State Ex Rel. Frank Adam Electric Co. v. Allen

We heretofore issued our writ of certiorari to the honorable judges of the St. Louis Court of Appeals in the case of Meta Stoll v. Frank Adam Electric Company, a cause duly pending in and decided by that court, to which it was appealed by the plaintiff, who was non-suited below. The suit was brought in the Circuit Court of the City of St. Louis upon the charge and evidence tending to prove that the defendant Electric Company, which conducted a store on Pine Street in said city for the sale of electric washing machines and other electrical apparatus, failed to guard the dangerous machinery in such washing machines, whereby plaintiff was injured.

The Court of Appeals in its opinion reversed the judgment of the lower court, and at the instance of defendant we issued our writ of certiorari to review the action of the Court of Appeals. The opinion of said court, omitting the caption, is as follows:

"This is an action to recover for personal injuries alleged to have been sustained by plaintiff while working as a clerk or demonstrator in defendant's place of business, by having her hand caught between the rubber rollers of an electrically operated `wringer' attached to a washing machine.

"The court gave a peremptory instruction for defendant at the close of plaintiff's case, and plaintiff took an involuntary nonsuit with leave to move to set the same aside. Upon the overruling of said motion plaintiff perfected her appeal to this court.

"The accident occurred on the 12th of December, 1918, and this action is based upon Section 7828, Revised Statutes 1909, now Section 6786, Revised Statutes 1919.

"The defendant conducted a store on Pine Street, in the city of St. Louis. In this store were the usual fixtures to be found in one of this kind. Arranged on the floor were rows of electric stoves and electric washing machines. These machines were so arranged as to create a narrow aisle wide enough for a person to walk through. Plaintiff was employed as a saleswoman, and worked for defendant in this store, which was designated as an electric shop. It was plaintiff's duty to sell anything in the store that customers wanted. She had worked for defendant about three months prior to the accident. When a customer would come in it was plaintiff's duty to demonstrate these washing machines with their various attachments. The machine which caused plaintiff's injury is known as a Thor washing machine. There is a button attached to the machine which turns on the electric power. This power is conveyed to the machine by means of an electric cord which is plugged in at a socket located near the desk. There is a lever which is used to start and stop the rollers of the wringer attached to the machine. She plugged in the socket located on the floor, and as she arose some one was trying to pass her in the narrow aisle as she stood close to this washing machine. The rollers which caught her hand were not guarded. In answer to the question as to how it happened, she stated: `As I got up to a standing position some one was going past me, and turning my body I was standing at this machine, this Thor machine, and my hand was drawn in between the rollers of this machine, which were running, just to take my hand through.'

"It appears that she did not start the machine after plugging in the cord, but it had been left apparently in a position to start as soon as the cord was attached. The rollers in this wringer were located at a height slightly above the waist-line of plaintiff. The machines were not manufactured in this establishment, but were merely sold there as a retail store. The evidence also discloses that it was possible to guard the rollers of this machine, and that similar machines were guarded in laundries.

"Aside from the doctor who testified as to plaintiff's injuries, only three witnesses testified in this case.

"I. The facts are plain and undisputed. The questions of law presented by this appeal are: whether or not defendant was engaged in such business as comes within the provisions of the section of our statute above referred to; and, whether or not plaintiff was guilty of contributory negligence as a matter of law.

"II. The statute upon which this action is based, as it existed at the time of the accident, reads as follows:

"`The belting, shafting, machines, machinery, gearing and drums in all manufacturing, mechanical and other establishments in this State, when so placed as to be dangerous to persons employed therein or thereabout while engaged in their ordinary duties, shall be safely and securely guarded when possible,' etc.

"This statute has been construed by our appellate courts a number of times, although the exact questions presented here have not been heretofore directly passed upon by any of the courts of this State, so far as we have been able to ascertain.

"Our Supreme Court, in Cole v. North America Lead Co.,240 Mo. 397, 144 S.W. 855, stated that this section of our statute was `one of the wisest and most humane statutes to be found upon our statute books, and should be given a broad and liberal interpretation, because it is remedial and highly salutary. . . . The Legislature knew that the human mind and conduct was such that a servant when in the performance of his duties to his master, surrounded by dangerous machinery, in motion, with his mind concentrated upon his work, oblivious to his surroundings, is liable to slip or take a misstep and fall into the revolving machinery, or thoughtlessly thrust his hand or other portion of his body into the gearing or other portion of the machinery. . . . It was the intention of the Legislature and the object and purpose of the statute to put a stop to all such injuries which grow out of such inattention, inadvertence, mishaps or accidents, that is, such acts of omission.'

