Dolph v. Maryland Casualty Co.

The suit is upon a liability accident policy. The policy insured the plaintiff in the sum of ten thousand dollars "against loss from the liability imposed by law upon the Assured for damages on account of bodily injuries, including death resulting therefrom, accidentally suffered by any person or persons while in, or entering, or leaving the car of any elevator or hoist described in the Schedule below, or by reason of the existence of the well, shaft, or hoistway of the said elevator or hoist, or the appliances, attachments, or appurtenances contained therein, or the machinery directly connected therewith; provided such bodily injuries or death are suffered as a result of accidents occurring within the period of twelve months."

The schedule mentioned is as follows:

"SCHEDULE
==============================================================================================
Location of          | Location |  Number   |           |     Maker     |  Number  | Premium
Building Where       |    in    |    of     |   Kind    |      and      |    of    |   per
Elevator             | Building | Elevator  |           |     Power     | Landings | Elevator
is Situated          |          |           |           |      Used     |          |
---------------------|----------|-----------|-----------|---------------|----------|----------
Northeast Corner     | Central  |    One    |           | Otis-electric |    8     |  $52.50
7th and Locust       |          |           | Passenger |               |          |
St., St. Louis, Mo.  |          |           |           |               |          |
|          |           |           |               |          |
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
"This policy covers south passenger elevator, west side of corridor."

The policy also contains the following provision:

"This policy does not cover accidents to or caused by any person while making additions to, or structural alterations in, or extraordinary repairs of, any elevator or elevator plant, unless a written permit is granted by the company specifically describing the work; except that ordinary repairs of such elevator or elevator plant may be made without such permit; but no elevator may be used for any service while additions, alterations, or repairs of any kind are being made to such elevator or its equipment."

The petition alleges that in plaintiff's building, known as the Dolph Building, two elevators were operated in a shaft from the first floor to the seventh floor of the building; that the south elevator became out of order, and one Joseph J. Flori proceeded to examine it, to learn the cause of that elevator's failure to operate, and while in the pit or in the shaft on the ground floor, making such examination, the north elevator ascended to the seventh floor, causing its counterweight to descend upon and injure Flori; that Flori thereafter sued the plaintiff for damages on account of such injuries, and February 17, 1914, recovered judgment in the sum of $12,500; that the plaintiff here appealed said suit to the Supreme Court, in which court the said judgment was affirmed February 20, 1917. [Flori v. Dolph, 192 S.W. 949.] Dolph afterwards paid said judgment, amounting with interest and costs, to $14,820.82.

It is further alleged that the plaintiff was obliged to employ attorneys to defend said suit at a cost of five hundred dollars, and to pay ten dollars' docket fee in the Supreme Court, and that the defendant has refused to pay any of said sums, vexatiously and without legal excuse. Judgment is asked for the sum of $10,606.05 and interest at six per cent from March 21, 1917, to the date of the judgment, and for reasonable attorneys' fees, and ten per cent additional for vexatious delay.

In answer the defendant alleged that the policy of insurance covers only the south elevator shaft and pit, and that the injury was caused by the operation of the north elevator. This defense which turns upon a construction of the policy will be noticed fully below.

It is further alleged in the answer that the judgment in the case of Flori against Dolph, and the affirmance of the same by the Supreme Court, adjudicated the matter as to the cause of Flori's injury, for which Dolph was liable, showing it was not covered by the policy. These points are pressed for consideration here in support of the defendant's claim for reversal.

In defense it is also urged that the court erred in submitting the question of vexatious delay and assessment of the amount paid as attorneys' fees, and ten per cent in addition to the amount provided for in the policy. This requires a construction of the clause of the policy set out above in the light of the facts shown in the evidence.

The space where the two elevators, the north elevator and the south elevator, were operated from the first floor to the seventh floor, was fifteen or sixteen feet long from north to south, and seven or eight feet wide.

The entrance to each elevator was through a gate on the east side. In the space between the two elevators were two counterweights, one balancing each elevator. A counterweight was described as being about twenty-four inches in width, about five inches thick, and a little heavier than the elevator. The counterweight descended as the elevator ascended, andvice-versa. The counterweight on the east balanced the south elevator, and the counterweight on the west balanced the north elevator. In the centre of the space between the two elevators was what is termed a "guide," at the west side, and at the east side of the space were also guides to hold the counterweights in place as they passed up and down. Otherwise the space between the two elevators was open.

