DocketNumber： No. ED 104574
Judges： Amburg, Dowd, Quigless
Filed Date： 7/11/2017
Status： Precedential
Modified Date： 11/14/2024
Jane Doe (“Ms. Doe”) appeals from a judgment of the Circuit Court of St. Louis County entered in favor of St. Louis Community College (“St. Louis Community College” or “SLCC”) denying her petition for a declaratory judgment and injunctive relief, which sought to prevent SLCC from charging her tuition at the international student rate rather than the in-district tuition rate. Ms. Doe argues the trial court erred in interpreting 6 C.S.R. § 10-3.010(7) (2015)
Factual and Procedural Background
At all times relevant to this case, Ms. Doe has lived in St. Louis County, Missouri, within the St. Louis Community College District. Ms. Doe is neither a citizen of the United States nor does she possess any lawful immigration status. She was brought to the United States as a child, and has lived in Missouri continuously for the past ten years.
In 2012, Ms. Doe applied for and was granted “deferred action” through a federal program called Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (“DACA”). This program is administered by the Department of Homeland Security (“DHS”), an administrative agency of the executive branch of the federal government. Deferred action grants individuals who are not lawfully present in the United States a formal reprieve from the risk of being removed from the country. So long as her DACA approval remains valid, Ms. Doe is not subject to removal from the United States and she is authorized to work. However, DACA confers no substantive right, immigration status or pathway to citizenship on recipients and is revocable at any time at the sole discretion of DHS.
SLCC is a Missouri state-funded community college, which charges different tuition rates to students depending on their residency status. For the fall 2015 semester, in-district students, those residing within the SLCC District, were charged $103 per credit hour to attend the college. Missouri residents residing outside the SLCC District were charged $149 per credit hour. Out-of-state residents were charged $205 per credit hour. International students were charged $215 per credit hour.
For the purpose of calculating tuition rates, residency status is determined by 6 C.S.R. § 10-3.010 (“Student Residency Regulation” or the “Regulation”), a state regulation promulgated by the Coordinating Board for Higher Education. The Student Residency Regulation states:
In determining resident status for the state of Missouri, either of the following shall be sufficient proof of domicile of a person and his/her unemancipated minor or dependent children within the state of Missouri:
1. Presence within the state of Missouri for a minimum of the twelve (12) immediate past, consecutive months coupled with proof of intent to make the state of Missouri a permanent home for an indefinite period; or
2. Presence within the state of Missouri for the purpose of retirement, full-time employment, full-time professional practice, or to conduct a business full-time coupled with proof of intent to make the state of Missouri a permanent home for an indefinite period.
(A) Students who are not citizens of the United State's must possess resident alien• status, as determined by federal authority, prior to consideration for resident status.
(B) Aliens present within Missouri as representatives of a foreign government or at the convenience of the United States or Missouri governments and holding G visas shall be entitled to resident status, except for those who are governmént-fundéd students.
(C) Aliens and their dependents holding A or L visas may be granted resident status if determined to be individually designated as representatives of their governments and whose education is not government-furided.
6 C.S.R. § 10-3.010(7) (“Noncitizen Residency Requirements”) (emphasis added).
The parties agreed to submit the case based on stipulated facts. The parties stipulated that “tp]rior to May 8, 2015, any student who could establish residency, in the [SLCC] District,, in accQrdance with 6 C.S,R § 10-3.010, was eligible for the rate charged to District residents.”
In 2015, Ms. Doe enrolled in classes at SLCC for the fall semester. She paid her initial tuition deposit in July and was expecting to' receive the in-district tuition rate of $103 per credit hour. However, a few weeks later she received a' tuition bill charging the international student rate of $215 per credit'hour.
Ms. Doe filed a petition against SLCC, seeking a declaratory judgment that she possesses “resident alien, status” and an injunction prohibiting SLCC- from charging her the international student rate. In her trial brief, Ms. Doe argued “ ‘[rjesident alien status’ is a term used only by a single federal authority: the Internal Revenue Service" and that under the Internal Rever nue Code, she qualifies as a “resident alien.” SLCC argued that federal tax law was irrelevant, that the-'only relevant federal authority is federal' immigration law, and that Ms, Doe’s DACA approval does not qualify as “resident alien status” under immigration law. SLCC also argued that the legislative intent of 6 C.S.R. § 10-3.010(7) should be interpreted ip light of the preamble to House Bill 3, which states individuals with an unlawful immigration status,' such as Ms. Doe, should be charged the international student tuition rate.
The trial court denied the petition for declaratory judgment and injunctive relief, and entered judgment in favor of SLCC. In its judgment, the court concluded that 6 C.S.R. § 10-3.010(7) was ambiguous, and interpreted the phrase “resident alien status, as determined by federal authority” to mean only individuals with lawful perma
Points on Appeal
Ms. Doe raises three points on appeal. In Point I, Ms. Doe argues the trial court erred in relying on the preamble language of House Bill 3, a state appropriations bill, to support its finding that she is required to pay tuition at the international student rate because the language in this preamble is neither binding nor enforceable, and cannot be used to qualify an unrelated state regulation. In Point II, Ms. Doe argues the- trial court erred in concluding that the phrase “resident alien status, as determined by federal authority’'' in 6 C.S.R. § 10-3.010 is ambiguous and refers only to persons who possess LPR status, commonly reférred to as a “green card.” In Point III, Ms. Doe argues that, even if 6 C.S.R. § 10-3.010 is ambiguous, the trial court erred in- interpreting the phrase “resident alien status, as determined by federal authority” to mean only persons who possess LPR status because this interpretation injected a “potential constitutional infirmity” into the Regulation, which this Court has an obligation to avoid.