"In Yates v. House Wrecking Co., 195 S.W. (Mo. App.) 549, l.c. 551, it is said: `The question, primarily, is not at what particular place is the machinery located, but rather is, where is it located with reference to the servant's ordinary duties. If, in the performance of such duties, he must go or reach in dangerous proximity to the machinery, it should be "securely guarded when possible."'

"In Austin v. Shoe Co., 176 Mo. App. 546, 158 S.W. 709, it was held by this court that this statute is highly remedial, and although it changes the common law, it is to be liberally construed in favor of the safety of the lives and limbs of employees who may be employed about dangerous machinery, and that the very language of the statute affords unmistakable evidence of the broad purposes held in view by our legislators in providing for the safety of employees engaged in and about the factories and workshops in this State. In this connection, see also, Henderson v. Heman Const. Co.,198 Mo. App. 423, 199 S.W. 1045; Willadsen v. Blue Valley Creamery Co.,201 Mo. App. 527, 214 S.W. 258; 18 R.C.L. 591.

"Defendant contends that the phrase `and other establishments' in the connection it is used, was intended to embrace places of the same general character as those enumerated, thus calling for the application of the rule of ejusdem generis. In view of what has been said by the courts of this State in construing this statute, and the object, purposes, and intent of the Legislature in its enactment, we would not be justified in placing this narrow and constrained construction upon it. Section 7827, Revised Statutes 1909, which immediately precedes the one in question, and is a part of the same article, provides that `all accidents in manufacturing, mechanical, mercantile or other establishments or places within this State where labor is employed which prevent the injured person or persons from returning to work within two weeks after the injury, or which result in death, shall be reported by the person in charge of such establishment or place to the factory inspector,' etc. In that section, in addition to mechanical and manufacturing establishments, mercantile establishments are specifically mentioned as establishments which must deal with the factory inspector with respect to the events or happenings enumerated in the section. We see no occasion or reason here for applying the rule of ejusdem generis to restrict the natural and broad meaning which would be applied to the phrase `and other establishments' by the persons for whose benefit the law was enacted, and which, in commonplace affairs would be applied to the words. If our legislators intended a different meaning, it would have been easy for them to have said so.

"In Kosidowski v. Milwaukee, 152 Wis. 223, the Supreme Court of Wisconsin, under circumstances similar to those which confront us, addressing itself to this point, made use of the following language: `Any resort to subsidiary rules for construction to restrict the meaning would result in defeating the will of the law-making power instead of giving full effect thereto. The latter is a judicial duty, and should be, as it is, a judicial pleasure.'

And in Caddy v. Interborough R.T. Co., 195 N.Y. 415, it is said: `In cases like this, lexicographers' definitions are useful as guide posts, but they do not take us to our destination. The statutory meaning of a word or phrase must be gathered from the purpose for which the law containing it was enacted.'

"It is not contended that this was not a `machine' within the meaning of the statute in question. We think the Legislature, by the enactment of this statute, intended to afford the same protection to employees in `other establishments', while engaged in their ordinary duties, if such duties required them to work near unguarded machinery, as it did to employees in manufacturing or mechanical establishments, and that our legislators, in the use of the phrase `and other establishments' meant just what they said, and if they had intended otherwise they could easily have said so. This language is broad enough to include a mercantile establishment where labor is employed and unguarded and dangerous machinery is used.

III. As to the defense of contributory negligence, it appears that plaintiff was required to use this narrow aisle while in the discharge of her ordinary duties, and that, while she was in the aisle for the purpose of demonstrating this machine to a prospective customer, some other person in the store attempted to pass her in this narrow passageway. On attempting to permit this person to pass, plaintiff in some manner thrust her hand toward this machine and her fingers were caught in the rollers thereof and she received the injuries in question; and under such facts as are disclosed by this record, we would not be warranted in holding plaintiff guilty of contributory negligence as a matter of law. [Tomlinson v. Marshall, 236 S.W. 680.] It follows, therefore, that the court erred in not sustaining plaintiff's motion to set aside the involuntary nonsuit. Therefore, the Commissioner recommends that the judgment be reversed and the cause remanded.