Edwards v. Commissioner of Social Security

654 F. Supp. 2d 692 (2009)

Nancy EDWARDS, Plaintiff,
v.
COMMISSIONER OF SOCIAL SECURITY, Defendant.

Case No. 1:08-cv-374.

United States District Court, W.D. Michigan, Southern Division.

September 10, 2009.

Themis J. Fotieo, Reamon Fotieo Szczytko & Fedewa, PC, Grand Rapids, MI, for Plaintiff.

James E. Hail, Social Security Administration, Chicago, IL, Matthew L. Meyer, U.S. Attorney, Grand Rapids, MI, for Defendant.

OPINION and ORDER

PAUL L. MALONEY, Chief Judge.

Overruling the Plaintiff's Objections and Adopting the R & R; Declining Sentence-Six Remand for Consideration of Untimely Evidence; Affirming the Commissioner's Denial of Disability Benefits; Terminating and Closing the Case

Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 636 and W.D. MICH. LCIVR 72.2(b), this matter was automatically referred to the Honorable Ellen S. Carmody, United States Magistrate Judge, who issued a Report and Recommendation ("R & R") on July 30, 2009 [document # 14]. Plaintiff filed timely objections on August 3, 2009 [document # 15]. The court also finds that plaintiff's objections are sufficiently specific and articulated to trigger de novo review of the portions of the R & R to which she has objected.^[1] As ordered by the court, the Commissioner timely filed a response to the objections on August 25, 2009 [document # 18]. Edwards did not file a reply brief within the time allotted by the Rules, nor did she seek an extension of time in which to do so.^[2]

The court finds the R & R to be well-reasoned and is unconvinced by the plaintiff's objections. For the reasons explained by the R & R, substantial evidence supported the ALJ's October 2007 determination that Edwards' impairments —bipolar disorder, anxiety, and carpal tunnel syndrome—did not render her disabled between her alleged onset date (August 27, 2004) and her date last insured ("DLI").

The Magistrate Judge noted that when Edwards checked herself into a hospital on August 30, 2004, she was suffering from depression, insomnia, low energy, poor concentration, social withdrawal, suicidal thoughts, anxiety and panic; had been drinking for years, including about a bottle and a half of champagne daily at the current time; was using Ambien to fall asleep, which caused "hangovers" in the morning; and was experiencing money problems and job stress; was having difficulty recovering from a rape 22 years earlier and from her husband's death 15 years earlier; and had a GAF score^[3] of only 18 (on a scale of zero to 100), which indicated that she was in "some danger of hurting [her]self or others or occasionally fail[ing] to maintain minimal personal hygiene or [experiencing] gross impairment in communication." See R & R at 706 (citing Transcript at 164-68 and DSM-IV at 34). Edwards was diagnosed with recurrent, severe, major depressive disorder without psychotic features (in substantial remission) and a suicidal tendency (also in remission), leading her to participate in therapy, but not psychological testing because such testing was not indicated. See R & R at 706 (citing Tr. at 156-58).

When Edwards was discharged from the hospital six days later, on September 4, 2004, her GAF had markedly improved to 70—which indicates that she had only "some mild symptoms or some difficulty in social, occupational, or school functioning, but [was] generally functioning pretty well [and had] some meaningful interpersonal relationships"; her prognosis was "good" with treatment, "fair" without treatment, and "poor" if she continued to use drugs and alcohol; and she was cleared to work without restrictions. See R & R at 706-07 (citing Tr. at 155 and 157-58 and DSM-IV at 34). According to treatment notes, Edwards was no longer taking anti-depressant medication by December 7, 2004, but a March 2005 consultative examination by Neil Reilly, M.A., showed her reporting "pretty constant" depression; manic episodes lasting two to three days; a failure or refusal to shower, dress, or get out of bed for as long as eight days recently; a history of addiction to prescription medications; and anxiety at family gatherings. See R & R at 707 (citing Tr. at 170 and 192). Edwards reported that her medications "helped some", but admitted that she continued to drink alcohol "a couple times a week", drinking "four glasses of wine at a time", and stated that her depression worsened as she drank more. See R & R at 707 (citing Tr. at 192 and 193). As for daily activities, Edwards reported reading a lot, spending "a lot of time" on the Internet, cooking, washing dishes, shopping, and doing laundry. See R & R at 707 (citing Tr. 194 and 195-96). Although Edwards appeared anxious and was assigned a GAF diminished to 58,^[4] examination showed a normal mental status; she was diagnosed with moderate to severe bipolar disorder^[5], generalized anxiety^[6] with some post-traumatic features, and alcohol dependence.

The following month, April 2005, a Dr. Overbey completed a Psychiatric Review Technique form finding that Edwards was dependent on alcohol and suffered a mood disturbance which satisfied the Part A criterion for the Section 12.04 "Affective Disorder" Listing of Impairments, but not any of the Part B criteria. Dr. Overbey found that Edwards was moderately restricted in daily living activities; social functioning; maintaining concentration, persistence or pace; and had experienced one or two episodes of decompensation. See R & R at 707 (citing Tr. at 207-223). "As our Circuit has explained, `Decompensation is the appearance or exacerbation of a mental disorder due to failure of defense mechanisms.'" Bailey v. SSA, 623 F. Supp. 2d 889, 895 n. 16 (W.D.Mich.2009) (Maloney, C.J.) (quoting Kornecky, 167 Fed.Appx. at 499 n. 3) (quoting STEDMAN'S MED. DICTIONARY 462 (27th ed.2000)); see also Lee v. Astrue, 2009 WL 693156, *12 n. 24 (M.D.Tenn. Mar. 13, 2009) ("Decompensation is the `failure of defense mechanisms resulting in progressive personality disintegration.'") (quoting DORLAND'S ILLUS. MED. DICTIONARY 437 (27th ed.1988)).^[7] Significantly, Dr. Overbey's written Mental RFC assessment found that Edwards was moderately limited in four areas (understanding and memory, sustained concentration and persistence, social interaction, and adaptation) but either "not significantly limited" or not limited at all in the other sixteen categories. See R & R at 707 (citing Tr. at 221-223).

In September 2005, five months after Overbey's examination, Edwards said she was going to try to find a part-time job but was "finding it hard not to drink." Over one year later, in September 2006, treatment notes indicate Edwards was still drinking a full bottle of wine around noon every day. See R & R at 707 (citing Tr. at 227 & 229). Three months later, in December 2006, Edwards again reported that she was drinking "a fifth" of wine, which equates to a full bottle, every day.^[8] At that time, consulting physician Dr. Jack Carr examined Edwards at her attorney's office, noted an affect fluctuating between euphoric and tearful, assigned a GAF score of 45, and diagnosed her with alcohol dependence and bipolar II disorder-depressed. See R & R at 707-08 (citing Tr. at 231 and 237). Edwards told Dr. Carr that a job would be "helpful", but he noted that it was "not clear" whether she had made any "significant effort" to find work. See R & R at 708 (citing Tr. at 237-4240). Five months later, treatment notes stated that Edwards continued to drink a full bottle of alcohol every day and had not taken "any steps to curb her drinking." See R & R at 708 (citing Tr. at 246). Finally, in June 2007, Edwards' treating psychiatrist characterized her prognosis as "poor", opining that her functioning was "marginal" due to depression, social withdrawal, avolition^[9], and her abuse of alcohol. See R & R at 708 (citing Tr. at 245).