Standard of Review
Our standard of review is governed by Murphy v. Carron when reviewing the trial court’s judgment in a bench-tried ease. Pearson v. Koster, 367 S.W.3d 36, 43 (Mo. banc 2012) (citing Murphy v. Carron, 536 S.W.2d 30, 32 (Mo. banc 1976)). Under this standard of review, this Court will affirm the judgment “unless there -is no. substantial evidence to support it, it . is against the weight of the evidence, or it erroneously declares or,applies the law.” Pearson, 367 S.W.3d at 43. This court will affirm the. judgment on different grounds if the trial court, reached the correct result but for the wrong reason. Kubley, 141 S.W.3d at 27 n.5 (“Although the trial court reached this result on a different ground, we will affirm where it reached the right result* even if for .the wrong reason.”). “It is not necessary that we agree with the trial court’s basis for the judgment.... If the judgment is properly sustainable on other grounds, the judgment must be affirmed.” Hulse v. Warren, 777 S.W.2d 319, 322 (Mo. App. S.D. 1989).
The application of this standard of .review varies depending- on the burden of proof applicable at trial and the type of error claimed on appeal. Pearson, 367 S.W.3d at 43. A claim that -the judgment erroneously declares or; applies the law involves review of the trial court’s construction and application of the law. Id. The interpretation of a law, such as a regulation, is a. question of -law, which this court reviews de novo. Gallagher v. Dir. of Revenue, 487 S.W.3d 24, 27 (Mo. App. E.D. 2016). Where, as in this case, “a court-tried case is submitted on stipulated facts, however, then the only question before the Court is whether the trial court drew the proper legal conclusions - from the facts stipulated,” which is also a question of law this court reviews de novo. Junior Coll. Dist. v. City of St. Louis, 149 S.W.3d 442,
Discussion
Although Ms. Doe articulates three separate points on appeal, the essential issue raised in each is whether the trial court properly interpreted the phrase “resident alien status, as determined by federal authority” in 6 C.S.R. 10-3.010(7) as meaning only aliens with LPR status under federal immigration law. Although we find Ms. Doe does not possess “resident alien status,” we disagree with the trial court’s interpretation of “resident alien status” as meaning only individuals with LPR status. However, because the court reached the correct result, we affirm the judgment. See Kubley v. Brooks, 141 S.W.3d 21, 27 n.5 (Mo. banc 2004).
It is undisputed that Ms. Doe met the General Residency Requirements contained in 6 C.S.R. § 10-3.010(9)(C) because she resided in Missouri, and within the SLCC District, continuously for ten years prior to enrolling in classes at SLCC, which is more than the twelve months required under the Regulation’s General Residency Requirements. It is also undisputed that Ms. Doe is not a citizen of the United States, making the additional Non-citizen Residency Requirements in 6 C.S.R. § 10-3.010(7) applicable to her. The only question is whether Ms. Doe possesses “resident alien status, as determined by federal authority” under 6 C.S.R. § 10-3.010(7), which is a prerequisite that must be met “prior to consideration for resident status” under 6 C.S.R. § 10-3.010(9)(C). To resolve this issue, we must interpret the meaning of the Student Residency Regulation as applied to Ms. Doe.
Administrative regulations are interpreted under the same principles of construction as statutes. Gallagher, 487 S.W.3d at 27. Our goal is to ascertain the agency’s intent and give effect thereto by considering the plain meaning of the words used in the regulation. Id. Where the language of a statute is unambiguous, there is nothing to construe and we will give effect to the language as written without resorting to rules of statutory construction. Brady v. Curators of the Univ. of Mo., 213 S.W.3d 101, 107 (Mo. App. E.D. 2006). Only in those cases “[w]here the language of the statute is ambiguous or where its plain meaning would lead to an illogical result, will this court look past the plain and ordinary meaning of a statute.” Anderson v. Ken Kauffman & Sons Excavating, L.L.C., 248 S.W.3d 101, 106 (Mo. App. W.D. 2008) (internal quotations and citations omitted).
A statute or regulation is ambiguous when the legislative intent cannot be determined from the plain meaning of the language. United Pharmacal Co. of Mo., Inc. v. Mo. Bd. of Pharm., 208 S.W.3d 907, 909-10 (Mo. banc 2006). The standard is whether the meaning of the statute is plain and clear to one of ordinary intelligence. Wolff Shoe Co. v. Dir. of Revenue, 762 S.W.2d 29, 31 (Mo. banc 1988). When a statute is ambiguous, this Court turns to principles of statutory construction to resolve any ambiguity. United Pharmacal, 208 S.W.3d at 909-10.
