Portfolio Recovery Associates, LLC v. Juanita Schultz, Defendant/Respondent.

In the Missouri Court of Appeals
Eastern District
DIVISION TWO
PORTFOLIO RECOVERY ASSOCIATES, LLC, ) No. ED101023
)
Plaintiff/Appellant, ) Appeal from the Circuit Court of
) St. Louis County
v. )
)
JUANITA SCHULTZ, ) Hon. Brenda Stith Loftin
)
Defendant/Respondent. ) Filed: November 18, 2014
)
Introduction
Portfolio Recovery Associates, LLC (Appellant) appeals from the trial court’s judgment
entered in favor of Juanita Schultz (Respondent) on Appellant’s claims and Respondent’s
counterclaim. We reverse and remand.
Factual and Procedural Background
Appellant is in the business of purchasing charged-off accounts from original creditors.
On September 19, 2012, Appellant filed a three-count petition against Respondent for account
stated, money had and received, and breach of contract. Appellant’s petition alleged its claims
were based on its purchase of Respondent’s credit card debt with GE Money Bank/Sam’s Club
(n/k/a GE Capital Retail Bank) (hereinafter “GE”). Appellant alleged the defaulted account had
a balance of $6,644.16. With respect to each count in its petition, Appellant alleged “[Appellant]
is the holder of a valid assignment of the Account with [GE]. [Appellant] has been assigned all
of [GE’s] power and authority to do and perform all acts necessary for the settlement,
satisfaction, compromise and/or adjustment of the Account.”
On October 30, 2012, Respondent filed her answer and counterclaim, later amended on
June 25, 2013, denying there was a valid assignment from GE to Appellant and thus Appellant
had no standing to sue her. Respondent also alleged violations of the Fair Debt Collections
Practices Act, 15 USC § 1692 et seq. (hereinafter “FDCPA”) in her counterclaim, stating
Appellant was “attempting to collect amounts that it knows it has no right to collect, including
without limitation amounts under accounts for which [Appellant] holds no valid assignment or
other rights in said account thereby misrepresenting the legal status of the purported debt in
violation of 15 USC §1692e….”
On July 24, 2013, a bench trial was held on the matter. Appellant presented documentary
evidence of the existence and assignment of the debt from GE to Appellant via a Business
Records Affidavit (Exhibit 4) prepared by GE and 30 attached documents, as well as the
testimony of Appellant’s own custodian of records. Each separate attachment to the affidavit
was labeled and presented to the trial court for admission into evidence as a separate exhibit, to-
wit: a two-page Bill of Sale (Exhibit 1), a one-page Affidavit of Sale (Exhibit 2), twenty-one
pages of Account Statements (Exhibit 3), a one-page Notification File, referred to within the Bill
of Sale showing what accounts were purchased, redacted except for Respondent’s account
information (Exhibit 5), and a six-page Cardholder Agreement (Exhibit 6).
Appellant noted the Business Records Affidavit and accompanying documents were the
same business records used in support of its Motion for Summary Judgment filed on May 2,
2013, and denied by the trial court on July 10, 2013. Within Appellant’s Motion for Summary
Judgment, the Business Records Affidavit and records were presented as a single exhibit (Exhibit
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1). The attachments to the affidavit were listed as 1.1 (Bill of Sale), 1.2 (Affidavit of Sale), 1.3
(Account Statements), and 1.4 (Card Agreement).
Respondent argued all of this evidence constituted hearsay, and Exhibit 4, the Business
Records Affidavit, was insufficient on its face to get the attached documents into evidence under
the business records exception, because it did not specify what the 30 attached pages of
documents were. Appellant maintained the affidavit did not have to make such a specification.
The trial court ruled it would take the admissibility issue under submission with the case.
Respondent offered into evidence Exhibit A, her affidavit which stated “I, Juanita
Schultz, deny this is my debt and if it is my debt, I deny that it is a valid debt and if it is a valid
debt, I deny the amount sued for is the correct amount.” Appellant objected to Exhibit A on the
ground that it stated legal conclusions and was provided to Appellant only one day prior to trial.
The trial court admitted Exhibit A over Appellant’s objection.
On September 13, 2013, the trial court entered judgment in favor of Respondent and
against Appellant on both the petition and counterclaim. The trial court held the GE Business
Records Affidavit (Exhibit 4) was insufficient and therefore the attachments purported to be
admissible as business records by virtue of Exhibit 4 were likewise inadmissible. As such, the
trial court found Appellant failed to produce competent documentation of a valid assignment of
the account from GE, leaving Appellant without standing to pursue the claims asserted in its
Petition.
In finding in favor of Respondent on her counterclaim, the trial court determined
Appellant’s actions constituted a misleading representation in connection with the collection of a
debt in violation of 15 U.S.C. § 1692e of the FDCPA and awarded Respondent $500 as statutory
damages pursuant to 15 U.S.C. § 1692k(a)(2)(A). This appeal follows.
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Points Relied On
In its first point, Appellant asserts the trial court erred in finding in favor of Respondent
on her counterclaim because she failed to present evidence Appellant is a “debt collector,”
Respondent is a “consumer,” the amount owed was a “debt,” or that Appellant violated a
provision of the FDCPA.
