Scholastic, Inc. v. David Viley

In the
Missouri Court of Appeals
Western District

SCHOLASTIC, INC., 
 WD77546
Appellant,
v.  OPINION FILED:

 October 28, 2014
DAVID VILEY, 

Respondent. 

LABOR AND INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS COMMISSION
Before Division Four: Alok Ahuja, C.J. Presiding,
Joseph M. Ellis, and James Edward Welsh, JJ.
Scholastic, Inc., appeals the decision of the Labor and Industrial Relations Commission
awarding workers' compensation benefits to its employee, David Viley, for a knee injury that he
suffered when he slipped and fell in the parking lot as he was leaving work. We affirm.
Background
David Viley worked in the customer service call center at the Moberly location of
Scholastic, Inc. ("Scholastic"). His regular work shift was from noon to 9:00 p.m. At the end of
his shift on February 18, 2010, Viley walked outside to leave for the evening. As he walked
across the adjacent parking lot headed for his vehicle, he slipped and fell on snow and ice,
injuring his right knee. Viley ultimately required surgery on the knee.
Viley filed a claim for workers' compensation benefits, and Scholastic denied the claim.
Prior to the hearing before an Administrative Law Judge ("ALJ"), the parties stipulated that the
issues to be decided were whether the "extension of premises" provision applied and whether
Viley's injury came from "a hazard or risk unrelated to the employment" to which he would have
been "equally exposed" in his nonemployment life.1
Viley testified at the hearing that on the evening of his injury, he left the building, walked
west along the sidewalk and across the roadway into the south parking lot, where he "always"
parked. Viley stated that there had been an accumulation of snow and ice in the parking lot when
he arrived at work that day and that the snow and ice was still present when he left that evening.
Viley testified that the parking lot was poorly lit and had been plowed only in "pathways." Viley
testified that he was walking on a "bladed area" near the entrance of the south lot when he
slipped on the snow and ice and fell. According to Viley, his feet "went out" from underneath
him, he fell back, and he landed on his knee. The next day, when Viley could not move his leg,
he called his doctor. An MRI revealed a torn meniscus. Following surgery on his knee, Viley's
doctor eventually released him to return to work.
Keith Porting, director of operations at Scholastic's Moberly plant, testified via deposition
that his duties include maintaining the facility, budget, and operations. He explained that the site
where Scholastic is located consists of one large main building surrounded by several small
buildings and multiple parking areas. Porting stated that, at the time of Viley's accident,
Scholastic was leasing the western portion of the building. A copy of the lease agreement
("Lease") between Scholastic and its landlord ("Landlord") was admitted at Porting's deposition.
1
The parties also stipulated that Scholastic would owe $26,384.56 in medical bills and $2,139.20 in
temporary total disability benefits if the claim were deemed compensable and that Viley sustained 15% permanent
partial disability of the right knee, which equates to $7,334.40.
2
Porting's testimony was primarily aimed at establishing that Scholastic neither owned nor
controlled the parking lot on which Viley fell.
The ALJ denied Viley's claim, finding his injury to be non-compensable under the
Workers' Compensation Act ("Act"), § 287.010, et seq., RSMo.2 On appeal, the Labor and
Industrial Relations Commission disagreed and awarded compensation. The Commission found
that because Scholastic controls the parking lot on which Viley fell, the injury was compensable
under the "extended premises" provision of the Act. § 287.020.5. The Commission also found
that Viley's injury arose out of a hazard or risk related to his employment to which he would not
have been equally exposed in his normal nonemployment life. § 287.020.3(2).
Standard of Review
Our review of the Commission's decision is governed by article V, section 18, of the
Missouri Constitution and section 287.495, RSMo Cum. Supp. 2013. Article V, section 18,
provides for judicial review of the Commission's award to determine whether the decision is
authorized by law and whether it is "supported by competent and substantial evidence upon the
whole record." Under section 287.495, we must affirm unless the Commission acted in excess of
its powers, the award was procured by fraud, the facts do not support the award, or insufficient
competent evidence exists to warrant the making of the award. To determine whether there is
sufficient competent and substantial evidence to support the award, we examine the evidence in
the context of the whole record. Hampton v. Big Boy Steel Erection, 121 S.W.3d 220, 222-23
(Mo. banc 2003). We "defer to the commission on issues of fact, the credibility of the witnesses,
2
Statutory references are to the Revised Statutes of Missouri (RSMo) 2000, as updated through the 2009
Cumulative Supplement, except where otherwise noted.