Under the principles of statutory construction, courts should first consider the ambiguous language in the context of “the other words listed in a statutory provision to help it discern which of multiple possible meanings the legislature intended.” Union Elec. Co. v. Dir. of Revenue, 425 S.W.3d 118, 122 (Mo. banc 2014); Dep’t of Soc. Servs. v. Senior Citizens Nursing Home Dist., 224 S.W.3d 1, 9 (Mo. App. W.D. 2007) (“Context determines meaning.”) (citing Keller v. Marion Cnt’y Ambulance Dist.,
A) The phrase “resident alien status, as determined by federal authority” is ambiguous
We find that the language of 6 C.S.R. § 10-3.010(7) contains two ambiguities. First, the phrase “as determined by federal authority” is ambiguous because the plain language of the Regulation does not make clear what federal authority it is referring to. United Pharmacal, 208 S.W.3d at 911 (finding a statute ambiguous where the legislative intent on the issue could not be discerned from the plain language of the statute itself). Second, the phrase “resident alien status” is ambiguous because it is not defined anywhere in 6 C.S.R. § 10-3.010, and the Regulation specifically says to look to another source, “federal authority,” for the definition. Both of these phrases are ambiguous because neither meaning is “plain and clear to one of ordinary intelligence.” Wolff Shoe Co., 762 S.W.2d at 31. Therefore, this Court must refer to the principles of statutory construction to interpret these phrases as applied to Ms. Doe and clarify the ambiguities they have created in her case.
B) The “federal authority” referred to in 6 C.S.R. § 10-3.010(7) is immigration law
Using the rules of statutory construction, we first consider the ambiguous phrase “as determined by federal authority” in the context of other words in the same section to see if the context clarifies its meaning. Union Elec. Co., 425 S.W.3d at 122. Given the other language in the Noncitizen Residency Requirements in 6 C.S.R. § 10-3.010(7), it is reasonable to interpret that, when the Commission said “as determined by federal authority,” it was referring only to federal authority that is relevant given the context. Senior Citizens Nursing Home Dist., 224 S.W.3d at 9 (“Context determines meaning.”). We find the Regulation contains express references to immigration law within the same section. Notably, the. sentence containing this phrase also contains the word “alien,” which is a federal classification under immigration law meaning “any person not a citizen or national of the United States.” 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(3). In addition, the related provisions in subsections (7)(B) and (7)(C) specifically refer to “visas,” which are federal immigration documents. Moreover, previous versions of 6 C.S.R. § 10-3.010(7) combined all three subsections into a single paragraph, where the phrase “resident alien status” immediately pre
Here, the numerous references to immigration law make it apparent that the federal authority referred to by the Commission is federal immigration law. See Borden Co. v. Thomason, 353 S.W.2d 735, 754 (Mo. banc 1962) (rejecting an interpretation of a statutory term that would require removing the term from its context). The meaning of the phrase “as determined by federal authority” is clarified after reading these words in context with other words in the same section of the Student Residency Regulation. Therefore, we need look no further by referring to other sections of the Regulation, reading the Regulation in pari materia with other related legislative materials, or examining legislative history to determine the intent of the legislature. See Union Elec. Co., 425 S.W.3d at 122.
C) DACA is not a “resident alien status” under federal immigration law
While we havé determined the phrase' “resident alien status, as determined by federal authority” refers to federal immigration authority, this does not clarify the meaning of “resident alien status.” Unfortunately, this phrase is not specifically defined in any of the federal immigration statutes.
On June 15, 2012, the Secretary of the Department of Homeland Security, Janet Napolitano, issued a memorandum directing the nation’s immigration authorities to exercise prosecutorial discretion to limit the removal of certain immigrants without any immigration status who wehe brought to the United States illegally when they were children. Memorandum from Janet Napolitano, Sec’y of U.S. Dep’t of Homeland Sec, “Exercising Prosecutorial Discretion with Respect to Individuals Who Came to the United States as Children” (June 15, 2012) (“DACA Memo”). This memorandum created the federal executive branch program know as “Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals,” -commonly referred to as “DACA.”
Through DACA, immigration officials may exercise their prosecutorial discretion to grant deferred action to individuals who meet certain criteria for a renewable two-year period, and may also grant these individuals authorization to work in the United States. DACA Memo. Deferred action grants individuals who are not lawfully present in the United States a formal reprieve from the risk of being removed from the country. Id.; See Arpaio v. Obama, 797 F.3d 11, 17 (D.C. Cir. 2015). Although DACA approval is generally grant
Under the guidelines implementing DACA issued by DHS, individuals may be considered for deferred action if they meet the following criteria: :
1. Were under the age of 31 as of June 15,2012;
2. Came to the United States before reaching your 16th birthday; ' ■’
3. Have continuously resided in the United States since June 15, 20Ó7, up to the present time;
4. Were physically present in the United States on June 15, 2012, and at the time of making your request for consideration of deferred action with USCIS;
5. Entered without inspection before June 15, 2012, or your lawful immigration status expired as of June 15, 2012;
6. Are currently in school, have graduated or obtained a certificate of completion from high school, have obtained a general education development (GED) certificate, or are an honorably discharged veteran of the Coast Guard or Armed Forces of the United States; and
7. Have not been convicted of a felony, significant misdemeanor, three or more other misdemeanors, and do not otherwise pose a threat to national security or public safety.