Since January 1, 1997, federal statute has effectively required the SSA to determine disability without considering the effects of substance abuse and addiction, and the statute draws no distinction between alcohol and other drugs, nor between legal and illegal drugs. See Pub.L. No. 104-121, 110 Stat. 847 (1996). "[T]he social security administration must deny a claim for benefits if drug addiction or alcohol is a contributing factor material [to] a finding of disability." Siemon v. SSA, 72 Fed.Appx. 421, 422 (6th Cir.2003) (p.c.) (Keith, Cole, Cook) (citing 42 U.S.C. §§ 423(d)(2)(C) and 20 C.F.R. § 404.1535). See, e.g., id. (affirming ALJ's determination that claimant was not rendered disabled by his chronic hepatitis B, dysthymia, anxiety, personality disorder, and history of alcohol dependency); Ellison v. SSA, 101 Fed.Appx. 994, 995 (6th Cir. 2004) (p.c.) (Siler, Cole, Rogers) (affirming ALJ's determination that under new statutory standard, claimant's severe impairments of degenerative disc disease, dysthymia, and alcoholic neuropathy left him able to perform a significant range of light work); Hopkins v. SSA, 96 Fed. Appx. 393, 395 (6th Cir.2004) (p.c.) (Kennedy, Martin, Rogers) ("Because Hopkins' original award of benefits was based on his drug addiction and alcoholism, the Commissioner was required by law to terminate Hopkins' benefits. The law requires that the Commissioner make a new medical determination on whether Hopkins was disabled without considering his drug addiction and alcoholism.") (citing 42 U.S.C. §§ 423(d)(2)(C) and 1382(a)(3)(J)).

The ALJ applied the correct legal standards, and determined that Edwards' substance abuse disorder, bipolar disorder, anxiety disorder and borderline personality disorder rendered her disabled, but that her acknowledged substance abuse was material to the ultimate determination whether she was disabled. He went on to find that if Edwards discontinued her substance abuse, she would retain the capacity to perform work that did not require her to maintain concentration and attention to perform detailed or complex tasks. Those limitations prevented her from performing her past relevant work, but did not prevent her from performing about 50,000 jobs in the State of Michigan (a number based on the testimony of a vocational expert), so the ALJ properly found her not disabled. See R & R at 709 (citing Tr. at 17-25 and 465-69).

As the Magistrate correctly noted, the record evidence identified only one period of time during which Edwards abstained from alcohol—her hospitalization from August 30 through September 4, 2004. Uncontested evidence in the record shows that during that very brief period of sobriety^[10], Edwards's GAF score increased markedly, from 18 to 70, and she was cleared for gainful employment. Significantly, hospital personnel opined on discharge that her prognosis was "good" with treatment and "fair" without treatment; it was "poor" only if she resumed the use of drugs and abuse of alcohol.

Edwards attacks the Magistrate Judge for "failing" to produce evidence that drinking at least one full bottle of wine every day for a period of thousands of days, almost without interruption (and sometimes in temporal proximity to use of prescription and nonprescription drugs such as Ambien), affected her ability to work. See P's Objections at 9-11. Edwards herself presents no medical opinion to gainsay this eminently logical premise, either as a general proposition or with regard to her particular physical and mental state and their likely causes. Edwards merely theorizes, with no citation to medical evidence or opinion, that such prolonged daily alcohol abuse would affect her ability to work only in the afternoon and evening after she drank, not in the mornings. Specifically, Edwards asserts that such fairly-copious amounts of alcohol would be fully metabolized by the morning, but she cites no medical data to back this up. Nor does she cite any medical evidence or opinion to support her preferred notion that from the minute alcohol has been "metabolized"—a term she does not define or explain—the drinker will suffer no further adverse effects, presumably being able to work as much and as well as any otherwise-similarly-situated person who did not drink. Such a counterintuitive notion is belied by her own statement that one of her biggest problems when she did work was the difficulty she experienced simply getting up in the morning. See Tr. at 440.

Moreover, it is significant that during the alleged disability period, Edwards's own treating source wrote that Edwards reported being unable and/or unwilling ("finding it difficult") to stop drinking so heavily (at least one full bottle of wine at or after mid-day). The treatment notes mention this directly in connection with her inability and/or failure to secure even part-time work. See September 2005 treatment notes at Tr. 227 & 229; cf. Bartley v. Barnhart, 117 Fed.Appx. 993, 994, 995 (6th Cir.2004) (Guy, Sutton, N.D. Ohio D.J. James Carr) (affirming denial of disability benefits to claimant who had hypertension and lung problems associated with his drug and alcohol abuse, and who had explained his inability to keep a job by stating, "Felony conviction, drug related charge, not being physically able to do work, would get a job if found one, though. I can hold a job when I am straight. I just can't stay straight.").

Edwards submitted evidence to the Appeals Council which she had not submitted to the ALJ. Namely, Edwards proffers sworn statements from Dr. Curt Cunningham and Dr. Kenneth Nelson which she did not obtain until after the ALJ's decision. The Appeals Council considered the new evidence but declined to review the ALJ's decision. As the Magistrate correctly noted, see R & R at 710 (citing, inter alia, Cline v. SSA, 96 F.3d 146, 148 (6th Cir.1996)), under these circumstances a federal court lacks authority to consider such post-ALJ evidence when reviewing the ALJ's decision. See also Elliott v. Apfel, 28 Fed.Appx. 420, 423 (6th Cir.2002) (Ryan, Batchelder, N.D. Ohio D.J. Paul Matia) (citing Cline, 96 F.3d at 148, and Cotton v. Sullivan, 2 F.3d 692, 696 (6th Cir.1993)); Osburn v. Apfel, No. 98-1784, 1999 WL 503528, *4 (6th Cir. July 9, 1999) (Cole, Clay, Jones); Wyatt v. HHS, No. 92-2331, 12 F.3d 216, 1993 WL 492311, *3 and n. 2 (6th Cir. Nov. 29, 1993) (p.c.) (Jones, Siler, Lively) ("We must therefore treat the post-hearing evidence submitted to the Appeals Council no differently than evidence submitted for the first time to us.").

As the Magistrate also correctly noted, see R & R at 710, while the court may not itself consider such new evidence, it is authorized, under limited circumstances, to vacate the ALJ's decision and remand for him to consider the evidence which was submitted for the first time before the Appeals Council. To justify such a remand under "sentence six" of 42 U.S.C. § 405(g), however, Edwards must show that she had good cause for failing to introduce the evidence before the ALJ, and that the new evidence is "material." See Jeffries v. SSA, 23 Fed.Appx. 351, 352-53 (6th Cir.2001) (p.c.) (C.J. Martin, Daughtrey, Moore) (citing Cline, 96 F.3d at 149). Edwards did not make those showings before the Magistrate Judge, and her objections still do not make those showings.

