DocketNumber: No. 40079.
Citation Numbers: 201 S.W.2d 935, 356 Mo. 382
Judges: Conkling
Filed Date: 4/21/1947
Status: Precedential
Modified Date: 10/19/2024
Respondents, plaintiffs below, recovered judgment in the Circuit Court of Jackson County for $8,695.00 for the death of their minor son, Lawrence Wright, 8 years of age, which resulted instantly when he was struck by an automobile on June 11, 1945. The automobile being operated north on Highway 169 by appellant Osborn, then 72 years of age, for and upon the business of his employer, the appellant Norwich Pharmacal Company. Their motion for new trial being overruled appellants lodged their appeal here.
Respondents pleaded primary negligence in that the automobile was operated at an excessive rate of speed and also pleaded humanitarian negligence in that appellants, after peril arose, could have avoided striking and killing their son by slackening the speed, or turning aside or giving a warning. Defendants' answer pleaded contributory negligence of the boy in that he suddenly ran from an obscured position east on the concrete highway onto the highway in front of appellants' automobile. Upon the submission of the case primary negligence was abandoned and the submission instruction was upon the humanitarian allegation in the above alternatives. *Page 385 [937] The contention of appellants in this court that the facts of record, and proper inferences therefrom, did not make a case which could have been submitted to the jury requires a full statement of the facts. It is axiomatic that under these circumstances we state and consider the instant facts and the reasonable inferences therefrom in the light most favorable to the verdict below, and give respondents the benefit of every favorable inference which the evidence tends to support.
Osborn, on the day in question, was driving alone in his 1941 Ford sedan north on the east half of Highway 169 just north of Smithville, Missouri. The day was clear, the highway was straight, level and dry. The concrete pavement was 20 feet wide and constructed on a fill with shoulders on each side of the highway some 6 to 8 inches higher than the concrete. The shoulders were level out from each side of the concrete for about 12 feet, then dipped for 4 or 5 feet before starting down the steeply inclined bank of the fill. There was no obstruction to Osborn's view ahead as he approached from the south. The boy was 4' 3½" tall. The vegetation on the shoulder of the highway was only ankle deep to the boy. Osborn testified he was driving only 40 miles per hour. In view of other facts and circumstances hereinafter set out, the jury had a right to conclude that Osborn was mistaken in that estimate of his speed. There were no other cars on the highway moving in either direction, and appellant Osborn was the only surviving eyewitness. After the accident a number of persons quickly gathered there. Osborn was a salesman, travelled by automobile, had been over that highway many times and was fully familiar with it. The accident occurred at high noon and nothing appears of record which would have distracted Osborn's attention from his duty to keep a lookout for persons on or about to go onto the highway.
From the evidence the jury could reasonably find that Lawrence had come up a path on the east side of the fill or embankment, had crossed the twelve foot shoulder in plain view of Osborn, and had come onto the pavement with an apparent intention of continuing on across the concrete paving. Osborn testified Lawrence ran straight west across the concrete highway with his head down and did not look either north or south, and was struck while so running west when at a point about 2 feet west of the center line of the highway. He was struck by the front of the hood or radiator just to the left of the center of the front of the automobile. At some point, which the record does not clearly disclose, Osborn turned the automobile to the left (northwest). It ran northwest onto and across the left and west side of the highway and out onto the left and west shoulder thereof, where it came to a stop, headed northwest, against and over a highway marker sign which was 8 feet west of the concrete highway, bending the marker down. The body of the boy then lay at the west *Page 386 edge of the concrete pavement and was 28 feet further north than the front of the automobile. He was dead when Osborn reached him. The highway marker was 100 feet north of where Lawrence was struck. Osborn testified that he put his foot on the brake and turned the automobile to the left but that he did not sound the horn. After the accident there were skid marks 81 feet in length leading up to the back of Osborn's car. These skid marks started very close to the center of the highway and angled diagonally northwest. At the scene of the accident and immediately thereafter. Osborn stated that "he didn't see him (the boy) until he hit him". By deposition and upon the trial Osborn testified he saw Lawrence when his automobile was 15 feet south of the boy.
Upon these facts, and the inferences reasonably to be drawn therefrom, appellants contend that no submissible case was made for the jury; that the giving of respondents' instruction No. 1 was error because the evidence did not support the three above mentioned alternative submissions in the instruction. These two related assignments may be considered together.
[1] As Osborn was driving his automobile north along the clear unobstructed highway and approaching the place of the accident he was under the duty imposed [938] by law to exercise the highest degree of care (Kaley v. Huntley,
[2] We agree with appellants that the humanitarian doctrine does not apply if the evidence does not show Osborn could have avoided the collision after he saw or could have seen the boy in peril, but we do not agree that the trial court erred in submitting the instant case to the jury. After Lawrence came up the incline and was on the east shoulder of the highway there was nothing to obstruct Osborn's view of him. It was Osborn's duty to take note of Lawrence and his movements and however negligent the boy may have been in going out onto the concrete highway in front of Osborn's automobile is unavailing to appellants under the humanitarian theory of submission. It is not clear from the record just where Osborn turned to the left, but as Lawrence moved straight west across the concrete and was struck on the west half of the highway, the jury could reasonably have concluded that if Osborn had turned a little to his right, or had even continued due north, the automobile would not have hit the boy. The jury could reasonably have found that Osborn, if he had been looking in the direction he was driving, could have seen Lawrence start toward, onto and across the highway when the automobile was a sufficient distance south as that Osborn could have sounded a warning, which he admittedly failed to do, and that Osborn could thereby have averted the tragedy. Under these circumstances, a duty to warn is part and parcel of the humanitarian doctrine, and it would not be unreasonable for the jury to find that a timely warning would have aroused the boy's attention and saved his life. The evidence fairly warrants the inference that a slackening of speed, even momentarily, would have permitted the running boy to escape the danger. Another step or two would probably have been sufficient to save him. Pitcher v. Schoch,
What we have said disposes also of the appellants' contention that the evidence did not support each of the three alternative grounds of recovery as submitted in respondents' instruction 1.