U.S. Dep’t of Homeland Security, “Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals,” https://www.dhs.gov/deferred-action-child hood-arrivals (July 17, 2015) (“DACA Guidelines”).
In this case, it is undisputed that Ms. Doe had no immigration status prior to receiving DACA in 2012. The DACA program is only available to aliens who have, no immigration status. DACA Guidelines. It is equally clear that DACA, by its own terms, “confers no substantive right, immigration status or pathway to citizenship” on recipients. DACA Memo; see Ariz. Dream Act Coal. v. Brewer, 757 F.3d 1053, 1058-59 (9th Cir. 2014) (“Like recipients of other forms of deferred action, DACA recipients enjoy no formal immigration status.”). Moreover, Ms. Doe conceded at oral arguments that DACA provides her with no immigration status, and is therefore insufficient to qualify as “resident alien status” under federal immigration law. While DACA does grant Ms, Doe a reprieve from the risk of removal for a limited period of time as well as temporary authorization to work, these benefits are subject to complete revocation at the sole discretion of DHS. Arpaio, 797 F.3d at 17 (“[Djeferred action remains discretionary and reversible.”). Therefore, it is not possible for Ms. Doe to have any immigration status at all because she had none when she applied for DACA, and DACA did not confer any upon her.
The DACA Memo recognizes that “[o]nly the Congress, acting through its legislative authority, can confer these rights.” DACA Memo. If DHS, a federal executive agency, had the power to create a new immigration status and confer it upon any individuals it desired, this would be an unconstitutional end-run around the principle of separation of powers. See Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer, 343 U.S. 579, 588, 72 S.Ct. 863, 96 L.Ed. 1153 (1952). As the memo itself acknowledges, only the legislature has power or authority to enact legislation, which would be required to create a new type of immigration status. See id. at 589, 72 S.Ct, 863 (“The Founders of this Nation entrusted
For the foregoing reasons, we find that Ms. Doe does not possess any immigration “status” that could possibly qualify as a “resident alien status, as determined by federal authority” under 6 C.S.R. § 10-3.010(7).
D) Neither the Internal Revenue Code nor the preamble to House Bill 3 are relevant to the interpretation of 6 C.S.R. § 10-3.010(7)
The parties each argue that this Court should utilize the doctrine of in pari materia and consider extraneous legislative sources to interpret the meaning of 6 C.S.R. § 10-3.010(7), specifically the definition of “resident alien” under the Internal Revenue Code, 26 U.S.C. § 7701(b)(1)(A), and the preamble to House Bill 3, a Missouri state appropriations bill. The doctrine of in pari materia is a principle of construction that “proceeds upon the supposition that the statutes in question are intended to be read consistently and harmoniously in their several parts and provisions.” State ex rel. Rothermich v. Gallagher, 816 S.W.2d 194, 200 (Mo. banc 1991). Statutes in pari matena “are construed together as though constituting one act, whether adopted at different dates or separated by long or short intervals.” Id.
Ms. Doe argues that the federal Internal Revenue Code (“IRC”) is instructive because it is the only federal authority that offers a specific definition of the phrase “resident alien” used without any preceding adjective modifying the phrase, such as “lawful” or “permanent.” See 26 U.S.C. § 7701(b)(1)(A).
Under the IRC, an alien can claim “resident alien” status on their federal income tax returns so long as they meet the following criteria:
For purposes of this title8 .... An alien individual shall be treated as a resident of the United States with respect to any calendar year if (and only if) such indi*341 vidual meets the requirements of clause (i), (ii), or (iii):
(i) Lawfully admitted for permanent residence. Such individual is a lawful permanent resident of the United States at any time during such calendar year.
(ii) Substantial presence test. Such individual meets the substantial presence test of paragraph (3).
(iii) First year election. Such individual makes the election provided in paragraph (4).
26 U.S.C. § 7701(b)(1)(A). Under the “substantial presence test” in subsection (ii), an individual generally meets the criteria of “resident alien” and may claim, this status on their federal income taxes if they were present in the United States for at least thirty-one days during the calendar year in which they are claiming the status, and were present in the United States for at least 183 days total during the three-year period ending in the current year. See 26 U.S.C. § 7701(b)(3)(A). Under the “first year election” in subsection (iii), individuals have the option to claim “resident alien” status On their federal income taxes so long as they have been present in the United States for at feast seventy-five percent of the days within a consecutive thirty-one day period during the election year, and will satisfy the “substantial presence test” in the following year. See 26 U.S.C. § 7701(b)(4)(A).