Edwards does not even make a good-faith effort to show that she had good cause for failing to introduce Dr. Cunningham's opinion before the ALJ. Rather, she makes the following absurd assertion, "As of the hearing, Dr. Cunningham had not rendered any opinion as to whether Plaintiff would be disabled apart from alcohol use. The evidence therefore did not exist at the time of trial." P's Objections at 14. This begs the question, "What good cause did Edwards have for failing to request and obtain said opinion from Dr. Cunningham, a treating physician, before the ALJ hearing?" Under Edwards' reasoning, a disability claimant can neglect to timely obtain a relevant medical opinion or data; wait to see if the ALJ rules in her favor; and then, if he does not, she can belatedly obtain additional favorable medical opinion or data, and the reviewing federal court will be obliged to find that "the new evidence did not exist" at the time of the ALJ hearing. This is not the law in our circuit, and Edwards cites no case law to suggest otherwise.

Edwards makes no attempt to explain why she could not have obtained Cunningham's opinion before the ALJ hearing—or at least before the ALJ's decision— through the exercise of due diligence. Cf. Ramos v. SSA, 2007 WL 6139972, *2 (W.D.Mich. Nov. 26, 2007) (Paul L. Maloney, J.) ("Ramos ... contends ... that due to the loss of his job in early 2003, he lacked the financial resources to commission the examinations by psychiatrist Salva and psychologist Mulder before the ALJ's October 2005 decision. Yet Ramos failed to present the Magistrate Judge with any affidavit or other evidence to substantiate this claim of indigency. * * * It is Ramos' burden to ... [provide] proof that he could not obtain the new evidence earlier through reasonable diligence."). Edwards has not alleged, for example, that her counsel tried diligently to commission and obtain these medical opinions some reasonable time before the ALJ hearing but was thwarted by dilatoriness by the treaters or their staff. Contrast Bullock v. SSA, 2008 WL 5235852, *4 (E.D.Mich. Dec. 12, 2008) (George Caram Steeh, J.) ("Bullock and his counsel demonstrated `good cause' for not presenting these materials to the Commissioner in that the medical records were not provided to Bullock before the Appeals Council denied review ..., notwithstanding Counsel's exercise of due diligence.") (citing Faucher v. HHS, 17 F.3d 171, 174 (6th Cir.1994) and Sizemore v. HHS, 865 F.2d 709, 711 n. 1 (6th Cir.1988)); Shaft v. Apfel, 100 F. Supp. 2d 454, 459 (E.D.Mich. 1999) (Roberts, J.) ("Plaintiff has demonstrated good cause for failing to obtain this evidence prior to the hearing. Counsel diligently sought these records several weeks prior to the hearing, but did not receive them until several months later.").

In any event, even assuming arguendo that Edwards had good cause for failing to obtain and present the new Cunningham and Nelson opinions before the ALJ, Edwards has not shown that the evidence is material. For this purpose, new evidence is not material unless there is a "reasonable probability" that the ALJ would have reached a different disposition of the claim if he had been presented with the new evidence. See Hollon v. SSA, 447 F.3d 477, 484 (6th Cir.2006) (citing Foster v. Halter, 279 F.3d 348, 357 (6th Cir.2001)). This court agrees with the Magistrate: Edwards has not shown a reasonable probability that the new Cunningham and/or Nelson opinions would have led the ALJ to decide the disability claim differently, whether taken singly or together.

Edwards emphasizes that both Cunningham and Nelson opined that alcohol intake was a "secondary issue" compared to her mental state and sources of stress. She also emphasizes Cunningham's opinion that her GAF score would be no more than 50 even if she were not drinking alcohol. See P's Objections at 13. Edwards' argument on this issue fails in every respect.

First, Edwards does not identify any solid basis for Cunningham's assertion that if she were not drinking, her GAF would still be 50 or lower. Specifically, Edwards does not allege that Cunningham had ever examined her—either during the alleged insured disability period, or at least shortly before or after that period—when she was not drinking. Nor does Edwards allege that Cunningham was relying on notes written by another physician who had examined her during the relevant period when she was not drinking. Consequently, Edwards provides no basis for the court to treat Cunningham's assertion on that issue as more than speculation, let alone inherently and automatically entitled to greater weight than other evidence in the record. This defeats Edwards' assertion that if she had presented Cunningham's opinion to the ALJ, the ALJ legally would "have to" accept it. See P's Objections at 14-15 and n. 1.

Moreover, neither the decision cited by Edwards—Howard v. SSA, 276 F.3d 235, 240 (6th Cir.2002)—nor any other statute, regulation, or Sixth Circuit precedent of which the court is aware, holds that an ALJ must give controlling weight to a treating physician's speculation when it does not appear to be supported by any objective medical evidence, such as laboratory test results or examinations in the relevant condition (in this case, when she was not drinking) and during or close to the relevant period. "[T]he ALJ may reject the opinion of a treating physician where such is unsupported by the medical record, merely states a conclusion, or is contradicted by substantial medical evidence." Hengesbach v. SSA, 2009 WL 1230414, *8 (W.D.Mich. Apr. 30, 2009) (emphasis added) (citing, inter alia, Cohen v. HHS, 964 F.2d 524, 528 (6th Cir.1992) and Cutlip v. HHS, 25 F.3d 284, 286-87 (6th Cir.1994)) (treating physician's opinion rested on plaintiff's subjective allegations of pain and limitation, and those allegations in turn were inconsistent with his self-reported daily activities). See, e.g., Love v. SSA, 605 F. Supp. 2d 893, 906 (W.D.Mich.2009) (substantial evidence supported ALJ's decision to accord less than controlling weight to treating physician's opinion; physician gave claimant postural limitations in areas where there was no evidence that she had tested his abilities, and her opinion that claimant experienced severe limitations was contradicted by the results of numerous physical examinations and claimant's own reports that his pain was sufficiently managed by medication).

Furthermore, Edwards asserts that a GAF of 50—which Cunningham speculated she would have even without drinking— establishes disability as a matter of law. But she cites no precedential decisions for such an extreme proposition, and the court finds none. See P's Objections at 15 (citing only Trudell v. Apfel, 130 F. Supp. 2d 891, 897 (E.D.Mich.2001) and Doud v. SSA, 314 F. Supp. 2d 671 (E.D.Mich.2003)). As the court noted above, ALJs and courts are not legally obligated to attach any weight to a GAF score as a general rule. The SSA has emphatically declared—without being "overruled" by Congress—that GAF scores do not correspond directly to the legal standard for disability in the first place. Accord Wind v. Barnhart, 133 Fed. Appx. 684, 692 n. 5 (11th Cir.2005).

