony believable, credible, or consistent with other
evidence. Still, it is evidence. And no citation of authority is necessary for the
34
bedrock legal principle that juries, not judges, determine the weight and
credibility of the evidence – including the defendant’s testimony.
And it is the jury’s responsibility, after determining the facts, to apply
them to the law provided by the trial court. Yet, had the jurors believed [the
defendant’s] testimony, they could not have done so, because the trial judge
provided them no instruction on the law of necessity.
Id. The Special Concurrence, without knowing exactly where the child and Myers were in
relation to the loaded gun, makes suppositions regarding situations not found in the record
as to the “reasonable alternatives” it believes Myers had. Myers testified as to the necessity
of keeping a loaded gun away from his “very active” toddler. The trial court should err on
the side of inclusion rather than exclusion and the trial court “must consider the evidence in
the light most favorable to the accused, and consider all reasonable favorable inferences
that may be drawn from the evidence in favor of the accused.” Flowers, 51 So. 3d at 913(emphases added) (internal quotations and alterations omitted). When using this standard,
an inference must be made that the toddler, Myers, and Johnson were in physical positions
that rendered Myers picking up the gun as the only reasonable alternative. The imaginings
of the Special Concurrence that consider the evidence in a light most favorable to the State
do not change this standard or render Myers’s testimony irrelevant.
¶72. The majority, as did the trial court before it, fails to account for the vague indictment
and jury instruction which charge that Myers possessed a firearm “on or about May 16th.”
The robbery occurred on May 16. Instead of choosing to state “May 16th” in the indictment
and jury instruction, the state chose to charge Myers with felon in possession of a firearm “on
or about May 16th” and so instruct the jury. Due to the vague date in the instruction, the jury
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clearly could have thought that May 12 was “about” May 16 and convicted Myers for his
possession of the gun at Johnson’s home. The jury was given no instructions to find
otherwise, because the trial court failed to instruct it on the law of necessity. The majority
emphasizes that the gun was found in the trunk of the car driven by Myers on May 16. This
does not change the fact that no one knows whether the jury actually convicted Myers for this
alleged “possession” or whether they convicted him instead for the May 11 or 12 possession
of the gun. We have no way of knowing to which possession the conviction applied, due to
the vague indictment. Indeed, the majority attempts to explain this away by noting that
“Myers offered no testimony as to the necessity of possession of the gun . . . . in the trunk of
the car he was driving shortly after the armed robbery of May 16” Maj. Op. ¶17. It also
claims that “Myers’s admission that he handled the gun prior to the robbery, even if believed,
does not alter the fact that, when he was arrested on May 16, the gun was in his possession.”
Maj. Op. ¶19. The majority’s argument flies in the face of the extraordinarily plain language
of the indictment and the jury instruction. Had it been so extraordinarily clear that Myers was
charged with possession of a firearm on and only on May 16, why then, did the trial court
refuse to so clearly instruct the jury? The trial court and State instead chose to instruct the
jury more ambiguously, allowing them to find him guilty of possession of a firearm on or
about May 16. The jury instructions should generally say what they mean and mean what
they say. The jury instructions allowed the jury to find Myers guilty of possession of a
firearm if he possessed it on one of several dates. The majority now attempts to morph an
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intentionally vague date in the jury instruction into a specific, singular date. The jury’s
determination of when Myers possessed a firearm is simply unknown.
¶73. Because Myers’s testimony established a prima facie showing for the necessity
defense, and because the jury instruction on the charge of felon in possession of a firearm
was so vague as to encompass Myers’s possession of the firearm on May 11 or 12, I believe
the trial court erred in not granting Myers’s requested instruction on the necessity defense.
For this reason, I would reverse Myers’s felon in possession of a firearm conviction and
remand for a new trial on that charge.
DICKINSON, P.J., AND KITCHENS, J., JOIN THIS OPINION.
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