First, we note nothing in the language of 6 C.S.R. § 10-3.010(7) refers in any way to the IRC or federal income tax law. See Borden Co., 353 S.W.2d at 754 (rejecting appellant’s proposed interpretation of a statutory term because it “would remove the mentioned term from.the context in which it is used in the several [statutory] sections”). Rather, the only references to any specific federal authority in the Regulation are to various types of “visas,” which are part of federal immigration law. Thus, Ms. Doe’s argument would require us to disregard -the first principle of statutory construction, which is that ambiguous terms must be interpreted in the context of the other language used in the Regulation itself. See Senior Citizens Nursing Home Dist., 224 S.W.3d at 9 (“Context determines meaning.”) (citing Keller, 820 S.W.2d at 302).
Second, if we interpreted 6 C.S.R. § 10-3.010(7) as referring to the IRC to determine the meaning of “resident alien status,” the Noncitizen Residency Requirements would become meaningless. Every individual who meets the General Residency Requirements of 6 C.S.R. § 10-3.010(9) also necessarily meets the criteria under the IRC for claiming they are a “resident alien” on their federal income taxes. Missouri’s General Residency Requirements that apply to all individuals, not just non-citizens, already require individuals to be present “within the state of Missouri for a minimum of the twelve (12) immediate past, consecutive months,” 6 C.S.R. § 10-3,010(9)(C), which is always sufficient to meet the much less demanding requirements for “alien resident” status provided in the IRC. Moreover, under the “first year election,” individuals can essentially decide to declare themselves a “resident alien” so long as they have been present in the United States.for seventy-five percent of the days in a consecutive thirty-one day period, which equates to a mere twenty-four days. See 26 U.S.C. § 7701(b)(4)(A). Any individual who has resided in Missouri consecutively for the last twelve months is de facto a “resident alien” under the IRC. See 26 U.S.C. §§ 7701(b)(1)(A), 7701(b)(3)(A), and 7701(b)(4)(A). Thus, Ms'. Doe’s interpretation relying on the IRC’s definition of “resident alien” renders meaningless the additional Noncitizen Residency Requirements contained in 6 C.S.R. § 10-3.010(7). Since this interpretation
Finally, interpreting the phrase “resident alien status” as referring to the definition of “resident alien” in the IRC would lead to absurd results. If a student could use the IRC’s “first year election” option to simply declare themselves as “resident alien” after residing in the United States for a mere twenty-four days in any consecutive thirty-one day period, this would allow noncitizen students with international student visas to get around paying the international student rate by simply declaring resident alien status oh their federal tax returns so long as they met the less stringent General Residency Requirements applicable to' citizens. Thus, Ms. Doe’s interpretation relying on the IRC would allow international student visa holders to pay the in-district tuition rate, rather than the international student tuition rate. We decline to interpret this Regulation in a way that would' lead to such an absurd result. See Senior Citizens Nursing Home Dist., 224 S.W.3d at 9. Therefore, we find the definition of “resident alien” under federal tax law is irrelevant to determining the meaning of the phrase “resident alien status, as determined by federal authority” as used in 6 C.S.R. § 10-3.010(7).
SLCC argues the preamble to House Bill 3, an appropriations bill, should be read in pari materia with the Noncith zen Residency Requirements in 6 C.S.R. § 10-3.010(7) because the preamble provides a clear indication that the legislature intended the Noncitizen Residency Requirements to require individuals with unlawful immigration status,, such as Ms. Doe, to pay tuition at the international student rate. .See H.B. 3, 98th Gen. Assemb., 1st Reg. Sess. (Mo. 2016). Where a statute or regulation is ambiguous, courts may look to the enactment’s preamble to ascertain the meaning of the language in that enactment. Doemker. v. Richmond Heights, 322 Mo. 1024, 18 S.W.2d 394, 398 (1929). Courts may also look to the language used in related enactments in pari materia. State ex rel. Rothermich, 816 S.W.2d at 200. However, there is no precedent for using the preamble of a legislative enactment to clarify the meaning of a completely ' different Regulation, especially where, as in this case, the law containing the preamble was enacted after the Regulation it purports to clarify.
In every instance where- a Missouri court has contemplated using a preamble to determine the meaning of an ambiguous statute or other enactment, the court was referring to the preamble of the ambiguous enactment itself, not some other preamble. See, e.g., State ex rel. May Dep’t Stores Co. v. Koupal, 835 S.W.2d 318, 320 (Mo. banc 1992); Doemker, 18 S.W.2d at 398; Lackland v. Walker, 151 Mo. 210, 52 S.W. 414, 430 (1899); Strong v. Am. Cyanamid Co., 261 S.W.3d 493, 508 (Mo. App. E.D. 2007); Lett v. City of St. Louis, 948 S.W.2d 614, 616-17 (Mo. App. E.D. 1996); see also In re Hess, 406 S.W.3d 37, 44 (Mo. banc 2013) (preamble to the Missouri Rules of Professional Conduct); Joplin v. Joplin Water Works Co., 386 S.W.2d 369, 375 (Mo. 1965) (preamble to a local ordinance); City of Clinton v. Terra Found., Inc., 139 S.W.3d 186, 193 (Mo. App. W.D. 2004) (preamble to a zoning ordinance).