Consistent with the agency's policy on this score, this court and others have recognized that while GAF scores may sometimes be useful, they may also be of little or no probative value. See, e.g., Edwards v. Astrue, 2009 WL 976473, *7 (W.D.Ky. Apr. 10, 2009) (Edward Johnstone, Sr. J.) (ALJ did not err in finding that mental impairment was non-severe, notwithstanding GAF score of 55, where that determination was consistent with opinion of two state-agency psychologists); Ackermann-Papp v. SSA, 2008 WL 314682, *2-3 (W.D.Mich. Feb. 4, 2008) (Paul L. Maloney, J.) ("The Magistrate Judge correctly rejected Ackermann-Papp's sole appellate argument, that the ALJ did not properly consider the opinion of a treating psychologist and a consulting psychologist. [N]o treating source actually rendered a medical opinion—properly understood—about Ackermann-Papp's ability to perform basic work activities during the relevant period, as a Global Assessment of Functioning ('GAF') score alone does not constitute a medical opinion.") (citing 20 C.F.R. § 404.1527(a)(2) and § 416.927(a)(2) for definition of "medical opinion"); Oates v. Astrue, 2009 WL 1154133, *7 (S.D.Ala. Apr. 27, 2009) (Callie Granade, C.J.) ("[T]he ALJ in this case did not err in finding more relevant the findings of the medical and non-medical evidence of record in determining the claimant's residual functional capacity, rather than GAF scores ....").^[11]

Thus, even if the ALJ had been given Cunningham's opinion and had accorded controlling weight to Cunningham's assertion that Edwards would have a GAF of 50 or less without drinking, that would not make it "reasonably probable" that the ALJ would have granted her claim in light of the entire record.

Finally, Edwards conveniently neglects to mention statements by Drs. Cunningham and Nelson which are inconsistent with her attempt to portray their opinions as unequivocal statements that she would be disabled even if she stopped abusing alcohol, or that her alcohol abuse was not material to the disability determination. As the Magistrate noted, Dr. Cunningham stated only that Edwards' alcohol abuse was "probably" secondary to her impairment from emotional problems, see R & R at 710-11 (citing Tr. at 393-96). More significantly, Dr. Nelson conceded that Edwards' "history of daily alcohol consumption has to be considered as contributing to" her emotional problems. See Tr. at 393. Thus, even if the ALJ had considered and credited Nelson's opinion, its tendency to support Edwards' case would have been muddled, and undermined, by this last statement.

In short, Edwards' objections, including her proposed new evidence, do nothing to undermine the Magistrate's conclusions that substantial evidence supported the determination that she would not be disabled but for her abuse of alcohol, and that she did not carry her burden of showing entitlement to sentence six remand. See Rice v. SSA, 169 Fed.Appx. 452, 454 (6th Cir.2006) (Siler, Batchelder, Moore) ("We agree with ALJ Antrobus's conclusion that the medical evidence in the record reflects that Rice's disability is caused or exacerbated by chronic substance abuse and addiction, and that if Rice were to achieve sobriety, he would not be precluded from light work."); Zarlengo v. Barnhart, 96 Fed. Appx. 987, 989 (6th Cir.2004) (p.c.) (Guy, Gilman, Cook) (substantial evidence supported determination that when claimant was not abusing alcohol, she retained the capacity to perform her past relevant work as a "deli slicer", consistent with her restriction to light-exertional work involving simple, routine tasks and low productivity); Nottingham v. SSA, 2009 WL 230131, *9 (W.D.Mich. Jan. 29, 2009) (notwithstanding GAF scores of 36, 40, 50 and 52 during the insured period, court affirmed rejection of disability claim by a woman who suffered from severe impairments of right ankle fracture with deformity, depression with schizoaffective disorder presentation, personality disorder, and a history of alcohol abuse, noting, "The medical evidence ... reveals that when Plaintiff takes her medication as directed and does not abuse alcohol, she functions at a level consistent with the ALJ's RFC determination.").^[12][13]

ORDER

Accordingly, having reviewed the complaint, the R & R, the plaintiff's objections to the R & R, the defendant's response to the objections, and the applicable law:

The plaintiff's objections [document # 15] are OVERRULED.

The Report & Recommendation [document # 14] is ADOPTED.

The complaint is DISMISSED.

The Commissioner's denial of disability benefits is AFFIRMED.

A separate judgment will issue as required by FED. R. CIV. P. 58.

This case is TERMINATED and CLOSED.

This is a final order. Plaintiff may appeal only with regard to those portions of the R & R to which she filed a timely, specific objection.

REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION

ELLEN S. CARMODY, United States Magistrate Judge.

This is an action pursuant to Section 205(g) of the Social Security Act, 42 U.S.C. § 405(g), to review a final decision of the Commissioner of Social Security denying Plaintiffs claim for Disability Insurance Benefits (DIB) under Title II of the Social Security Act. Section 405(g) limits the Court to a review of the administrative record, and provides that if the Commissioner's decision is supported by substantial evidence, it shall be conclusive. Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(B), authorizing United States Magistrate Judges to submit proposed findings of fact and recommendations for disposition of social security appeals, the undersigned recommends that the Commissioner's decision be affirmed.

STANDARD OF REVIEW

The Court's jurisdiction is confined to a review of the Commissioner's decision and of the record made in the administrative hearing process. See Willbanks v. Sec'y of Health and Human Services, 847 F.2d 301, 303 (6th Cir.1988). The scope of judicial review in a social security case is limited to determining whether the Commissioner applied the proper legal standards in making her decision and whether there exists in the record substantial evidence supporting that decision. See Brainard v. Sec'y of Health and Human Services, 889 F.2d 679, 681 (6th Cir.1989).

The Court may not conduct a de novo review of the case, resolve evidentiary conflicts, or decide questions of credibility. See Garner v. Heckler, 745 F.2d 383, 387 (6th Cir.1984). It is the Commissioner who is charged with finding the facts relevant to an application for disability benefits, and her findings are conclusive provided they are supported by substantial evidence. See 42 U.S.C. § 405(g).

Substantial evidence is more than a scintilla, but less than a preponderance. See Cohen v. Sec'y of Dep't of Health and Human Services, 964 F.2d 524, 528 (6th Cir.1992) (citations omitted). It is such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion. See Richardson v. Perales, 402 U.S. 389, 401, 91 S. Ct. 1420, 28 L. Ed. 2d 842 (1971); Bogle v. Sullivan, 998 F.2d 342, 347 (6th Cir.1993). In determining the substantiality of the evidence, the Court must consider the evidence on the record as a whole and take into account whatever in the record fairly detracts from its weight. See Richardson v. Sec'y of Health and Human Services, 735 F.2d 962, 963 (6th Cir.1984).

As has been widely recognized, the substantial evidence standard presupposes the existence of a zone within which the decision maker can properly rule either way, without judicial interference. See Mullen v. Bowen, 800 F.2d 535, 545 (6th Cir.1986) (citation omitted). This standard affords to the administrative decision maker considerable latitude, and indicates that a decision supported by substantial evidence will not be reversed simply because the evidence would have supported a contrary decision. See Bogle, 998 F.2d at 347; Mullen, 800 F.2d at 545.