Flori was president of the George Flori Machine Company, and working as a mechanic for the Geraghty Brothers Elevator Company. The day he was hurt, August 25, 1913, he was called to the Dolph Building for the purpose of finding out what was wrong with the south elevator. Flori was accompanied by one Eugene Iberius, an electrician, who was to assist him in making the necessary repairs.

Iberius testified that there was one pit or shaft for both elevators, using the expression: "The width of the shaft contained both cars and is about seven feet deep and fifteen feet long."

He described the position and the size of the counterweights, which come up as the cars go down. The two elevators were about ten inches apart. He said: "Both cars are in one shaft along-side of each other." He said they found the south elevator on the first floor where they were informed it could not be moved. After going to the top of the building and finding no trouble there, they went to the first floor. The witness stood in the door and Flori got down in the pit to see conditions at the bottom of the south car. Before going into the pit they had told the elevator boy not to go to the seventh floor, but to stop at the sixth, so that the counterweight would not come all the way down. Flori got into the pit under the north car, and crawled through the space where the counterweight of the north car worked, to get under the south car. "He crawled down underneath the other car" (the south car) and part of his body was in the space between the two cars where the counterweight works, and the elevator boy ran his car to the seventh floor, allowing the counterweight to come down upon Flori's shoulders and arm, causing the injuries for which he afterwards recovered judgment against Dolph.

Flori testified that there were two elevators in one pit or shaft, and told of the conditions as Iberius had described them. He said he "left Iberius in the doorway and I jumped in the pit and started to crawl in under the south elevator." "I was hit on the shoulder, and this much of my head was at the south end." These two witnesses, Flori and Iberius, were the only witnesses who testified for plaintiff in regard to the situation and the cause of the injuries.

The defendant introduced the judgment and files in the case of Flori v. Dolph, and the record in that case which contained the testimony of Iberius and Flori. Their evidence there in regard to the way the injury occurred did not differ materially from the testimony given in the present case, except that the witnesses did not describe the pit or the shaft in which the elevators were operated. Nothing was said about it, whether it was one shaft or more than one.

The trial resulted in a judgment for plaintiff for $15,840.89, which included attorneys' fees and ten per cent for vexatious delay. The defendant appealed.

I. The appellant claims that the judgment in the case of Flori v. Dolph, is conclusive as to the issues in this case, and a peremptory instruction directing a verdict forFormer defendant should have been given because theAdjudication. record in that case disclosed that the sole cause of the injuries was negligence of the operator of the north elevator, and the policy sued on covers and refers solely to the south elevator, and therefore the judgment is an adjudication of the rights of the parties here.

The judgment in the case of Flori v. Dolph is conclusive as to the matters decided there and necessary to the determination of the case. It was not necessary in order to recover there for Flori to prove anything except that the injury was caused by the negligence of Dolph's employee in operating an elevator, and he did prove it was done in operating the north elevator. It was not necessary to prove any other fact in connection with the matter. In the case of City of St. Joseph v. Union Railway Company,116 Mo. 636, where this court had under consideration a liability contract it said, at page 643:

"But the judgment in the prior suit is not conclusive evidence of all matters necessary to be proved by plaintiff in his suit against the indemnitor. Thus the question whether the relation exists which gives a remedy over is, of course, open to inquiry. Again, the judgment in the first suit is conclusive only as to the facts therein established; for the scope of the estoppel created by the first judgment cannot be extended beyond the points and issues necessarily determined by it."

Ordinarily a judgment between the same parties in a former action is conclusive as to all matters which might have been litigated therein, but where the causes of action are different it is only conclusive as to the matters which were in fact litigated therein. [Paper Products Co. v. Life Ins. Co., 204 Mo. App. l.c. 536, and cases cited.] The judgment in Flori v. Dolph, is conclusive as to every fact necessarily involved and litigated in that case. It is not conclusive as to any fact not necessary to be proved. While in that case it was necessary to prove that Flori was injured by the descending counterweight of the north elevator, it was not necessary to prove any other fact which would bring it within the terms of the policy sued on here. If additional facts may be proved to show that the injury was caused in such way that the policy protects Dolph from liability on account of it, then evidence of such facts is competent. That brings us to a construction of the policy.

