In the Missouri Court of Appeals
Eastern District
DIVISION THREE
EDWIN J. FORBUSH, ) No. ED101290
)
Respondent/Cross-Appellant, ) Appeal from the Circuit Court
) of St. Louis County
vs. )
) Hon. Steven H. Goldman
STEPHEN S. ADAMS, III, AS TRUSTEE )
OF THE STEPHEN S. ADAMS, III )
REVOCABLE TRUST U/T/A DATED )
OCTOBER 9, 2001, )
) Filed:
Appellant/Cross-Respondent. ) November 25, 2014
Stephen S. Adams, III, as Trustee of the Stephen S. Adams, III Revocable Trust
(“Adams”), appeals from the trial court’s grant of summary judgment. Edwin Forbush
(“Forbush”) cross-appeals. We affirm in part and reverse and remand in part.
Stephen S. Adams, III, is an individual residing in California and is the trustee of the
Adams Trust. Forbush and Adams are the sole owners of Midtown Partners and Associates, Inc.
(“Midtown”), a Missouri corporation. Forbush owns 510 shares of common stock representing a
51% ownership interest in Midtown, and Adams owns 490 shares representing a 49% ownership
interest. Midtown was formed for the purpose of acquiring a Harley-Davidson dealership. In
October of 2007, Midtown acquired the Fairfield Cycle Center (“Fairfield”), a Harley-Davidson
dealership in Vacaville, California.
In 2009 and 2010, Forbush made multiple term loans to Midtown. From 2009 to 2011,
Adams also made term loans to Midtown. Forbush and Adams have also caused Midtown and
Fairfield to borrow money from both the Private Bank of St. Louis and Harley-Davidson to
finance the operation of Fairfield. As of December of 2013, the outstanding balances on the
terms loans Forbush made to Midtown were approximately $1,275,000, and the outstanding
balances on the loans Adams made to Midtown were approximately $57,000. Substantial loans
also remain with the Private Bank of St. Louis, and the terms of those loans prohibit the payment
by Midtown and Fairfield of subordinate loans like those of Forbush and Adams without the
consent of the Private Bank of St. Louis.
Midtown is governed by a cross-purchase agreement1 dated June 18, 2007, which places
certain restrictions on the transfer of any shares of common stock in Midtown. The cross-
purchase agreement provides that after three years, either shareholder may make an offer to
purchase the shares of common stock owned by the other shareholder upon the “terms and
conditions and at the price” set forth in a written offer. When such an offer to purchase is made,
the offeree must either accept the offer or must purchase the offeror’s stock at the same price and
on the same terms and conditions as in the offeror’s offer.
On June 25, 2013, Forbush elected to exercise the Texas Shootout Provision by
delivering a written offer letter and stock purchase and sale agreement to Adams, offering to
purchase Adams’s stock for $100 per share with the following conditions: Forbush shall repay all
of the outstanding balance of the voluntary loans made by Adams; Forbush shall release or
indemnify Adams from any personal guarantees of company debt in accordance with Section
9.19 of the cross-purchase agreement; Forbush shall provide Harley-Davidson with written
1
The cross-purchase agreement includes a Russian Roulette (aka Texas Shootout) Provision. We will refer to it as
the Texas Shootout Provision.
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notice and a complete explanation of the proposed stock transfer and change in ownership of the
company and obtain the prior written approval from Harley-Davidson for the stock transfer and
ownership change pursuant to the general conditions of the dealer contract; Forbush shall
provide Adams a one-year consulting agreement; Forbush shall be entitled to approve company
expenditures requested by Adams between the date of the offer and the closing date, which
approval shall not be reasonably withheld; and a failure or refusal to respond to Forbush’s offer
shall constitute an acceptance of the offer.
On July 12, 2013, Adams sent a letter purporting to respond to Forbush’s offer. The
letter stated Adams elected to buy Forbush’s stock at the price of $100 per share. But Adams
refused to pay the voluntary loans made by Forbush and claimed Forbush’s proposed purchase
and sale agreement adds additional terms and conditions contrary to the cross-purchase
agreement.