3
and the weight given to conflicting evidence." Treasurer of State-Custodian of Second Injury
Fund v. Witte, 414 S.W.3d 455, 460 (Mo. banc 2013). We review issues of law de novo. Id.
Point I
In Point I, Scholastic claims that the Commission erred in concluding that Viley's injury
"arose out of and in the course of" his employment on the basis of the "extended premises"
provision in section 287.020.5 of the Workers' Compensation Act, in that Scholastic did not
"exude sufficient control" over the parking lot at issue, as required by that provision.
In 2005, the Missouri Legislature amended various aspects of the Workers' Compensation
Act to limit its scope. See Mo. Alliance for Retired Ams. v. Dep't of Labor and Indus. Relations,
277 S.W.3d 670, 679 (Mo. banc 2009). Before 2005, the Act provided that an injury did not
"arise out of and in the course of employment" unless the injury occurred "while [the worker]
was engaged in or about the premises where [his] duties are being performed, or where [his]
services require [his] presence as a part of such service." § 287.020.5, RSMo 2000. Based on
this provision, the courts ultimately developed the "extension of premises" or "extended
premises" doctrine as an exception to the general rule that "accidents occurring on the trip to or
from work are not deemed to arise out of and in the course of employment." See Hager v.
Syberg's Westport, 304 S.W.3d 771, 775 (Mo. App. 2010).3 Under the law as it existed prior to
2005, if the judicially created "extension of premises" doctrine was found to apply, then the
injury was deemed to have occurred on the employer's premises, thereby satisfying both the
3
The "extension of premises" doctrine provided that an injury incurred "while going to or from work" is
compensable if: (1) the accident that caused the injury occurred on premises that are "owned or controlled by the
employer" or "have been so appropriated by the employer or so situate, designed and used by the employer and his
employees incidental to their work as to make them, for all practical intents and purposes, a part and parcel of the
employer's premises and operation," and (2) "that portion of such premises is a part of the customary, expressly or
impliedly approved, permitted, usual and acceptable route or means employed by workers to get to and depart from
their places of labor and is being used for such purpose at the time of injury." Wells v. Brown, 33 S.W.3d 190, 192
(Mo. banc 2000) (citing Kunce v. Junge Baking Co., 432 S.W.2d 602, 607 (Mo. App. 1968)).
4
"premises" requirement of former section 287.020.5, and the ''in the course of employment" test.
See Wells v. Brown, 33 S.W.3d 190, 192 (Mo. banc 2000).4
In 2005, section 287.020.5 was rewritten. It now provides, in pertinent part, that:
The extension of premises doctrine is abrogated to the extent it extends liability
for accidents that occur on property not owned or controlled by the employer
even if the accident occurs on customary, approved, permitted, usual or accepted
routes used by the employee to get to and from their place of employment.
§ 287.020.5 (emphasis added). Thus, the amendment effectively codified a portion of the
judicially created "extension of premises" doctrine.
Following the mandate in section 287.800, which was amended in 2005 to require the
provisions of the Workers' Compensation Act to be "strictly" construed, we must construe the
amended version of section 287.020.5 as it is plainly written. See Allcorn v. Tap Enter., Inc., 277
S.W.3d 823, 829 (Mo. App. 2009). Pursuant to the plain language of section 287.020.5, the
extended premises doctrine is not totally eliminated but is now limited to situations where the
employer owns or controls the area where the accident occurs. The parties agree that Scholastic
does not own the parking lot where Viley's accident occurred. Thus, the issue to be decided as to
the "extended premises" provision is whether Scholastic "controlled" the parking lot.