In its second point, Appellant maintains the trial court erred in finding the Business
Records Affidavit and its attachments were inadmissible because the affidavit failed to state what
records were attached, when the affidavit was not required to state what records were attached.
In its third point, Appellant claims the trial court erred in finding the Business Records
Affidavit was insufficient for failure to state the affiant had knowledge of the mode of
preparation of the records, because the affiant did have knowledge of the mode of preparation of
the records.
In its fourth point, Appellant contends the trial court erred in finding it lacked standing to
sue, because it presented a bill of sale, a redacted notification file, and testimony in support of
standing.
In its fifth point, Appellant states the trial court erred in admitting Respondent’s Exhibit
A, an affidavit signed by Respondent, because it lacked foundation and was testimonial, hearsay,
a legal conclusion, self-serving, contradictory, and not based on personal knowledge nor timely
produced to Appellant’s counsel.
Standard of Review
In a court-tried case, the judgment of the trial court will be upheld unless there is no
substantial evidence to support it, it is against the weight of the evidence, it erroneously declares
the law, or it erroneously applies the law. C & W Asset Acquisition, LLC v. Somogyi, 136
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S.W.3d 134, 141 (Mo.App. S.D. 2004). The power to set aside a judgment on the ground that it
is against the weight of the evidence must be exercised with caution and only with the firm belief
that the decree or judgment is wrong. Id.; Murphy v. Carron, 536 S.W.2d 30, 32 (Mo.banc
1976).
The admissibility of evidence lies within the sound discretion of the trial court; therefore,
there can be no error absent a showing that the court abused its discretion. C & W Asset
Acquisition, LLC, 136 S.W.3d at 137; Giddens v. Kansas City Southern Ry. Co., 29 S.W.3d 813,
819 (Mo.banc 2000). In reviewing for an abuse of discretion, we presume the trial court’s ruling
is correct, and reverse only when that ruling is clearly against the logic of the circumstances then
before the court and is so arbitrary and unreasonable as to shock the sense of justice and indicate
a lack of careful consideration; if reasonable persons can differ about the propriety of the action
taken by the trial court, then it cannot be said that the trial court abused its discretion. C & W
Asset Acquisition, LLC, 136 S.W.3d at 137; Anglim v. Mo. Pac. R.R. Co., 832 S.W.2d 298, 303
(Mo.banc 1992).
Discussion
For organizational purposes and fluidity of discussion, we address the points on appeal
out of order.
Business Records Affidavit
Points II and III
In support of its second and third points, Appellant maintains the Business Records
Affidavit was sufficient because it conformed with the language in Section 490.6921; Section
490.692 does not require the attachments to a business records affidavit to be listed therein and it
was clear from the record what was attached to the business records affidavit; and the affidavit
1
All statutory references are to RSMo 2006, unless otherwise indicated.
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stated the affiant had knowledge of the mode of preparation of the attached records and the
affiant did have such knowledge.
Section 490.680, which sets forth the foundational requirements for a document to be
admitted under the business record exception to the hearsay rule, provides:
A record of an act, condition or event, shall, insofar as relevant, be competent
evidence if the custodian or other qualified witness testifies to its identity and the
mode of its preparation, and if it was made in the course of business, at or near the
time of the act, condition or event, and if, in the opinion of the court, the sources
of information, method and time of preparation were such as to justify its
admission.
Section 490.692, which allows business records to be submitted by the affidavit of a
custodian or other qualified witness in lieu of testifying personally, states in pertinent part:
1. Any records or copies of records reproduced in the ordinary course of
business ... that would be admissible under sections 490.660 to 490.690 shall be
admissible as a business record, subject to other substantive or procedural
objections, in any court in this state upon the affidavit of the person who would
otherwise provide the prerequisites of sections 490.660 to 490.690, that the
records attached to the affidavit were kept as required by section 490.680.
It has been said Section 490.692:
provides a practical way to avoid the necessity of a personal appearance by a
records custodian. Upon compliance with §§ 490.680 and 490.692, business
records may be admitted into evidence without any additional direct testimony.
The court’s decision whether to admit the business records remains a
discretionary determination of the trustworthiness of the records.
Tebow v. Dir. of Revenue, 921 S.W.2d 110, 113 (Mo.App. W.D. 1996), cited in C & W Asset
Acquisition, LLC, 136 S.W.3d at 138.
When the enumerated statutory requirements are met, the statute invests the record with a
presumptive verity, and so excepts it from the hearsay rule. C & W Asset Acquisition, LLC, 136
S.W.3d at 138, citing Davolt v. Highland, 119 S.W.3d 118, 134 (Mo.App. W.D. 2003). The trial
court has broad discretion in determining whether a party properly complied with this provision.
Waldron v. Ragland, 716 S.W.2d 861, 862 (Mo.App. E.D. 1986).