Forbush subsequently filed a petition for declaratory judgment against Adams. Forbush
claimed the cross-purchase agreement created a valid contractual obligation requiring Adams to
either accept Forbush’s offer or purchase Forbush’s stock at the purchase price and on the same
terms and conditions as contained in Forbush’s offer. Thus, Forbush requested that the trial
court declare his offer to Adams was valid and enforceable under the cross-purchase agreement.
Further, Forbush requested a declaration that Adams’s attempt to vary the terms of the offer
constitutes a failure to respond to the offer. In the alternative, Forbush requested that if the court
finds the repayment of the voluntary loans or any other material term or condition in the offer is
invalid or unenforceable, the court should declare the offer is null and void in its entirety.
Forbush also requested attorney fees, costs, and expenses as the prevailing party.
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Adams then filed an answer and a counterclaim for declaratory relief. In his counterclaim,
Adams argued, among other things, that the “terms and conditions” language in the Texas
Shootout Provision relates only to the purchase price of the stock and not to extraneous matters
like personal loans and consulting agreements. Adams requested that the court declare Forbush’s
offer is valid to the extent it contains terms offering to purchase Adams’s stock at a designated
price, but that the additional consideration requiring company repayment of debt and a
consulting agreement are not comprehended by a correct reading of the Texas Shootout
Provision and must be disregarded. Adams also requests that the trial court declare Adams is the
purchaser of Forbush’s stock pursuant to the Texas Shootout Provision and that Adams must
cause Midtown to cause Fairfield to release or indemnify Forbush from all personal guarantees
of the debt of Midtown and Fairfield.
Forbush filed an answer to Adams’s counterclaim. Forbush also filed a motion for
summary judgment, arguing the terms of the cross-purchase agreement are unequivocal and
required Adams to accept the offer or agree to purchase Forbush’s shares at the “purchase price
and on the same terms and conditions” contained in the offer and his refusal to do so violated the
agreement. Thus, Forbush contended the trial court should declare as a matter of law Forbush’s
offer was consistent with the terms of the cross-purchase agreement and was fully enforceable.
The trial court entered its judgment partially granting summary judgment and finding
Forbush’s offer included, as a material part, the personal repayment or guaranty of corporate debt
to the parties, which was not allowed under the Texas Shootout Provision. As a result, the trial
court held Forbush’s offer did not trigger the buyout agreement. Therefore, it found Forbush’s
unaccepted offer was void. The trial court also found because Forbush asked for this relief as an
alternative, neither party prevailed and it did not award any attorney fees.
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Adams then filed a motion to reconsider and clarify the trial court’s judgment. In this
motion, Adams requested that the trial court award him attorney fees as the prevailing party.
Adams also asked for clarification regarding which parts of Forbush’s offer were outside the
buyout agreement and what effect the judgment had on his counterclaim.
The trial court subsequently issued an amended order and judgment in which it clarified
its earlier judgment by stating the following terms were outside the scope of the Texas Shootout
Provision of the cross-purchase agreement and unenforceable: (1) requiring a buyer to repay or
cause to repay loans advanced by shareholders of the company; (2) requiring a buyer to
personally guarantee seller’s guarantees of company bank debt; and (3) requiring a buyer to offer
seller a consulting agreement. As a result, the trial court concluded Forbush’s offer was void in
its entirety and Adams had no offer to counter or accept. Thus, the trial court dismissed Adams’s
counterclaim without prejudice. The trial court also concluded there was no prevailing party and
denied any attorney fees. This appeal follows.
Appellate review of a trial court’s grant of summary judgment is essentially de novo. ITT
Commercial Fin. Corp. v. Mid-America Marine Supply Corp., 854 S.W.2d 371, 376 (Mo. banc
1993). We will review the record in the light most favorable to the party against whom judgment
was entered. Id. We accord the non-movant the benefit of all reasonable inferences from the
record. Id. The criteria on appeal for testing the propriety of summary judgment are no different
from those which should be employed by the trial court to determine the propriety of sustaining
the motion initially. Id. We will uphold summary judgment on appeal only where there is no
genuine issue of material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Id.