Scholastic heavily relies on Hager, in which the claimant was injured after slipping on
ice in the parking lot while walking from his place of employment to his car. 304 S.W.3d at 772.
In Hager, a lease gave the employer "the 'right to use'" parking facilities which were shared with
occupants and guests of other premises. Id. at 776. In deciding whether the extended premises
provision in section 287.020.5 applied, the Hager Court sought to determine whether the
employer controlled the parking lot. Id. The court defined "control" as "1. To exercise power or
4
Superseded by statute, as stated in Hager, 304 S.W.3d at 775.
5
influence over. . . . 2. To regulate or govern. . . . 3. To have a controlling interest in." Id.
(quoting BLACK'S LAW DICTIONARY (8th ed. 2004)). Based on this definition and the provisions
of the employer's lease,5 the court determined that the employer did not "control" the parking lot
within the meaning of the statute because it did not "exercise power or influence" over the
parking lot, nor did it "regulate or govern" the parking lot. Id. at 776-77.
Scholastic's Lease distinguishes this case from Hager.6 In this case, unlike the lease in
Hager, Scholastic's Lease includes a provision granting Scholastic "exclusive use for parking of
Tenant's Automobiles" in both the north and south parking lots.7 "Exclusive" is defined as
"excluding or having power to exclude" and "limiting or limited to possession, control, or use by
a single individual or group." MERRIAM-WEBSTER'S COLLEGIATE DICTIONARY 404 (10th ed.
1994). As a result of this "exclusive use" provision, the north and south parking lots are not
5
Under the lease in Hager, the landlord was in charge of managing and maintaining the premises and
reserved the right to make changes or alterations to the premises designed for common use among tenants, and the
landlord had the power to "make reasonable rules and regulations pertaining to the use of such parking areas by
[Employer], its guests, invitees, and suppliers." 304 S.W.3d at 776-77.
6
Although Scholastic's Lease contains a similar provision as that in Hager, that provision is applicable only
to common areas. It provides:
Notwithstanding anything set out in this Lease to the contrary, it is agreed that (i) all Common
Facilities shall be subject to the exclusive control and management of the Landlord, and Landlord
shall have the right at any time . . . to change the size, area, level, location and arrangement of the
entrances, access roads, parking areas and other Common Facilities . . . and (iii) Landlord shall
have the right to do and perform such other acts in and to the Common Facilities as the Landlord
shall determine to be advisable[.]
"Common Facilities" is defined in the Lease as "all areas, space, equipment and special services in or serving the
Commercial Complex, provided for the common or joint use and benefit of Landlord, the occupants of the
Commercial Complex and their employees, agents, servants, customers and other invitees, as determined by
Landlord from time to time." (Emphasis added.)
7
In Hager, "[t]he lease merely granted the 'right to use . . . the parking facilities in accordance with the
provisions of this lease.'" 304 S.W.3d at 776. Unlike this case, nothing in Hager indicates that the employer was
granted "exclusive use" of the parking lot.
6
"Common Facilities," by definition, because they are not "provided for the common or joint use"
of the employer, landlord and other tenants.
Although there was evidence that employees of other tenants and visitors to the complex
sometimes used the north and south parking lots, the record reflects that Scholastic had exercised
"control" over those lots. For example, Scholastic had on various occasions ejected non-
employees from the lots, and Scholastic routinely contacted Landlord to request maintenance for
the lots -- a service that Landlord was obligated to perform under the Lease -- and on occasion
had expressed displeasure with the snowy and icy condition of the lots. Also, Scholastic's safety
committee members were required to report any incidents of unsafe driving on the parking lots to
a Scholastic supervisor. On the facts as found by the Commission, the Commission was free to
determine that Scholastic was authorized to, and did, exercise power over, regulate, and govern
the lots. Because Scholastic exercised "control" over the south lot where Viley's injury occurred,
it is deemed to be Scholastic's premises for purposes of the "extended premises" provision in
section 287.020.5.
The Lease granting Scholastic "exclusive use" of the parking lots is sufficient to establish
control for purposes of the extended premises provision. Thus, the Commission did not err in
relying upon the extended premises provision to find that Viley's injury arose out of and in the
course of his employment. Point I is denied.