PROCEDURAL POSTURE

Plaintiff was 59 years of age at the time of the ALJ's decision. (Tr. 24). She completed two years of college and worked previously as a legal secretary, administrative assistant, and manicurist. (Tr. 82).

Plaintiff applied for benefits on January 19, 2005, alleging that she had been disabled since August 27, 2004, due to bipolar disorder, anxiety, and carpal tunnel syndrome. (Tr. 77-79, 81). Plaintiff's application was denied, after which time she requested a hearing before an Administrative Law Judge (ALJ). (Tr. 27-76). On September 20, 2007, Plaintiff appeared before ALJ Patrick Toal, with testimony being offered by Plaintiff and vocational expert, Rich Riedl. (Tr. 404-71). In a written decision dated October 22, 2007, the ALJ determined that Plaintiff was not disabled as defined by the Social Security Act. (Tr. 14-26). The Appeals Council declined to review the ALJ's determination, rendering it the Commissioner's final decision in the matter. (Tr. 4-7). Plaintiff subsequently initiated this appeal pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 405(g), seeking judicial review of the ALJ's decision.

RELEVANT MEDICAL HISTORY

On August 30, 2004, Plaintiff voluntarily checked herself into the hospital. (Tr. 164-68). Plaintiff reported that she was experiencing depression, insomnia, low energy, poor concentration, social withdrawal, suicidal thoughts, anxiety, and panic. (Tr. 164). Plaintiff reported that "she has been drinking about [one and one-half] bottles of champagne daily, and she has been drinking for many years." (Tr. 164). Plaintiff reported that she "has been falling recently, under the influence of Ambien, which causes a hangover in the morning." (Tr. 165). Plaintiff also reported that she was experiencing "money problems and job stress," as well as difficulty adjusting to the death of her husband 15 years ago and being raped 22 years ago. (Tr. 164). Plaintiffs GAF score was rated as 18.^[1] (Tr. 167).

During her hospitalization, Plaintiff participated in therapy and was treated with various medications with "substantial benefit." (Tr. 156). Plaintiff did not, however, participate in any "psychological testing" because such "was not indicated." (Tr. 156). Plaintiff was discharged on September 4, 2004, at which time she reported that she "could manage her medications and take care of herself." (Tr. 156). Plaintiff was diagnosed with (1) major depressive disorder, recurrent, severe without psychotic features, in substantial remission; and (2) suicidal tendency, in remission. (Tr. 157). Plaintiffs GAF score was rated as 70.^[2] (Tr. 158). Plaintiffs prognosis was characterized as "good with treatment and fair without treatment and poor with the use of drugs and alcohol." (Tr. 157). Plaintiff was cleared to return to work "without restrictions as she is not having any significant medication side effects." (Tr. 155).

Treatment notes dated December 7, 2004, reveal that Plaintiff is "off antidepressants now." (Tr. 170).

On March 30, 2005, Plaintiff participated in a consultive examination conducted by Neil Reilly, M.A. (Tr. 192-97). Plaintiff reported that she experienced "pretty constant" depression, as well as manic episodes that "last two to three days." (Tr. 192). Plaintiff reported that she "does not shower or dress" and "did not get out of bed for eight days recently." (Tr. 192). Plaintiff reported that her medications "help some." (Tr. 192). She reported that she "feels okay" if she is "home alone," but experiences anxiety at "family gatherings." (Tr. 192). Plaintiff reported that she continued to drink alcohol "a couple times a week," drinking "four glasses of wine at a time." (Tr. 193). Plaintiff further reported that she drinks more as her depression gets worse. (Tr. 193). Plaintiff also reported that she has "had past issues with addictions to prescriptions." (Tr. 193).

Plaintiff reported that she reads a lot and "spends a lot of time on the internet also." (Tr. 194). Plaintiff also reported that she cooks, washes dishes, shops, and washes laundry. (Tr. 194). Plaintiff appeared anxious, but the results of a mental status examination were otherwise unremarkable. (Tr. 195-96). Plaintiff was diagnosed with (1) bipolar disorder, moderate to severe; (2) generalized anxiety with some posttraumatic features; and (3) alcohol dependence. (Tr. 196). Plaintiffs GAF score was rated as 58.^[3] (Tr. 196).

On April 26, 2005, Dr. Charles Overbey completed a Psychiatric Review Technique form regarding Plaintiff's mental limitations. (Tr. 207-20). Determining that Plaintiff suffered from a disturbance of mood, the doctor concluded that Plaintiff satisfied the Part A criteria for Section 12.04 (Affective Disorders) of the Listing of Impairments. (Tr. 208-16). The doctor determined, however, that Plaintiff failed to satisfy any of the Part B criteria for this particular Listing. (Tr. 217). Specifically, the doctor concluded that Plaintiff experienced moderate restrictions in the activities of daily living, moderate difficulties in maintaining social functioning, moderate difficulties in maintaining concentration, persistence or pace, and once or twice experienced episodes of decompensation. (Tr. 217). Dr. Overbey also found that Plaintiff suffered from alcohol dependence. (Tr. 215).

Dr. Overbey also completed a Mental Residual Functional Capacity Assessment form regarding Plaintiff's limitations in 20 separate categories encompassing (1) understanding and memory, (2) sustained concentration and persistence, (3) social interaction, and (4) adaptation. (Tr. 221-23). Plaintiffs abilities were characterized as "moderately limited" in four categories. With respect to the remaining 16 categories, the doctor reported that Plaintiff either was "not significantly limited" or that there existed "no evidence of limitation in this category." (Tr. 221-22).

On September 21, 2005, Plaintiff reported that she was going to try and locate a part-time job, but was "finding it hard not to drink." (Tr. 229).

Treatment notes dated September 22, 2006, indicate that Plaintiff was presently drinking one bottle of sparkling wine daily, at mid-day. (Tr.227).

On December 13, 2006, Plaintiff participated in a consultive examination conducted by Dr. Jack Carr. (Tr. 231-43). The examination was performed at Plaintiffs attorney's office. (Tr. 232). Plaintiff reported that "over the past 27 months ... she has been persistently depressed." (Tr. 234). Plaintiff reported experiencing "low energy and a marked lacked of motivation." (Tr. 239). Plaintiff reported that she experiences "social isolation" and "frequently does not bathe or maintain her own personal cleanliness." (Tr. 239). Plaintiff also reported experiencing difficulty maintaining concentration and attention. (Tr. 239).

Plaintiff reported that her "current treatment consists predominately of psychotropic medications," but that she was "not involved in counseling." (Tr. 236). Plaintiff reported that she was previously addicted to Ativan, requiring her to participate in an in-patient treatment program. (Tr. 236). Plaintiff reported that she was presently drinking "a fifth of wine per day." (Tr. 237). Plaintiff thought that "it would be helpful for her if she could be employed," but the doctor noted that it was "not clear" whether Plaintiff had made any "significant effort in looking for work." (Tr. 238). During the examination, Plaintiff's affect fluctuated "from euphoric to overtly depressed and tearful." (Tr. 239). Plaintiff was diagnosed with (1) bipolar II disorder, depressed; and (2) alcohol dependence. (Tr. 240). Her GAF score was rated as 45.^[4] (Tr. 240).