In his cross-appeal, Forbush argues the trial court erred in determining that the terms and
conditions were outside the scope of the cross-purchase agreement and therefore unenforceable
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in that the Texas Shootout Provision unequivocally provides that a shareholder shall have the
right to make an offer to purchase another shareholder’s stock upon the terms and conditions and
at the price set forth in the offer. In his first point, Adams argues the trial court erred in holding
that Adams’s acceptance of Forbush’s stock purchase offer made under the parties’ previously
negotiated cross-purchase agreement was of no force and effect because under the contract,
Adams should have had the opportunity to accept just that portion of Forbush’s offer that did not
include additional, extraneous conditions in that those conditions were outside the scope of the
Texas Shootout Provision of the cross-purchase agreement. Because both of these points deal
with the validity of the offer, we will address them together.
The relevant provision in this case provides as follows:
9.18 Russian Roulette (aka Texas Shootout) Provision. Notwithstanding any
provision contained herein to the contrary:
(a) Any shareholder (“Offeror”) shall have the right to make an offer to
purchase the shares of Stock owned by any other Shareholder upon the
terms and conditions and at the price set forth in the Offeror’s offer. The
Shareholder receiving the Offeror’s offer (“Offeree”) must either accept
the Offeror’s offer or, alternatively, the Offeree must purchase the
Offeror’s shares of stock within sixty (60) days after receiving the
Offeror’s offer at a purchase price and on the same terms and conditions
contained in the Offeror’s offer.
The interpretation of a contract is a question of law. Systemaire, Inc. v. St. Charles
County, 432 S.W.3d 783, 787 (Mo. App. E.D. 2014). The cardinal rule of contract interpretation
is to ascertain the parties’ intentions and to give effect to that intention. Id. Intent is to be
determined from the contract alone and not based on extrinsic or parol evidence, unless the
contract is ambiguous. Id. The terms of a contract are read as a whole to determine the intention
of the parties and are given their plain, ordinary, and usual meaning. Lehmann v. Bank of
America, N.A., 427 S.W.3d 315, 320 (Mo. App. E.D. 2014).
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The issue here is how to construe the phrase “upon the terms and conditions and at the
price set forth in the Offeror’s offer,” which appears in the Texas Shootout Provision. Adams
contends that the phrase “terms and conditions” means payment terms, terms related to security
if a promissory note were contemplated, representations about the seller’s good title, and when
the closing of the transaction would occur. Forbush maintains there is no reason to restrict the
meaning of “terms and conditions” in this manner, and the trial court erred by stating the
following terms were outside the scope of the shootout provision of the cross purchase
agreement and unenforceable: (1) requiring a buyer [Forbush] to repay or cause to repay loans
advanced by shareholders of the company; (2) requiring a buyer [Forbush] to personally
guarantee seller’s [Adams] guarantees of company bank debt; and (3) requiring a buyer
[Forbush] to offer seller [Adams] a consulting agreement.2
First, we note that the phrase “terms and conditions” is being interpreted as part of the
Texas Shootout Provision. Thus, in reading the contract as a whole and giving the terms their
ordinary and usual meaning, we must first look at the general intent of the Texas Shootout
Provision.
Closely-held business ventures often contain buy-sell provisions in their operating
agreements. These provisions provide an exit mechanism for owners who no longer wish to
participate in the business venture. One method of providing this exit mechanism is through a
so-called Texas Shootout Provision, where one owner names a price and the other owner is
compelled to either purchase the first owner’s shares or sell his own shares at the named price.
Richard R.W. Brooks, Claudia M. Landeo, and Kathryn E. Spier, Trigger Happy or Gun Shy?
2
We note both Forbush and Adams rely on cases from other jurisdictions to support their construction of the phrase
“terms and conditions.” However, as recognized by the parties, those cases are not controlling authority. Further,
because we are interpreting a unique contract here, we decline to rely on the construction courts in other
jurisdictions have given to provisions in other contracts. We also note there are no Missouri cases dealing with a
similar provision.
7
Dissolving Common-Value Partnerships with Texas Shootouts, 41 RAND J Econ 649 (2010).
Because the person naming the price can be forced to either buy or sell, he or she must act
honestly. Id. at 650.
Texas Shootout Provisions have been described as follows:
when two parties enter a joint venture, they recognize that, at some point, one or
the other will want to terminate the arrangement. When neither faces any liquidity
constraints and both are equally able to run the business, they may agree at the
outset that as soon as one of them wants to terminate the venture, she can put a
value on the business and the other has the choice to buy or sell the business at
this price. This way of dissolving a joint venture is called a “Texas Shootout.”