Point II
In Point II, Scholastic argues that the Commission erred in finding that Viley's injury
"arose out of and in the course of his employment" because the injury did "not come from a
hazard or risk unrelated to the employment to which [Viley] would have been equally exposed
outside of and unrelated to the employment in normal nonemployment life." § 287.020.3(2)(b).
7
Scholastic asserts that Viley faced equal risk of injury walking across identical parking lots
during his nonemployment life.
Under section 287.120.1, "[e]very employer subject to [the Workers' Compensation Act]
shall be liable, irrespective of negligence, to furnish compensation . . . for personal injury . . . of
the employee by accident arising out of and in the course of the employee's employment[.]"
(Emphasis added.) Section 287.020.3(2) governs whether an injury arises out of and in the
course of employment. As amended in 2005, that statute provides that "[a]n injury shall be
deemed to arise out of and in the course of the employment only if:"
(a) It is reasonably apparent, upon consideration of all the circumstances, that the
accident is the prevailing factor in causing the injury; and
(b) It does not come from a hazard or risk unrelated to the employment to which
workers would have been equally exposed outside of and unrelated to the
employment in normal nonemployment life.
§ 287.020.3(2) (emphasis added). Scholastic does not contest that the February 18, 2010
accident was the "prevailing factor" in causing Viley's injury.8 Thus, the issue is limited to the
construction and application of section 287.020.3(2)(b). Under paragraph (b), if Viley's injury
did not come from a hazard or risk unrelated to the employment to which he would have been
equally exposed outside of, and unrelated to, the employment in his nonemployment life, then
his injury arose out of and in the course of employment. See § 287.020.3(2)(b).
Our Supreme Court addressed this issue in Johme v. St. John's Mercy Healthcare, 366
S.W.3d 504 (Mo. banc 2012). In Johme, the claimant, a billing representative, was making
coffee in the office kitchen when she turned and slipped off of her sandal, injuring her right hip.
Id. at 505-06. The Court denied compensation, finding that the injury did not "arise out of" the
8
"Prevailing factor" is defined as "the primary factor, in relation to any other factor, causing both the
resulting medical condition and disability." § 287.020.3(1).
8
employment. Id. at 512. The Court instructed that the "equal exposure" analysis should focus
not on the task that the employee was performing (i.e., making coffee), but rather on the
underlying risk factor that caused the injury to occur. Id. at 511. The Court explained that the
focus should have been on the employee's act of turning, twisting her ankle, and falling off of her
shoe. Id. See also Miller v. Mo. Highway & Transp. Comm., 287 S.W.3d 671, 672-74 (Mo. banc
2009) (held that the worker's injury did not "arise out of" the employment where the claimant, a
construction worker, was walking to his truck at a jobsite to get material for a job when his knee
popped and began to hurt but there was no evidence that the condition of the road, his work
clothing, or anything job-related caused the injury).
"Together, Miller and Johme stand for the proposition that an unexplained injury is not
compensable merely because the injury occurred at work." Dorris v. Stoddard County, 436
S.W.3d 586, 592 (Mo. App. 2014). Citing Miller and Johme, the court in Pope v. Gateway to the
West Harley Davidson explained that "we consider whether [the claimant] was injured because
he was at work as opposed to becoming injured merely while he was at work." 404 S.W.3d 315,
320 (Mo. App. 2012).
In deciding this issue in Viley's favor, the Commission cited Duever v. All Outdoors, Inc.,
371 S.W.3d 863 (Mo. App. 2012). There, the claimant was the operator of a company that
provided snow and ice removal. Id. at 865. The claimant was injured when he slipped on ice in
the parking lot on his way back to the office after a safety meeting with employees to discuss
maintenance of tail lights on company trailers. Id. The Commission awarded compensation on
the basis that Duever fell on ice while in the course of his employment. Id. The employer
appealed, arguing that slipping on ice was a risk to which the employee was equally exposed in
his nonworking life, and, thus, the injury was not compensable. Id. at 867. The appellate court
9
disagreed and affirmed the Commission's award of compensation. Id. at 867-68. In affirming
the award, the Duever Court stated that the facts before it were "clearly distinguishable" from
those in Miller and Johme because Duever "sustained an injury due to an unsafe condition (the
ice itself)," the claimant was in the icy parking lot "as a function of his employment," and,
therefore, he was exposed to the risk of slipping on the ice because of his employment. Id.