We And the preamble to House Bill 3 is not relevant to interpreting 6 C.S.R. § 10-3.010(7) because these laws are not in pari materia. State ex rel. Rothermich, 816
Moreover, the Student Residency Regulation was promulgated by the Coordinating Board for Higher Education while House Bill 3 was passed by the General Assembly. A preamble to a legislative enactment may be used to clarify the legislative intent of an ambiguous provision in that enactment. Doemker, 18 S.W.2d at 398. However, the Coordinating Board for Higher Education and the General Assembly are completely distinct legislative' bodies, which may have had differing -legislative intents. There is no reason to believe that the intent of an administrative agency while promulgating this Regulation would be the same as the intent of the legislature .when enacting an appropriations bill.'
Therefore, we find neither the IRC nor the preamble to House Bill 3 are instructive for determining the meaning of “resident alien status, as determined by federal authority” under 6 C.S.R. § 10-3.010(7).
E) “Resident alien status” is not limited to Lawful Permanent Resident status
Insofar as the trial court’s decision defined the phrase “resident alien status, as determined by federal authority” to mean only individuals with “lawful permanent resident status,” we disagree. Hulse, 777 S.W.2d at 322 (appellate court may affirm a judgment on different grounds than trial court). The trial court’s interpretation reads into the Noncitizen Residency Requirements two words that were not present, “lawful” and “permanent.” It is not clear that these words were intended to be included in the text of the Regulation but inadvertently omitted. See In re Bloemker, 766 S.W.2d 687, 689 (Mo. App. E.D. 1989) (“We are not to supply, insert or read words into a statute unless there is an omission plainly indicated”).
' Under federal immigration law, there are dozens of types of immigration status available to noncitizens.
LPR is the term used to refer to an individual who has been “lawfully admitted for permanent residence,” which is defined as “the status of'having been lawfully accorded the privilege of residing perma
By interpreting “resident alien status” to mean only LPR status, the trial court’s interpretation would exclude numerous categories of aliens who are lawfully residing in the United States, but are not LPRs, from qualifying for in-state tuition at state-funded colleges in Missouri. The trial court’s interpretation of 6 C.S.R. 10-3.010 deviates from the default federal classification of aliens who are entitled to state benefits under 8 U.S.C. § 1621(a) (1996), and excludes numerous categories of aliens to whom this State has the authority to grants benefits under 8 U.S.C. § 1621(d).
Although the trial court’s interpretation limited the meaning of “resident alien status” to only individuals with LPR status, we affirm because the court reached the correct result in concluding that Ms. Doe’s DACA status does not qualify as “resident alien status” under federal immigration law. See Hulse, 777 S.W.2d at 322. We find that 6 C.S.R. § 10-3-010(7) requires noncit-izens to possess some form of “resident alien status, as determined by federal authority” referring to federal immigration law, and that DACA does not qualify. However, because there is no evidence in this case concerning any other type of immigration status, it would be imprudent to decide how the Noncitizen Residency Requirements should apply in those other contexts. Therefore, our holding is limited to the stipulated facts of this case alone, and expresses no opinion as to what other types of immigration status meet this definition.
F) 6 C.S.B. § 10-3.010(7) does not violate either the Equal Protection Clause or the Supremacy Clause of the United States Constitution
Ms. Doe argues that “[r]estricting the interpretation of 6 C.S.R. § 10-3.010 to exclude [Ms.] Doe would pose an unneces
We acknowledge that this Court has a duty to interpret the Regulation in a way that does not violate the Constitution if such an interpretation is plausible. McPherson v. U.S. Physicians Mut. Risk Retention Grp., 99 S.W.3d 462, 484 (Mo. App. W.D. 2003). However, our holding does not create an unconstitutional interpretation of 6 C.S.R. § 10-3.010(7). Although we have not offered a comprehensive definition of the phrase “resident alien status, as determined* by federal authority,” one plausible interpretation would be that the phrase refers to “immigrant” status under the Immigration and Nationality Act (“INA”). Such an interpretation would be consistent with our holding and would not raise any issues with either equal protection or federal preemption because it would mirror a preexisting federal immigration classification, and distinguish DACA recipients, such as Ms. Doe, from dissimilarly-situated individuals holding a valid “immigrant” status in a relevant way that is wholly consistent with federal immigration policy.
“The Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment commands that no State shall- ‘deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws,’ which is essentially a direction that all persons similarly situated should be treated alike.” City of Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Ctr., 473 U.S. 432, 439, 105 S.Ct. 3249, 87 L.Ed.2d 313 (1985) (quoting U.S. Const, amend. XIV, § 1). Thus, the first step in an equal protection case is determining whether the party claiming a violation of the Equal Protection Clause has demonstrated that he or she was treated differently than others who were similarly-situated in all relevant respects. Klinger v. Dep’t of Corr., 31 F.3d 727, 731 (8th Cir. 1994).