Treatment notes dated May 18, 2007, indicate that Plaintiff continued to drink a bottle of alcohol daily and "hasn't taken any steps to curb her drinking." (Tr. 246).

On July 17, 2007, Plaintiffs treating psychiatrist described Plaintiffs level of functioning as "marginal," due to depression, social withdrawal, avolition, and alcohol abuse. (Tr. 245). The doctor characterized Plaintiffs prognosis as "poor." (Tr. 245).

ANALYSIS OF THE ALJ'S DECISION

A. Applicable Standards

The social security regulations articulate a five-step sequential process for evaluating disability. See 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520(a-f), 416.920(a-f).^[5] If the Commissioner can make a dispositive finding at any point in the review, no further finding is required. See 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520(a), 416.920(a). The regulations also provide that if a claimant suffers from a nonexertional impairment as well as an exertional impairment, both are considered in determining his residual functional capacity. See 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1545, 416.945.

Under federal law, an individual "shall not be considered to be disabled" if "alcoholism or drug addiction" is found to be "a contributing factor material to the Commissioner's determination that the individual is disabled." 42 U.S.C. § 423(d)(2)(C). In order to determine whether alcoholism or drug addiction constitutes a "contributing factor material" to the finding of disability, the ALJ must determine whether the claimant would be disabled "if [she] stopped using drugs or alcohol." 20 C.F.R. § 404.1535(b)(1); see also, Parra v. Astrue, 481 F.3d 742, 746-47 (9th Cir. 2007).

B. The ALJ's Decision

The ALJ determined that Plaintiff suffered from the following severe impairments: (1) substance abuse disorder; (2) bipolar disorder; (3) anxiety disorder; and (4) borderline personality disorder. (Tr. 17). The ALJ concluded that these disorders, in combination, satisfied the requirements of several of the impairments identified in the Listing of Impairments detailed in 20 C.F.R., Part 404, Subpart P, Appendix 1, thus rendering Plaintiff disabled. (Tr. 17-20). The ALJ also determined, however, that Plaintiffs substance abuse was material to his determination whether Plaintiff was or was not disabled. (Tr. 17-20, 25).

The ALJ determined that if Plaintiff discontinued her substance abuse, she would still suffer from "a severe impairment or combination of impairments," but that these impairments, whether considered alone or in combination, fail to satisfy the requirements of any impairment identified in the Listing of Impairments detailed in 20 C.F.R., Part 404, Subpart P, Appendix 1. (Tr. 20-21). The ALJ further concluded that if Plaintiff discontinued her substance abuse, she would retain the ability to perform work that did not require the ability to maintain attention and concentration necessary to perform detailed or complex tasks. (Tr. 21-22). The ALJ found that such limitations would prevent Plaintiff from performing her past relevant work. (Tr. 24).

A vocational expert testified that there existed more than 50,000 jobs in the state of Michigan which an individual with such an RFC could perform, such limitations notwithstanding. (Tr. 465-69). This represents a significant number of jobs. See Born v. Sec'y of Health and Human Services, 923 F.2d 1168, 1174 (6th Cir.1990); Hall v. Bowen, 837 F.2d 272, 274 (6th Cir.1988). Accordingly, the ALJ concluded that Plaintiff was not disabled as defined by the Social Security Act. (Tr. 22-25).

1. The ALJ's Decision is Supported by Substantial Evidence

Plaintiff first asserts there is "no evidence" that she "can concentrate well enough to do even simple tasks on a sustained basis." In support of this argument, Plaintiff asserts that because she consumed alcohol only in the afternoon and evening, which was metabolized by the following morning, there is "no evidence that any concentration deficits Plaintiff experiences from waking up to the afternoon is alcohol-induced." In other words, Plaintiff argues that difficulty concentrating can be alcohol-related only if she is at that moment under the influence of alcohol. Not surprisingly, the record contains no evidence to support this theory. Moreover, Plaintiff has neither submitted nor identified any evidence or authority supporting such.

The evidence of record supports the ALJ's conclusion that if Plaintiff discontinued her substance abuse, her ability to concentrate would improve such that she would be able to perform work that exists in significant numbers. As Defendant notes, the record identifies only one period of time during which Plaintiff abstained from alcohol-her August 30, 2004 through September 4, 2004 hospitalization. As discussed above, when Plaintiff checked herself into the hospital she reported that she was consuming approximately one and one-half bottles of champagne daily. Plaintiff also reported that she was experiencing depression, insomnia, low energy, poor concentration, social withdrawal, suicidal thoughts, anxiety, and panic. Her GAF score was rated as 18. Plaintiff was not administered any psychological testing during this hospitalization as such "was not indicated," but was instead successfully treated with medication. Upon discharge, Plaintiff's GAF score was rated as 70 and her prognosis was characterized as "good with treatment and fair without treatment and poor with the use of drugs and alcohol." Plaintiff was cleared to return to work without restrictions. This constitutes significant evidence that when Plaintiff does not consume alcohol, she can function at a level consistent with the ALJ's RFC determination.

As part of her request to obtain review of the ALJ's decision, Plaintiff submitted to the Appeals Council additional evidence which was not presented to the ALJ. (Tr. 374-401). The Appeals Council received this evidence into the record and considered it before declining to review the ALJ's determination. (Tr. 4-7). This Court, however, is precluded from considering such material. In Cline v. Commissioner of Social Security, 96 F.3d 146 (6th Cir.1996), the Sixth Circuit indicated that where the Appeals Council considers new evidence that was not before the ALJ, but nonetheless declines to review the ALJ's determination, the district court cannot consider such evidence when adjudicating the claimant's appeal of the ALJ's determination. Id. at 148; see also, Bass v. McMahon, 499 F.3d 506, 512-13 (6th Cir. 2007) (quoting Cline, 96 F.3d at 148).

If Plaintiff can demonstrate, however, that this evidence is new and material, and that good cause existed for not presenting it in the prior proceeding, the Court can remand the case for further proceedings during which this new evidence can be considered. Cline, 96 F.3d at 148. To satisfy the materiality requirement, Plaintiff must show that there exists a reasonable probability that the Commissioner would have reached a different result if presented with the new evidence. Sizemore v. Secretary of Health and Human Serv's, 865 F.2d 709, 711 (6th Cir.1988).

This additional evidence consists of sworn statements offered by Dr. Curt Cunningham and Dr. Kenneth Nelson. These statements were obtained almost immediately after the ALJ issued his decision denying Plaintiff's claim for benefits. First, Plaintiff has failed to demonstrate that there exists good cause for her failure to present this evidence to the ALJ. Moreover, it is not reasonable to assert that consideration of this material by the ALJ would have led to a different result.