Here, the Commission found that the circumstances surrounding Viley's injury are
"indistinguishable from the circumstances of Duever" as to the equal exposure issue. We agree.
In this case, as in Duever, Viley's injury was caused by an unsafe condition on the ground at
Scholastic's worksite (albeit extended premises), i.e., an ice-covered parking lot. Both Duever
and Viley were injured by slipping and falling on an icy parking lot because they were at work.
Scholastic asserts that Viley's injury did not "arise out of his employment" because he
was "equally exposed" to icy conditions in his nonemployment life. Recently, however, in
Dorris, the Southern District of this Court explained that under the Act's strict construction,
section 287.020.3(2)(b)'s "hazard or risk" cannot be identified so generally. See 436 S.W.3d at
591-92. In Dorris, the claimant was injured when she tripped on a crack in the street while
walking back to her office after completing a work-related task offsite. Id. at 587. On appeal,
the employer argued that the Commission erred in awarding benefits because the claimant was
equally exposed to the risk of cracks in a street in her nonemployment life. Id. at 589. The
Dorris Court rejected that argument, explaining that, by dismissing a similar argument in
Duever, the court had "implicitly determined [that] the hazard at issue was not the hazard of
slipping on ice in general, but rather the hazard of slipping on that ice in that particular parking
lot." Id. at 592 (emphasis added). Identifying the "specific risk or hazard" the claimant was
exposed to as "cracks in [the] particular street" she tripped on, and finding that "[t]here [was] no
10
evidence in the record that [the] [c]laimant had any exposure to [that] particular hazard during
her nonemployment life," the Dorris Court held that "the record could not support a conclusion
by the Commission that [the claimant] was equally exposed to that hazard in her nonemployment
life, as urged by employer." Id.
Relying on Duever and Dorris, the Commission focused on the south lot where this
injury occurred.9 The Commission found that the risk or hazard was not snow and ice in general
throughout the community, but was the condition of that specific parking lot, and Viley's work-
related exposure to that hazardous condition. The Commission noted that the evidence
established that Viley "was exposed to the hazard of slipping on the ice on employer's extended
south parking lot premises only while he was coming to work or going from work" and there was
"no evidence in the record to suggest that [he] was exposed to the hazard of falling on ice in the
south lot . . . in nonemployment life."
The Commission did not err in so finding. Even assuming arguendo that Viley was
equally exposed to the hazard of slipping and falling on an icy parking lot in his nonemployment
life, his injury still arose out of his employment because there is nothing in the record to support
a conclusion that he was equally exposed to the hazard of slipping on the icy parking lot at that
particular work site in his nonemployment life.
Based on the foregoing, we find that the Commission did not err in finding that Viley's
injury "arose out of and in the course of" his employment and, thus, was compensable under the
Workers' Compensation Act. Point II is denied.
9
Scholastic again relies on Hager, 304 S.W.3d at 775, where the court found that the claimant's injury did
not arise out of and in the course of employment under section 287.020.3(2)(b). We note, however, that Hager was
decided before Johme, Duever, and Dorris, does not distinguish Miller, and does not examine whether the employee
was exposed to the risk of that particular icy parking lot in his employment versus nonemployment life.
11
Conclusion
In sum, the Commission's determination that Viley fell due to an unsafe condition on the
employer's extended premises, and that his injury came from a hazard related to his employment,
was supported by sufficient competent and substantial evidence. Thus, the Commission did not
err in concluding that Viley's injury arose out of and in the course of his employment and in
awarding compensation. We affirm the Commission's decision.
/s/JAMES EDWARD WELSH
James Edward Welsh, Judge
All concur.
12