Douglas G. Baird and Donald S. Bernstein, Absolute Priority, Valuation Uncertainty, and the
Reorganization Bargain, 115 Yale Law Journal 1930, 1953 (June, 2006). As can be seen from
these descriptions, Texas Shootout Provisions are intended to provide a fair method of valuing
the stock so that a joint venture can be discontinued. Their general purpose does not necessarily
include winding up and separating all of the parties’ business entanglements, but rather they are
merely a means to ensure the parties are able to come up with a fair buyout price in an expedient
manner.
Thus, recognizing that Texas Shootout Provisions generally are focused on price, the next
question is whether the particular provision in this case is meant to be construed differently. In
other words, does the Texas Shootout Provision’s reference to “terms and conditions” indicate it
can encompass “terms and conditions” unrelated to the price? The cross-purchase agreement in
this case does not support such a construction. The very next provision after the Texas Shootout
Provision in the cross-purchase agreement deals with personal guaranties of corporate
obligations. It provides:
9.19 Personal Guaranty of Corporate Obligations. If any Shareholder now or
hereafter personally guarantees any corporate obligations or becomes a co-maker
of any obligations of any of the Corporations indebtedness, then prior to Closing
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the Corporation shall take reasonable steps to relieve such Transferring
Shareholder from said obligations and personal guarantys by either renegotiating
said obligations, or, failing this after a good faith effort, executing a written
instrument thereby agreeing to indemnify and hold harmless such Transferring
Shareholder, his or her heirs, successors and assigns.
Thus, the cross-purchase agreement contemplates that when one shareholder is transferring his
shares, the parties might have other entanglements such as loans and guarantees. Section 9.19
ensures those obligations would be satisfied.
Because Texas Shootout Provisions are focused on setting a fair buyout price and
nothing in the cross-purchase agreement indicated the Texas Shootout Provision in this case was
meant to encompass anything beyond that, we find the additional terms and conditions in
Forbush’s offer were not contemplated by the Texas Shootout Provision. Therefore, Forbush
submitted a non-conforming offer to Adams when he offered to purchase Adams’s stock for
$100 per share with the following conditions: Forbush shall repay all of the outstanding balance
of the voluntary loans made by Adams; Forbush shall release or indemnify Adams from any
personal guarantees of company debt in accordance with Section 9.19 of the cross purchase
agreement; Forbush shall provide Harley-Davidson with written notice and a complete
explanation of the proposed stock transfer and change in ownership of the company and obtain
the prior written approval from Harley-Davidson for the stock transfer and ownership change
pursuant to the general conditions to the dealer contract; Forbush shall provide Adams a one-year
consulting agreement; Forbush shall be entitled to approve company expenditures requested by
Adams between the date of the offer and the closing date, which approval shall not be reasonably
withheld; and a failure or refusal to respond to Forbush’s offer shall constitute an acceptance of
the offer.
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Although Forbush’s offer did not conform to the dictates of the Texas Shootout Provision
and thus, did not trigger such provision, Adams could have, nonetheless, accepted the non-
conforming offer. As a result, the offer was not void as the trial court found. The parties need
not be confined to the dictates of the Texas Shootout Provision in winding up their business.
However, having concluded that Forbush’s offer was non-conforming, but not void, we
must determine the effect of Adams’s purported acceptance. While Adams responded to
Forbush’s offer, his response attempted to alter the terms and conditions of the offer by simply
excluding them. If a purported acceptance adds or alters the terms of the proposition made,
neither party is bound. Londoff v. Conrad, 749 S.W.2d 463, 465 (Mo. App. E.D. 1988). Where
the purported acceptance introduces new or variant terms, the purported acceptance amounts to a
counteroffer and rejection of the original offer. Id. Thus, Adams’s offer to buy Forbush’s stock
was a valid counteroffer, but, being a counteroffer, was also not in conformance with the Texas
Shootout Provision. Forbush could have accepted or rejected the counteroffer without obligation
under the Texas Shootout Provision. However, Forbush did neither; Adams’s counteroffer was
set for a closing on August 23, 2013, and that closing did not take place. As a result, Adams’s
counteroffer has expired.
