DocketNumber： No. 14628
Judges： Crow, File, Flanigan, Maus, Opinions, Prewitt, Who
Filed Date： 11/7/1986
Status： Precedential
Modified Date： 11/14/2024
Joyce Triplett was charged by amended information with the class A misdemeanor of promoting pornography in the second degree, § 573.030, RSMo 1978, as amended.
The incident leading to the filing of the charge was the sale of a November 1985 issue of Hustler magazine to a customer by Triplett, who was a clerk in a Jasper County, Missouri, convenience store. After jury trial, Triplett was found guilty and fined $250.
Triplett appealed, but failed to timely file a brief, in violation of Rule SO.OOik).
After consideration of the matter, and a review of the record, a divisional order was issued on August 27, 1986, affirming the conviction in accordance with Rule 30.25(b), which states that in a case in which the decision is unanimous, and all judges believe that no jurisprudential purpose would be served by a written opinion, disposition may be made by written summary order.
On September 11, 1986, Triplett’s attorney filed a motion for rehearing, which was sustained, and by order dated September 18, 1986, the case was transferred to the court en banc for consideration.
Our en banc review includes an examination of the information, jury verdict, and trial court sentence to see if they are legally sufficient, a reading of the testimony and examination of the exhibits introduced at trial to see if the evidence was sufficient to sustain the jury verdict, and a review of all actions and rulings of the trial court, in order to determine if Triplett’s conviction is supported by fact and law. We also consider all allegations of trial court error made by Triplett’s counsel in his after-trial motion for judgment of acquittal or, in the alternative, for a new trial, which was filed after the jury verdict was returned, but before judgment and sentence were entered by the trial court.
The amended information, on which Triplett was tried, charges that Joyce Triplett, “in violation of Section 573.030, RSMo., committed the Class A misdemeanor of promoting pornography in the second degree, punishable upon conviction under Sections 558.011.1(5) & 560.016 RSMo., in that on or about September 19, 1985, in the County of Jasper, State of Missouri, the defendant knowing the content and character promoted pornographic material for pecuniary gain, such material consisting of a magazine to-wit: The November 1985 issue of ‘Hustler.’ ”
The information faithfully tracks the language of § 573.030.1(1), and is legally sufficient. Subsection 2 of the statute provides that promoting pornography in the second degree is a class A misdemeanor.
The fine of $250 imposed as punishment after conviction was within the statutory limits of § 560.016.1 which provides that a fine imposed after conviction of a class A misdemeanor shall not exceed $1,000.
We have examined the trial court’s judgment and sentence filed on January 9,1986, and find it to be in the form prescribed by law.
We next turn to the evidence presented in the case in order to see if a submissible case was made. The evidence presented in the state’s case in chief consisted of the
In her defense testimony, Triplett admitted selling the Hustler magazine to Wheat on the day in question, but contended “[i]t was wrapped in cellophane completely” when she sold it to him. She said she had no idea of what the contents of the magazine were, as she had not looked through it. On redirect examination by her lawyer, she admitted that she would not sell the Hustler magazine to a minor, and that it was part of her duties “to be sure that minors don’t get ahold of these.”
In rebuttal, Leonard Clevenger was called as a witness by the state, and testified the Hustler magazine was not wrapped in cellophane when it was purchased by Wheat.
Since Wheat’s testimony in the state’s case in chief that Triplett “looked at” the magazines, which had been placed before her on the counter “cover up” does not conclusively establish that Triplett viewed the interior contents of the Hustler magazine before she sold it to Wheat, we confine our conclusions as to knowledge on Triplett’s part of the contents of the magazine to the undisputed evidence that she looked at the cover before selling the magazine, and had, by her statement, not viewed its contents.
As used in § 573.030, “promoting pornography” is defined as “means to manufacture, issue, sell, _” § 573.010(11). There is no dispute as to whether Triplett sold the magazine to Wheat. The question is whether Triplett’s viewing of the cover of the Hustler magazine, before selling it to Wheat, constituted knowledge on her part of the content of the magazine. Since knowledge, often couched in the legal sense as scienter, is a necessary element of the statute defining the crime, the state must establish, through evidence, defendant’s knowledge of the magazine’s contents.