II. Ambiguities in an insurance contract must beAmbiguities. resolved against the insurer, and the insured must be given the benefit of doubtful constructions.

We will first consider the effect of the second paragraph of the policy quoted above, which provides that the policy does not cover accidents to persons making additions or alterations or extraordinary repairs "except that ordinary repairs of such elevator or elevator plant may be made without such permit."

The respondent claims that that paragraph enlarges the effect of the paragraph first set out. The purpose of thisOrdinary stipulation is to exclude accidents which occur inRepairs. making repairs, but excepts from the exclusion ordinary repairs. This means only that anyone making ordinary repairs is covered by the terms of the policy, the same as a passenger on the car or anyone who might be injured. A repairer is not in any more favorable position than any other person. If he is making ordinary repairs on the machinery, or on the plant, his injury does not come within the terms of the policy against which liability is insured unless an injury occurs in the manner covered by other terms of the policy.

III. The entire liability of the defendant therefore is determined by the effect of this paragraph, set out first above: "against loss from the liability imposed by law upon the Assured for damages on account of bodily injuries, including death resulting therefrom, accidentally suffered by any person or persons while in, or entering, or leaving the car of any elevator or hoist described in the Schedule below, or by reason of the existence of the well, shaft or hoistway of the said elevator or hoist, or the appliances, attachments or appurtenances contained therein, or the machinery directly connected therewith."

Flori was not injured while in, entering or leaving the car of the south elevator, the one mentioned in the "schedule." His injury does not come within the terms of the policyShaft. against which the defendant is protected unless he was injured "by reason of the existence of the well, shaft orhoistway of the said elevator or hoist, or the appliances,attachments or appurtenances contained therein or the machinerydirectly connected therewith." The appellant first argues that there were two shafts, not one, and the contract must be interpreted in connection with the subject to which it applies, the south shaft or hoistway and appliances therein. Now the words of the contract must be interpreted in the way in which they were ordinarily understood. When applied to an object like the shaft it must be understood as the parties to the contract and the persons acquainted with it would understand it. The two witnesses, Flori and Iberius, who were acquainted with elevators and their operation, were sent there to make repairs and they understood the space occupied by both elevators as one shaft and not two. Throughout their testimony as noted above they called it one shaft, when directly asked about it. There was no attempt on the part of the defendant to show by architects, builders or owners of elevators, or anyone else, that the word "shaft" had any other meaning than that attributed to it by these two witnesses. There was no evidence that the parties in making the contract understood it in any other way. The insurance company is presumed to have known the situation when the policy was written. Had it been the intention of the insurance company to restrict the meaning of "shaft" to that part of the opening in which the south elevator was operated, it easily could have done so. Words could have been used which definitely would have fixed that. From the evidence the trial court was justified in finding that, as the term "shaft" was ordinarily understood, there was one shaft in which both elevators operated.

IV. The appellant argues, however, that even if that construction is given to the contract it was notBy Reason of. further shown that the injury was caused "by reason of the existence of the shaft," etc., because it was caused alone by the north elevator counterweight.

If we understand appellant's argument it is that the expression, "by reason of" means such shaft or appliances must have been the proximate cause of the injury. Those words must be interpreted in the light of the purpose of the contract, and the particular liability against which Dolph was insured. The insurer undertook to protect him against liability which he would incur on account of injury to someone else. He could not incur liability to another unless there should be an injury caused by some negligence. The negligent act of Dolph or someone acting for him must be the cause and the only cause of injury or liability which he was insured against. The mention of shaft, appliance and machinery does not imply that they could cause the injury independent of some negligent act. That is a stipulation describing the condition under which or by means of which the negligent act could take place.

The Supreme Court of Maine in the case of Currier v. McKee,99 Me. 364, defined the expression. There was a statute which authorized the recovery for injuries incurred "by reason of" the intoxication of any person. The plaintiff was assaulted and injured by a drunken man and brought suit against the person who sold him the liquor. Of course the proximate cause of the injury was the assault, but it was "by reason of" the sale of the liquor, and the ensuing intoxication. That sale created the condition without which the injury would not have occurred. The expression is held to mean the same thing as "in consequence of" (l.c. 368).