Thus, neither party exercised its rights under the Texas Shootout Provision, and there are
no open offers from either party. The trial court did not err in determining that the terms and
conditions unrelated to the price were outside the scope of the Texas Shootout Provision of the
cross-purchase agreement. Further, the trial court did not err in holding that Adams’s purported
acceptance of Forbush’s stock purchase offer was of no force and effect. As noted above,
Adams did not actually accept Forbush’s offer, but rather offered a counteroffer that expired
without being accepted. Points denied.
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In his second point, Adams argues the trial court erred in declaring that “in the event
Harley Davidson does not approve either of the parties as a buyer, a Court could determine
whether an alternative condition is reasonable in terms of the Shootout Provision” because the
approval of Harley-Davidson is an extraneous condition that should have been listed in the
Amended Order as a condition outside the scope of the Shootout Provision and because the
declaration falls outside the scope of the declaratory judgment act in that it does not address a
present controversy, does not provide the parties any relief from their legal uncertainty and does
not establish the rights and duties of the parties.
Having found above that only terms and conditions related to price were proper under the
Texas Shootout Provision, we find the trial court should have listed the approval of Harley-
Davidson as an extraneous condition in its judgment. Therefore, the trial court erred in including
this declaration in its judgment. Point granted.
In his third point, Adams argues the trial court erred in refusing to award attorney fees to
Adams because he is the prevailing party in that the trial court ruled against Forbush’s primary
claim and Forbush cannot rely on inconsistent, diametrically opposed claims in his pleadings as a
means to nullify his opponent’s contractual right to an attorney fee award. We agree.
Whether a trial court has authority to award attorney’s fees is a question of law, which we
review de novo. Desu v. Lewis, 427 S.W.3d 843, 844 (Mo. App. E.D. 2014). When a contract
provides for payment of attorney’s fees and costs expended to enforce the contract, a trial court
is required to award such fees and costs to the prevailing party. Id. at 844-45. We have defined
a “prevailing party” for purposes of a contractual award as the party prevailing on the main issue
in dispute, even though not necessarily to the extent of its original contention. Id.
The cross-purchase agreement provides:
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9.13 Attorneys’ Fees and Related Costs of Litigation. In the event either party
shall seek to enforce the terms of this Agreement via litigation, then the non-
prevailing party in any such litigation proceedings shall pay all court ordered
costs and expenses (including reasonable attorneys’ fees) incurred by the
prevailing party in connection with the enforcement hereof, at the trial, and
appellate levels.
Forbush requested a declaration that his offer was valid and enforceable or, in the
alternative, if the court finds the repayment of the voluntary loans or any other material term or
condition in the offer is invalid or unenforceable, the court should declare the offer is null and
void in its entirety. We have found neither of those possibilities fit the situation here. As noted
above, Forbush made a valid offer, but it did not conform to or trigger the Texas Shootout
Provision. Thus, Forbush’s offer was neither valid and enforceable within the context of the
Texas Shootout Provision, nor was it completely invalid or unenforceable. Therefore, we find
Forbush did not prevail on his claims here.
On the other hand, Adams claimed he should have had the opportunity to accept just that
portion of Forbush’s offer relating to the stock price, not including the additional, extraneous
conditions. However, Adams’s response amounted to a counteroffer, which was not permitted
under the Texas Shootout Provision. Thus, it was also not in conformance with the Texas
Shootout Provision, and Adams was not permitted to purchase Forbush’s stock at the price set by
Forbush. However, Adams did succeed in arguing that Forbush’s offer included terms and
conditions that were extraneous to the Texas Shootout Provision. Thus, we find Adams was the
prevailing party.
Therefore, the trial court did not err in determining that the terms and conditions
unrelated to the price were outside the scope of the Texas Shootout Provision and that part of the
judgment is affirmed. The trial court also did not err in holding that Adams’s purported
acceptance of Forbush’s stock purchase offer was of no force and effect and that part of the
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judgment is affirmed. The trial court did err in failing to declare the approval of Harley-
Davidson was an extraneous condition outside the scope of the Texas Shootout Provision and
that part of the judgment is reversed and remanded for such a declaration to be entered. Lastly,
we also remand to the trial court for a determination as to the proper amount of Adams’s costs
and expenses including reasonable attorneys’ fees.
ROBERT G. DOWD, JR., Judge
Kurt S. Odenwald, P.J. and
Lawrence E. Mooney, J., concur.
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