Circumstantial evidence is sufficient to establish such knowledge, and knowledge of a photograph on the cover of magazines, State v. Ward, 512 S.W.2d 245, 246 (Mo.App.l974), and the top card of a sealed deck of playing cards, State v. Hughes, 508 S.W.2d 6, 7 (Mo.App.1974), has been held to establish knowledge of the content of the offending publication. See also State v. Schamma, 659 S.W.2d 589, 592 (Mo.App.1983). The common thread running through all of these cases is that, if the cover is sexually explicit knowledge of the cover is sufficient to infer knowledge of the character of the content. State v. Schamma, supra, at 592.
We, therefore, turn to the cover of the Hustler magazine in question, a copy of which is attached hereto and marked as exhibit “A,” to see if it is sufficient to infer knowledge of the contents. The photograph shows a young blonde woman lying on her stomach. She is wearing a blue sheer garment which is pulled up to reveal almost all of her gluteus maximus, plus a generous portion of labia of her genitalia, with surrounding pubic hair. The cover contains the following printed blandishments to look inside: “NEW, EXPANDED SEX LETTERS — THE HOTTEST STORIES HUSTLER EVER PRINTED,” “PRISON RAPE PICTORIAL,” and
Explicit sexual material is defined in law as including pictorial material depicting human unclothed genitals or emphasizing the depiction of post-pubertal human genitals. § 573.010(3). The photograph in question fits that category, and when coupled with the blatant nature of the advertising material on the cover, plus the warning that the contents were of such nature that they could only be viewed by adults, gave Triplett notice of the contents of the magazine, and so established the necessary element of scienter. As is stated in State v. Vollmar, 389 S.W.2d 20, 29 (Mo.1965), “[o]ne could not be in possession of such a publication without possessing some knowledge as to the nature of its contents.”
In her motion for new trial, Triplett contends that the state had to prove that she knew the magazine was “pornographic” at the time she sold it to Wheat. That is not a correct statement of the law, as it matters not what she thought about the magazine, as individual tastes differ. The test is what the people of Jasper County, as represented by the jury, thought, after hearing the testimony, viewing the exhibits, and receiving proper instructions, including the admonition that they were to judge the magazine by contemporary community standards, aided by definitions of the words pornographic, prurient, and sexual conduct.
Pornographic is defined in § 573.010(9) as follows:
(9) ‘Pornographic,’ any material or performance is pornographic if, considered as a whole, applying contemporary community standards:
(a) Its predominant appeal is to prurient interest in sex; and
(b) It depicts or describes sexual conduct in a patently offensive way; and
(c)It lacks serious literary, artistic, political or scientific value.
In determining whether any material or performance is pornographic, it shall be judged with reference to its impact upon ordinary adults;
Sexual conduct is defined in subsection (13) of the same statute as:
(13) ‘Sexual conduct’ means acts of human masturbation; deviate sexual intercourse; sexual intercourse; or physical contact with a person’s clothed or unclothed genitals, pubic area, buttocks, or the breast of a female in an act of apparent sexual stimulation or gratification;
Prurient, although not defined in the statute, was defined by the Supreme Court of the United States in Brockett v. Spokane Arcades, Inc., 472 U.S. 491, 496, 105 S.Ct. 2794, 2798, 86 L.Ed.2d 394, 401-402 (1985), as a shameful or morbid interest in nudity, sex, or excretion.
MAI-CR2d 33.01 contains definitions of pornographic and, as applied to chapter 573 of the statutes, sexual conduct, which definitions are exactly the same as those used in § 573.010(9) and (13).
Instruction No. 6, submitted by the trial court, defined “pornographic” and “sexual conduct” in identical language to that used in MAI-CR2d 33.01 and § 573.-010(9) and (13) and defined “prurient” in identical language to that approved by the Supreme Court of the United States in Brockett. The fact that the word “prurient” is not defined in MAI-CR2d 33.01, but was defined in instruction No. 6, does not constitute error, as the definition used in instruction No. 6 was correct, and could not have prejudiced Triplett. The jury was properly instructed as to the definitions in question.