The Supreme Court of the United States, in the case of United States v. William Cramp Sons Co., 206 U.S. l.c. 127, defined "by reason of" as synonymous with "by virtue of" or "on account of."

So, here, if Dolph should be liable at all for injuries occurring "by reason of" the shaft, appliances, etc., it would be because some negligent act of his or of his employees had occurred in connection with or by the use of the shaft or appliances. Otherwise, there could be no liability "by reason of" such appliances, and the language used in that connection would be meaningless. The appliances, including the counterweights contained in the shaft and the machinery "directly connected therewith," were the occasion of the injury; they were the instruments by which it was done; it was "by reason of" them that the negligent act and the injury were made possible.

For the reasons mentioned the evidence was admissible to show, and did show, the circumstances which brought the injury within the terms of the policy; evidence not necessary to be introduced in the case of Flori v. Dolph.

V. Objections are made to several instructions given on behalf of the plaintiff; some of them because theyInstructions. submitted the case to the jury on the theory that is contended for by the plaintiff, and authorized a verdict on the finding of the facts set up in the petition, and did not take into consideration the contention of the defendant that conclusively there were two elevator shafts. Such instructions were not erroneous.

It was further objected that Instruction 1 authorized recovery without a finding that Flori was injured while making "ordinary" repairs and without a finding that he was injured by reason of the existence of the well shaft, etc. The instruction does require the jury to find the facts as to what Flori was doing, and the cause of his injury. A finding of these facts was a finding that the injury occurred by reason of the existence of the machinery, etc. That he was making ordinary repairs is not disputed, and the facts conclusively show it.

VI. An instruction authorized the jury if they found that the circumstances surrounding the defendant's refusal to pay was vexatious, without reasonable cause, to allow anVexatious additional ten per cent of the amount, together withRefusal. attorneys' fees. The court also refused the converse of that instruction asked by the defendant.

Section 6337, Revised Statutes 1919, provides that if in an action against an insurance company it should appear from the evidence that such company "has vexatiously refused to pay such loss," the court or jury may in addition to the amount thereof, allow the plaintiff damages not to exceed ten per cent, and any reasonable attorneys' fees, and the court may enter judgment for the aggregate sum found in the verdict. It has several times been held by this court that in order to warrant the recovery of ten per cent and attorneys' fees, as provided in that section, there must be appropriate allegations in the petition showing the facts constituting vexatious delay, and such allegations must be supported by proof. [Aufrichtig v. Columbian Nat. Life Ins. Co., 249 S.W. l.c. 916; Shoe Co. v. Assurance Co., 277 Mo. l.c. 420; Fay v. Ins. Co., 268 Mo. l.c. 389; Young v. Ins. Co., 269 Mo. l.c. 21.]

The only allegation in the petition on that subject is as follows: "But the said defendant has vexatiously and without legal excuse refused to pay the same or any part thereof, although due demand has been made upon said defendant to pay the same."

It is further alleged that by reason of the vexatious refusals to pay, plaintiff has been compelled to employ attorneys, etc. This is not an allegation of fact, it is simply a conclusion. Besides, the evidence does not show any fact, nor are the circumstances such as to warrant an inference that the defendant intended vexatiously to delay payment. In fact the appellant appeared to be acting in good faith and its counsel made a plausible argument in support of its position, so that the instructions authorizing recovery for ten per cent damages and attorneys' fees were erroneous.

The judgment was for $15,840.89, including the attorneys' fees and ten per cent. The amount sued for, including interest on the ten thousand dollars and costs to the date plaintiff paid the Flori judgment, March 21, 1917, was $10,606.05. Judgment was rendered April 28, 1922, five years, one month, and seven days from the time the suit was brought. Six per cent on the above amount for that period, as we figure it, is $3247.59, which added to the principal sum, $10,606.05, would be $13,853.64, the amount for which judgment should have been rendered. This subtracted from the amount of the judgment, $15,840.89, would give $1987.25 in excess of the proper judgment by calculation of the ten per cent damage and the attorneys' fee.

Objections are made to other instructions which are not of sufficient importance to merit further consideration.

If the plaintiff will remit the sum of $1987.25, reducing his judgment as of the date it was rendered, to $13,853.64, and will make such remittitur within ten days from the filing of this opinion, the judgment will be affirmed; otherwise, it will be reversed and the cause remanded. All concur.