[3] Appellants contend that instruction 1 was further erroneous in view of the three phase alternative submission, because by such form of submission a verdict for plaintiffs was possible if only four jurors found affirmatively on each of the three separate alternative submissions. Appellant says this point has never been decided by our courts, but cites State v. Pruitt,
[4] Appellants next contend that the respondents' instruction 2, which did not predicate a verdict but which was only a definitive instruction, and which concluded the definition of the highest degree of care with the words "such care as would be exercised by a very careful and prudent person under the same orsimilar circumstances as those referred to in the evidence," injected antecedent negligence into the humanitarian submission. Appellants' position is that the words just above italicized bring the instruction within the rule laid down in Reiling v. Russell,
[940] If we agreed, which we do not, that instruction 2 opened to the jury the door to the consideration of primary negligence, the limiting instruction A effectively and forever closed such door. In no uncertain terms the jury were told by instruction A that regardless of any other fact or issue Osborn was under no duty whatever to the boy until peril arose and Osborn could have known of the peril. Consideration by the jury of any possible theory of primary negligence was foreclosed by that instruction. Appellants contend, however, that under the rule in State ex rel. Long v. Ellison,
In McDonald v. Kansas City Gas Company,
Instruction 2, not covering the entire case nor authorizing a verdict, and being merely definitive in character is not within the class claimed for it by appellants. As above stated, we think it is to be distinguished in any event, from instructions of the class ruled in cases like Reiling v. Russell, supra. We think the instructions given in the instant case properly submit the law to the jury and cover every required phase of the case. There is no merit in appellants' contention with respect to instruction 2.
[5] It is last contended by appellants that the damages awarded by the jury in their discretion and approved by the trial court in the amount of $8,695.00 are excessive. Lawrence would have been nine years old in September, 1945. He lived with his father and mother in their home near Platte City, Missouri, attained the highest grades in school and was in good health. No formula exists by which it may be determined whether a jury award of damages is excessive under the instant circumstances. Courts determine this character of question in each case upon its own facts, due consideration being given to uniformity of decision, economic conditions, expressed legislative policy and all pertinent factors. The test we must finally meet, however, is whether the size of the verdict is such as to shock the conscience of the court, or whether it is within the bounds of reason. We have considered this many faceted question, the cases cited, and many cases not cited in the brief of either appellants or respondents. Giving proper weight to all matters which we must consider, we have concluded that the verdict in the instant case is well within the bounds of reason. The assignment is overruled.
Finding no reversible error the judgment of the trial court must be and the same is hereby affirmed.
It is so ordered. All concur.
McDonald Ex Rel. Baber v. Kansas City Gas Co. , 332 Mo. 356 ( 1933 )
Reiling v. Russell , 348 Mo. 279 ( 1941 )
Pitcher v. Schoch , 345 Mo. 1184 ( 1940 )
Hornbuckle v. McCarty , 295 Mo. 162 ( 1922 )
Kaley v. Huntley , 333 Mo. 771 ( 1933 )
Brown v. Toedebusch Transfer, Inc. , 354 Mo. 611 ( 1945 )
Brown v. McIBS, Inc. , 722 S.W.2d 337 ( 1986 )
Berry v. Harmon , 329 S.W.2d 784 ( 1959 )
Hildreth v. Key , 341 S.W.2d 601 ( 1960 )
Allen v. Hayen , 320 S.W.2d 441 ( 1959 )
State v. Hanes , 729 S.W.2d 612 ( 1987 )
Appelhans v. Goldman , 349 S.W.2d 204 ( 1961 )
Edwards Ex Rel. Edwards v. Dixon , 298 S.W.2d 466 ( 1957 )
Herron v. Wilson , 186 F.2d 72 ( 1950 )
Ross L. Bates v. Chester Ray Hensley , 414 F.2d 1006 ( 1969 )
Faught Ex Rel. Faught v. Washam , 291 S.W.2d 78 ( 1956 )
Frandeka v. St. Louis Public Service Co. , 234 S.W.2d 540 ( 1950 )
Schmidt Ex Rel. Schmidt v. Allen , 303 S.W.2d 652 ( 1957 )
Huffman v. Mercer , 295 S.W.2d 27 ( 1956 )
Harrow v. Kansas City Public Service Co. , 233 S.W.2d 644 ( 1950 )
Williams Ex Rel. Williams v. Ricklemann , 292 S.W.2d 276 ( 1956 )
Hall v. Clark , 298 S.W.2d 344 ( 1957 )
Gousetis v. Bange , 425 S.W.2d 91 ( 1968 )
Nichols v. Bresnahan , 357 Mo. 1126 ( 1948 )
Murphy Ex Rel. Murphy v. Land , 420 S.W.2d 505 ( 1967 )