However, individuals with an “immigrant” status are not similarly-situated to individuals who either possess a “nonimmi-grant” status or possess no immigration status at all, such as Ms. Doe. Federal immigration law recognizes a fundamental distinction ‘between “immigrants” and “nonimmigrants,” the difference being that “immigrants” are permitted' to establish domicile in the United States while “non-immigrants” are generally precluded from doing so. See Toll v. Moreno, 458 U.S. 1, 13, 17, 102 S.Ct. 2977, 73 L.Ed.2d 563 (1982); Elkins v. Moreno, 435 U.S. 647, 665, 98 S.Ct. 1338, 55 L.Ed.2d 614 (1978). See generally 8 U.S.C. § 1153 (categories of aliens eligible for “immigrant” visas); 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(15) (distinguishing “immigrant” from “nonimmigrant” and -listing categories of nonimmigrant visas).
Additionally, the Regulation is not preempted by federal immigration law. “States can regulate areas of traditional state concern that might impact nonciti-zens [and] permissible state regulations include those that mirror federal objectives and incorporate federal immigration classifications.” Ariz. Dream Act Coal. v. Brewer, 855 F.3d 957, 972. (9th Cir. 2017), cert. pending (emphasis added) (hereinafter “ADAC’). The Regulation is a permissible state regulation because it makes in-state tuition rates, which is an area of traditional state concern, dependent upon an individual possessing “resident alien status,” which simply incorporates an existing classification under federal immigration law (i.e. “immigrant” verses “nonimmigrant”) and mirrors federal objectives (i.e. reserving certain benefits to individuals allowed to establish domicile in the United States). Missouri’s Student Residency Regulation requires “proof of domicile.” There is nothing inconsistent with federal policy when the Regulation requires aliens to have, authorization to establish domicile in the United States before considering whether they have established domicile in Missouri. See 6 C.S.R. § 10-3.010(9)(C).
Ms. Doe contends that two federal cases, the United States Supreme Court case of Toll v. Moreno, 458 U.S. at 13, 102 S.Ct. 2977, and the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals case of ADAC v. Brewer, 855 F.3d at 972, support her argument that the trial court’s interpretation of the Regulation would be preempted by federal law and violate the Equal Protection Clause. We find these cases aré distinguishable.
In ADAC, Arizona enacted a policy requiring applicants for a state driver’s license to prove “authorized presence” in the United States. Id. at 964. The policy allowed most aliens, including certain recipients of deferred action, to use a work permit called an employment authorization document (“EAD”)
Here, unlike the DACA recipients in ABAC, Ms. Doe is not similarly-situated to aliens charged the in-state tuition rate at SLCC because they possess a valid “immigrant” status under the INA. Unlike aliens with valid “immigrant” visas, Ms. Doe holds no immigration status authorizing her to establish domicile in the United States. Klinger v. Dep’t of Corr., 31 F.3d 727, 731 (8th Cir. 1994) (“Dissimilar treatment of dissimilarly situated persons does not violate equal protection.”). This distinction is relevant because the Regulation requires “proof of domicile.” 6 C.S.R. § 10-3.010(9)(C) (emphasis added). As explained above, aliens with a valid “immigrant” status are ¡authorized to establish domicile in the United States, while DACA recipients have no such authorization. Moreover, the Regulation has nothing to do with Ms. Doe’s EAD and does not purport to create any type of classification inconsistent with federal immigration law.
In Toll, the United States Supreme Court held that Maryland’s state-university tuition policy denying residency status, and thus the lower in-state tuition rate, to aliens holding G-visas was preempted by federal immigration law. Toll, 458 U.S. at 17, 102 S.Ct. 2977. The Court held that, under the INA, G-visa holders are explicitly allowed, to. establish domicile in the United States, yet Maryland’s policy prohibited these aliens from establishing residency in the state. Id. This was a clear conflict because the right to establish a domicile in the United States was undermined by a state policy denying in-state residency. Id.
Here, unlike in Toll, the Regulation explicitly permits G visa holders to qualify for in-state tuition, see 6 C.S.R.. § 10-3.010.7(B) ('Aliens ... holding G visas shall be entitled to resident status ... ”), and our holding would not preclude aliens authorized to establish domicile in the United States from qualifying for in-state tuition. DACA does not constitute federal authorization for a recipient to establish domicile in the United States. Rather, it is a temporary, and revocable, reprieve from the' threat of deportation. The Court in Toll explicitly recognized that its-preemption analysis would differ under the facts of this case as applied to aliens, such as Ms. Doe, stating “when Congress has done nothing more than permit a class of aliens to enter the country temporarily, the proper application of the principle [of preemption] is likely to be' a matter of some dispute.” Id. at 13,102 S.Ct. 2977.
The key fact in this case is that DACA does not confer any type of immigration “status” authorizing Ms. Doe to establish domicils in the United States. See DACA Memo. Neither party disputes this fact. Therefore, the trial court did not err in concluding that Ms. Doe does not possess “resident alien status, as determined by federal authority.” Points I, II, and III are denied.