Dr. Cunningham reported that he did not treat Plaintiff for alcohol abuse and that if Plaintiff had not told him that she abused alcohol, he "would not have known that." (Tr. 378-79). The doctor asserted that Plaintiff's alcohol abuse was simply a coping mechanism in response to more significant emotional problems. (Tr. 379-84). Dr. Cunningham further asserted, however, that even if Plaintiff stopped abusing alcohol the existence or severity of her other emotional problems would not be effected. (Tr. 383-84). The doctor's opinion in this regard is squarely contradicted by the medical evidence, discussed above, which reveals that when Plaintiff refrains from alcohol her condition and ability to function improve dramatically.

Dr. Nelson agreed that Plaintiff suffers from various "psychiatric difficulties" and that her alcohol abuse was "probably secondary to her mental impairment." (Tr. 393-96). The doctor also stated, however, that Plaintiff's "history of daily alcohol consumption has to be considered as contributing to" her emotional difficulties. (Tr. 393). Dr. Nelson's opinion is not inconsistent with the ALJ's opinion concerning the relationship between Plaintiff's alcohol abuse and various emotional difficulties. In sum, it is not reasonable to assert that consideration of this evidence by the ALJ would have led to a different result. Accordingly, the Court cannot consider this evidence and, furthermore, there exists no basis for remanding this matter for its further consideration.

CONCLUSION

For the reasons articulated herein, the undersigned concludes that the ALJ's decision adheres to the proper legal standards and is supported by substantial evidence. Accordingly, it is recommended that the Commissioner's decision be affirmed.

OBJECTIONS to this report and recommendation must be filed with the Clerk of Court within ten (10) days of the date of service of this notice. 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(C). Failure to file objections within the specified time waives the right to appeal the District Court's order. See Thomas v. Arn, 474 U.S. 140, 106 S. Ct. 466, 88 L. Ed. 2d 435 (1985); United States v. Walters, 638 F.2d 947 (6th Cir.1981).

NOTES

[1] "`Only those objections that are specific are entitled to a de novo review under the statute.'" Westbrook v. O'Brien, 2007 WL 3462337, *1 (W.D.Mich. Nov. 15, 2007) (Maloney, J.) (citing Mira v. Marshall, 806 F.2d 636, 637 (6th Cir. 1986) (no de novo review where the objections are frivolous, conclusory or too general because the burden is on the parties to "pinpoint those portions of the Magistrate's report that the district court must specifically consider")).

[2] The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure do not address whether a party objecting to an R & R has a right to file a reply brief in support of his objections. See FED. R. CIV. P. 72(b)(2) (stating only, in pertinent part, "A party may respond to another party's objections within 10 days after being served with a copy."). Our local rule governing "Review and appeal of Magistrate Judges' decisions" does not address this issue either. See W.D. MICH. LCIVR 72.3. Therefore, neither set of rules specifies the deadline for such a reply where it is permitted.

Out of an abundance of caution, the court accorded Edwards the amount of time which is allowed for a reply brief in support of a dispositive motion, 14 days. See W.D. MICH. LCIVR 7.2(c).

Edward's fourteen-day reply period began on Wednesday, August 26, the day after the Commissioner e-filed its response, see FED. R. CIV. P. 6(a)(1), and the court counted all days, including weekends and holidays, see FED. R. CIV. P. 6(a) (2). Accordingly, Edwards' reply period expired at midnight on Tuesday, September 8, 2009, see FED. R. CIV. P. 6(a)(3).

[3] The Global Assessment of Functioning score is a clinician's assessment of the individual's overall level of functioning. See Smith v. Astrue, 639 F. Supp. 2d 836, 840 n. 11 (W.D.Mich.2009) (Maloney, C.J.) (citing American Psychiatric Association, DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS 32 (4th ed.1994) ("DSM-IV")). It is a necessarily subjective assessment and is often determined by someone other than a medical doctor.

A GAF score itself is not a medical opinion. See Nottingham v. SSA, 2009 WL 230131, *9 (W.D.Mich. Jan. 29, 2009); see also Pethers v. SSA, 580 F. Supp. 2d 572, 579 (W.D.Mich. 2008) (citing 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1527(a)(2) and 416.927(a)(2) (defining "medical opinions")). While the ALJ and the court generally defer to adequately-supported medical opinions expressed by a claimant's care providers, they are not required "to put stock" in a GAF score in the first place' because it does not constitute "raw medical data." Kornecky v. SSA, 167 Fed.Appx. 496, 503 n. 7, 511 (6th Cir.2006) (Richard Allen Griffin, J.) (citing Howard v. SSA, 276 F.3d 235, 241 (6th Cir. 2002)). Significantly, the SSA has refused to endorse the use of the GAF scale for use in the Social Security and SSI disability programs, cautioning that the scale "does not have a direct correlation to the severity requirements in our mental disorder listings." DeBoard v. SSA, 211 Fed.Appx. 411, 415 (6th Cir.2006) (quoting REV. MED. CRITERIA FOR EVALUATING MENTAL DISORDERS AND TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY, 2000 WL 1173632, 65 FED.REG. 50476, 50764-65 (Aug. 21, 2000)).

See, e.g., Dailey v. SSA, 2009 WL 2568280, *12 (W.D.Mich. Aug. 18, 2009) ("Plaintiff faults the ALJ for failing to accord significance to the ... determination by a non-treating physician that plaintiff's then current GAF score was 50. * * * The medical record does not support Plaintiff's argument that his non-exertional impairments limit him to an extent beyond that recognized by the ALJ's RFC determination, which is supported by substantial evidence. The Court, therefore, discerns no error.") (citing Kornecky).

[4] To the extent that an ALJ accords weight to the GAF score, "[a] GAF score of 58 indicates `moderate symptoms or moderate difficulty in social, occupational, or school functioning.'" Bieschke v. SSA, 2009 WL 735077, *12 n. 1 (W.D.Mich. Mar. 12, 2009) (quoting DSM-IV at 34).

[5] "Bipolar disorder is a mood disorder characterized by the occurrence of both manic and depressive episodes." Butler v. Apfel, No. 97-36004, 189 F.3d 472, 1999 WL 595335, *2 n. 8 (9th Cir. Aug. 9, 1999) (citing STEDMAN'S MEDICAL DICTIONARY 460, 508 and 1061 (26th ed.1995)); see also In re Zyprexa Prods. Liab. Lit., 253 F.R.D. 69, 98 (E.D.N.Y.2008) ("Bipolar disorder is a serious lifelong mental illness marked by dramatic shifts in mood, from abnormally elevated, expansive, or irritable mood to states of extreme sadness and hopelessness, often with periods of normal mood in between.") (citing National. Institutes of Health—National Institute of Mental Health, http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/ bipolar.cfm).

[6] "One authoritative source sets out six criteria for diagnosing GAD:

`The essential feature of Generalized Anxiety Disorder is excessive anxiety and worry (apprehensive expectation), occurring more days than not for a period of at least 6 months, about a number of events or activities. (Criterion A). The individual finds it difficult to control the worry. (Criterion B). The anxiety and worry are accompanied by at least three additional symptoms from a list that includes restlessness, being easily fatigued, difficulty concentrating, irritability, muscle tension, and disturbed sleep .... (Criterion C).