The verdict-directing instruction (No. 5) is taken directly from MAI-CR2d 27.04, the pertinent part of which reads as follows:
If you find and believe from the evidence beyond a reasonable doubt:
First, that on or about September 19, 1985, in the County of Jasper, State of
*638 Missouri, the defendant promoted certain material for pecuniary gain, consisting of a magazine to-wit: the November 1985 issue of ‘Hustler’, and
Second, that such material was pornographic, and
Third, that the defendant at that time knew the content and character of the material,
then you will find the defendant guilty of promoting pornography in the second degree.
However, if you do not find and believe from the evidence beyond a reasonable doubt each and all of these propositions, you must find the defendant not guilty of that offense.
It was a jury issue as to 1) whether Triplett knew the content and character of the magazine, and 2) that it was pornographic, as that term and inclusive terms are defined in instruction No. 6. It determined that she did, and it was.
We have examined the magazine and its contents. We endorse the views expressed in People v. Bookcase, Inc., 40 Misc.2d 796, 244 N.Y.S.2d 297, 300 (N.Y.Crim.Ct.1963), rev’d on other grounds, 14 N.Y.2d 409, 252 N.Y.S.2d 433, 201 N.E.2d 14 (1964), where it is said that “Filth, even if wrapped in the finest packaging, is still filth.” Graphic slick colored photographs of homosexual and heterosexual intercourse, and forms of deviate sexual practices are the rule, rather than the exception, in the magazine. Scenes depicting gang rapes, fellation, cunnilingus, ejaculation, etc., abound. The reading material would make a buzzard throw up. The magazine contains ads praising the virtues of various vibrators and other sexual stimulators, as well as the solicitations of prostitutes, who promise every conceivable kind of sexual favor for money.
The jury had every legal right, under the evidence, applying contemporary community standards, to find that the magazine was pornographic. See State v. Cox, 619 S.W.2d 794, 796 (Mo.App.1981), cert. denied 455 U.S. 976,102 S.Ct. 1485, 71 L.Ed.2d 688 (1982). See also U.S. v. Entringer, 401 F.Supp. 773, 774 (E.D.Mo.1975), affirmed 532 F.2d 634 (8th Cir.1976), cert. denied 429 U.S. 820, 97 S.Ct. 67, 50 L.Ed.2d 81.
Proof that Triplett sold the two magazines, one of which is the basis for the charge here, for the sum of $8.34, was proof that she sold the Hustler magazine for pecuniary gain, which is one of the statutory elements to be proven. It matters not that Triplett was not the owner of the store, or that she did not receive the profit from the sale of the magazine. She was a paid clerk, who was waiting on customers. That is all the state had to prove on the pecuniary gain issue. State v. Cox, supra at 796-797.
One might ponder why the prosecutor chose to file on the clerk, instead of the store’s owner, but that was his decision, not ours, and he had a right to charge the clerk, if he wished, as clerks are not exempted from the prohibitions of the statute.
We have reviewed all other claims of error raised in Triplett’s motion for new trial, including her claim that the statutes under which she was convicted are facially unconstitutional because they are over-broad, ambiguous, and vague. This argument has no merit. Claims concerning statutes similar to ours have been consistently rebuffed by Missouri and federal courts. See State v. Hollins, 533 S.W.2d 231, 233 (Mo.App.1975), and State ex rel. Wampler v. Bird, 499 S.W.2d 780, 784 (Mo.1973). Our pornography statutes follow the approved pattern set out in Miller v. California, 413 U.S. 15, 93 S.Ct. 2607, 37 L.Ed.2d 419 (1973). See, Appendix to Chapter 573.
After a full review of the record, we find no error, plain or otherwise.
Judgment affirmed.
PREWITT, J., dissents and files dissenting opinion.
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. Unless otherwise indicated all references to rules are to Missouri Rules of Court, V.A.M.R., and all references to statutes are to RSMo 1978, V.A.M.S.
. The review undertaken in division was of the record as a whole, including, but not limited to, claims of error made in defendant's post-trial motion for new trial.