We hold that the trial court correctly concluded DACA approval does not qualify as any type of “resident alien status, as determined by federal authority,” and therefore Ms. Doe was not entitled to the in-district tuition rate at SLCC. Although we disagree with the trial court’s holding that “resident alien status” means only aliens with LPR status, we affirm the trial court’s judgment because it reached the correct result, even if for the wrong reason. See Hulse, 777 S.W.2d at 322. Our holding is limited to the specific facts of this case, and expresses no opinion concerning whether individuals with any other type of immigration statu? qualify for the in-state residency tuition rate under 6 C.S.R. 10-3.010(7). The judgment is affirmed.
. All regulatory references are to 6 C.S.R. § 10-3.010 (2015), unless otherwise indicated.
. This is the only stipulated fact in the record concerning SLCC’s application of 6 C.S.R § 10-3.010 or how it was affected by the preamble to House Bill 3,
. "Lawful permanent residency" and "lawful permanent residents” are commonly referred to as a "green card” and "green card holders,” respectively. "Lawful permanent residency” is shorthand for an alien "lawfully admitted for permanent residence,” which is , a specific type of immigration status .under federal law. See 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(20).
. The trial court noted the lack of a definition of "resident-alien status” in federal immigration statutes. However, the court identified numerous portions of the statutes, cases, and administrative agency decisions, applying the statutes, which use some form of the term "resident alien” as shorthand to refer to "lawful permanent resident.” See, e.g., 8 U.S.C. § 1257; Vartelas v. Holder, 566 U.S. 257, 265, 132 S.Ct. 1479, 182 L.Ed.2d 473 (20-12); Matter of Gordon, 17 I.&N. Dec. 389, 391 (BIA 1980) (administrative agency). "Lawful permanent resident" is itself a.term of art that refers to an alien "lawfully admitted for permanent residence," which is defined under federal immigration law. See 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(20).
. We do not dispute that DACA, and executive orders more generally, are a source of federal authority. We also do not dispute that the authority to grant deferred action has a statutory basis in the authority granted to the executive branch by Congress in the Immigration and Nationality Act ("INA”). See 8 U.S.C. § 1101 eí seq. We merely find that DACA does not confer any type of immigration status that could qualify as "resident alien status,” since that is precisely what the DACA Memo itself states.
. We acknowledge the trial court’s judgment reached this same conclusion by interpreting "resident alien status” to mean only "lawful permanent residents.” While we reject this reasoning, as explained below, "we will affirm where [the court] reached the right result, even if for the wrong reason.” Kubley, 141 S.W.3d at 27 n.5.
. All references to the IRC are to 26 U.S.C. § 7701 (2015).
. It appears this section of the IRC was never intended to be used outside of the context of federal revenue laws. The definition itself specifically states that the definition of "resident alien” is intended for the purpose of Title 26, thus limiting the use of this definition to the context of the IRC itself. 26 U.S.C. § 7701(b)(1).
. For a complete list of the types of immigrant and nonimmigrant visas available, see U.S. Dep’t of State, Directory of Visa Categories (available online at https://travel.state.gov/ contenl/visas/en/general/all-visa-categories. html).
. See infra, note 11.
. Under 8 U.S.C. § 1621(a), aliens eligible for state benefits, include the following categories of aliens: (1) lawful permanent residents; (2) aliens granted asylum under 8 U.S.C. § 1158; (3) refugees admitted under 8 U.S.C. § 1157; (4) aliens "paroled” into the United States under 8 U.S.C. § 1182(d)(5); aliens whose deportation has been withheld under 8 U.S.C. § 1251(b)(3); an alien who is granted conditional entry under to 8 U.S.C, 1153(a)(7); certain Cuban and Haitians defined in 8 USC § 1522; certain battered and abused aliens or their spouses and children. See 8 U.S.C. § 1641. Under 8 U.S.C. § 1621(d), States are authorized to enact laws deviating from this federal classification and providing state benefits for certain aliens otherwise ineligible under federal law. However, neither party has cited this federal statute or argued that it is applicable to this case, either in the trial court or on appeal. Accordingly, we do not address the applicability of 8 U.S.C. § 1621 or any related provisions of federal law. Moreover, 8 U.S.C. § 1621 is not directly at issue in this appeal because Ms. Doe is not arguing that her DACA approval is the basis of her alleged right to in-state tuition at SLCC, and we express no opinion as to how 8 U.S.C. § 1621 applies in the context of aliens who have been granted deferred action under DACA.
. Under the INA, the various types of "non-immigrant” status each authorize recipients to enter the United States for a specific purpose, and generally prohibit the alien from establishing domicile in the United States. Elkins, 435 U.S. at 665, 98 S.Ct. 1338 (“Congress expressly conditioned .admission [to the United States] for some purposes on an intent not to abandon a foreign residence or, by implication, on an intent not to seek domicile in the United States.”); see generally 8 U.S.C. § 1101 (a)( 15). In contrast, the various types of "immigrant” status generally allow recipients to enter the United States for the purpose of establishing the United States as their domicile. For example, individuals with nonimmi-grant worker visas are authorized to work but they are precluded from establishing domicile in the United States. 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(15)(H). Similarly, individuals with
. Under the INA, when the federal executive branch grants an alien deferred action, it may also grant that individual authorization to work in the United States legally, resulting in the issuance of an EAD. The EAD itself, however, is not evidence of immigration status,