The focus of the anxiety and worry is not confined to features of another Axis I disorder such as ... Panic Disorder ... Social Phobia ... Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder... and the anxiety and worry do not occur exclusively during Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (Criterion D). Although individuals with [GAD] may not always identify the worries as "excessive", they report subjective distress due to constant worry, have difficulty controlling the worry, or experience related impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning (Criterion E). The disturbance is not due to the direct physiological effects of a substance (i.e., a drug of abuse, a medication, or toxin exposure) or a general medical condition and it does not occur exclusively during a Mood Disorder, a Psychotic Disorder, or a Pervasive Developmental Disorder (Criterion F).'"

Kornecky, 167 Fed.Appx. at 502 n. 4 (quoting DSM-IV-TR at 472-73) (¶ break added).

[7] The regulations provide that episodes of decompensation are

"exacerbations or temporary increases in symptoms or signs accompanied by loss of adaptive functioning, as manifested by difficulties in ... maintaining concentration, persistence or pace." 20 C.F.R., pt. 404, subpt. P, app. 1, § 12.00(C)(4).

"The Railroad Retirement Act regulations provide a useful explanation of how decompensation manifests itself in the work setting. In the workplace, decompensation manifests itself as `a repeated failure to adapt to stressful circumstances which cause the individual either to withdraw from that situation or to experience exacerbation of signs or symptoms ... with an accompanying difficulty in maintaining ... concentration, persistence or pace (i.e., deterioration which may include deterioration of adaptive behaviors). Stresses common to the work environment include decisions, attendance, schedules, completing tasks, interaction with supervisors, interactions with peers, etc.' 20 C.F.R., pt. 220, app. 1, § 12.00(C)(4)."

Kornecky, 167 Fed.Appx. at 499 (paragraph break added).

[8] "A fifth" is a colloquial term for a fifth of a gallon, which equals 25.368 fluid ounces (in the metric system, 750 mL).

[9] Avolition is a lack of initiative or motivation, see Constable v. Peake, 2008 WL 4694608, *5 n. 5 (Vet.App. Sept. 30, 2008) (citing http://bipolar.about.com/od/glossary/g/ glavolition.htm retrieved Sept. 15, 2008), and it is observed in schizophrenia, see Boothe v. Quarterman, 2008 WL 1771919, *10 n. 7 (S.D.Tex. Apr.15, 2008), judgment aff'd, 326 Fed.Appx. 257 (5th Cir.2009).

[10] Edwards seems to imply that she obtained access to alcohol while in the hospital and drank it without being apprehended and reported by hospital personnel. In her objections, she implicitly questions the premise that she did not drink while under supervision in the hospital:

Note that the magistrate's theory rests on four inferences: 1. That plaintiff did not drink in the hospital; 2. That such nondrinking was responsible for the increase in her GAF; 3. That, if nondrinking increases GAF, then drinking must depress it; 4. That a depressed GAF mans increased impairment and that, based on these inferences, Plaintiff's drinking impaired Plaintiff. While some of these inferences are of varying validity....

The court notes that Edwards' counsel is careful never to actually state that Edwards drank alcohol while in the hospital, let alone submit an affidavit from Edwards so stating. Counsel's tactic in this regard is unavailing at best, disingenuous at worst.

[11] Moreover, "[w]hile a GAF score says something in a very general way about ability to perform basic work activities, the specific score assigned may relate more particularly to social or school functioning rather than occupational functioning." Bronson v. Astrue, 530 F. Supp. 2d 1172, 1185 (D.Kan.2008). Without a cogent, sufficiently detailed accompanying narrative from the source assigning the GAF, in this case a treating source, GAF score's bearing on the claimant's ability to work is limited or unclear.

Finally, a GAF score may be considered unreliable to the extent that it is based on a claimant's own unreliable reports of her own symptoms, mental state, and limitations. See Ramey v. Astrue, 2009 WL 537200, *5 and n. 4 (E.D.Tenn. Mar. 3, 2009) (Leon Jordan, J.) ("[T]o the extent that plaintiff seeks to rely on various mid-range to low GAF scores found in the record, those scores have no bearing on the court's analysis in light of plaintiff's grossly unreliable self-reporting.") (citing DeBoard, 211 Fed.Appx. at 415-16).

[12] Cf. Bailey v. SSA, 623 F. Supp. 2d 889, 899 (W.D.Mich.2009) (affirming rejection of disability claim where, inter alia, the claimant "unjustifiably failed or refused to follow the treatment and healthy conduct prescribed. [S]he expressly refused her doctor's advice to stop smoking marijuana. Bailey did not give, and has not given, legitimate reasons for this lack of cooperation and effort towards compliance....") (citing 20 C.F.R. § 404.1530(c), "Acceptable reasons for failure to follow prescribed treatment").

[13] As the SSA points out in its response to Edwards' objections, she never expressly requested a sentence-six remand. The SSA contends that Edwards thereby waived her right to seek such a remand for consideration of the new Cunningham and Nelson opinions. See SSA Response to Objections at 4. The court need not decide whether Edwards waived the remand argument, because it has concluded that she has not even tried to show good cause for failing to introduce this evidence before the ALJ and the evidence likely would not have led to a different outcome.

[1] The Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) score refers to the clinician's judgment of the individual's overall level of functioning. American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 34 (4th ed.2000) (hereinafter DSM-IV). A GAF score of 18 indicates that the individual is experiencing "some danger of hurting self or others or occasionally fails to maintain minimal personal hygiene or gross impairment in communication." DSM-IV at 34.

[2] A GAF score of 70 indicates "some mild symptoms or some difficulty in social, occupational, or school functioning, but generally functioning pretty well, has some meaningful interpersonal relationships." DSM-IV at 34.

[3] A GAF score of 58 indicates "moderate symptoms or moderate difficulty in social, occupational, or school functioning." DSM-IV at 34.

[4] A score of 45 indicates that the individual is experiencing "serious symptoms or any serious impairment in social, occupational, or school functioning." DSM-IV at 34.

[5] An individual who is working and engaging in substantial gainful activity will not be found to be "disabled" regardless of medical findings (20 C.F.R. 404.1520(b));

2. An individual who does not have a "severe impairment" will not be found "disabled" (20 C.F.R. 404.1520(c));

3. If an individual is not working and is suffering from a severe impairment which meets the duration requirement and which "meets or equals" a listed impairment in Appendix 1 of Subpart P of Regulations No. 4, a finding of "disabled" will be made without consideration of vocational factors (20 C.F.R. 404.1520(d));

4. If an individual is capable of performing work he or she has done in the past, a finding of "not disabled" must be made (20 C.F.R. 404.1520(e));

5. If an individual's impairment is so severe as to preclude the performance of past work, other factors including age, education, past work experience, and residual functional capacity must be considered to determine if other work can be performed (20 C.F.R. 404.1520(f)).