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Here, the custodian of GE’s business records sought to be admitted under the exception
was GE’s Recovery Liaison Specialist, Cari A. DeVine (DeVine). DeVine’s sworn testimony
was submitted by the Business Records Affidavit (Exhibit 4). In the affidavit, DeVine testified
to all of the requirements set forth in Sections 490.680 and 490.692. She affied she had personal
knowledge of the business records of GE and the 30 documents attached to the affidavit
represented those returned from GE’s systems of record, were true and accurate duplicates of the
original business records maintained by GE, were made by GE as a regular practice during its
regularly conducted business activity, and were set forth by, or from information transmitted by,
a person with knowledge of those matters. The affidavit in its substantive entirety is set forth as
follows:
BUSINESS RECORDS AFFIDAVIT
Pursuant to RSMO §490.692
BEFORE ME, the undersigned authority, personally appeared the herein named Affiant,
who, being by me duly sworn, deposed as follows:
1. I, the below-signed Affiant, am an adult citizen of the United States of America.
2. This Affidavit is made in conjunction with G.E. Capital Retail Bank’s response to the
request by Portfolio Recovery Associates, LLC in the matter of Portfolio Recovery
Associates, LLC v. Schultz, Juanita dated March 26, 2013.
3. I am employed by G.E. Capital Retail Bank, as a Recovery Liaison Specialist. In this
position I have personal knowledge of the business records of and am a qualified person
authorized to swear and declare on behalf of G.E. Capital Retail Bank (“G.E.”) that the
30 documents attached hereto represent those responsive to any reasonable request as
returned from a reasonably diligent search of G.E.’s systems of record and are true and
accurate duplicates of the original business records maintained by G.E.
4. I further certify that the documents attached hereto (i) were made at or near the time of
the occurrence of the matters set forth by, or information transmitted by, a person with
knowledge of those matters; (ii) were kept in the course of the regularly conducted
business activity of G.E.; and (iii) were made by G.E. as a regular practice during its
regular conducted business activity.
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The authenticity of the 30 documents at issue was established by this Business Records
Affidavit from GE, which generated the documents. The wording of the affidavit is in all
relevant respects substantially identical to the form affidavit provided within Section 490.692
itself:
AFFIDAVIT
Before me, the undersigned authority, personally appeared …. , who,
being by me duly sworn, deposed as follows:
My name is …. , I am of sound mind, capable of making this affidavit, and
personally acquainted with the facts herein stated:
I am the custodian of the records of ….
Attached hereto are …. pages of records from …. These …. pages of records are
kept by …. in the regular course of business, and it was the regular course of
business of …. for an employee or representative of …. with knowledge of the
act, event, condition, opinion, or diagnosis recorded to make the record or to
transmit information thereof to be included in such record; and the record was
made at or near the time of the act, event, condition, opinion or diagnosis. The
records attached hereto are the original or exact duplicates of the original.
______________________________________
Affiant
Section 490.692.3.
The trial court found the affidavit was insufficient because it did not set forth the “mode
of preparation” of the documents, as required by Section 490.680. However, the mode of
preparation of the documents is clearly set forth in paragraph 4 of the affidavit. The trial court
also found the affidavit insufficient because the 30 records were neither attached nor described in
the affidavit. However, the record shows the 30 pages of records were attached to the affidavit,
as set forth in the affidavit itself and at trial. The 30 pages were merely separated at trial into
their discrete individual records for purposes of introduction, description and submission.
Further, there is no requirement that each document be described in the affidavit, and the
trial court points to no authority holding otherwise. Rather, the form affidavit in Section 490.692
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makes perfectly clear that indication of the number of pages attached as business records is
sufficient and all that is required for the affiant to establish their authenticity as business records.
Appellant presented its own custodian of records, Meryl Dreano (Dreano), to testify as a
witness. Dreano testified Appellant purchased Respondent’s credit card account from GE, as
shown by the following business records attached to the Business Records Affidavit generated
by GE. Dreano stated a Bill of Sale (Exhibit 1) and a Notification File (Exhibit 5), a document
referred to within the Bill of Sale showing what accounts were purchased by Appellant from GE,
demonstrated the assignment of the debt from GE to Appellant. Dreano testified an Affidavit of
Sale (Exhibit 2) stated Appellant owns the account and purchased it from GE. Dreano referred
to further evidence of seven monthly Billing or Account Statements (Exhibit 3) received by
Appellant from GE showing purchases and payments made by Respondent on the account with
the last payment made on August 6, 2010 and a final balance of $6,644.16, the same balance as
stated in the Notification File. Dreano testified Appellant also received the Cardholder
Agreement (Exhibit 6) relating to Respondent’s account from GE.
The authenticity of the documents was established by the Business Records Affidavit
from GE, which generated the documents. The evidence was admissible under the business
records exception to hearsay by virtue of their attachment to the Business Records Affidavit
(Exhibit 4), signed by affiant of GE custodian DeVine.
Based on the foregoing, Appellant’s Points II and III are well taken. The trial court
abused its discretion in finding the Business Records Affidavit insufficient and excluding it and
the attached business records from the evidence. Points II and III are granted.
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Proof of Assignment and Standing
Point IV
Appellant contends the trial court erred in finding it lacked standing to sue Respondent
because it presented a bill of sale, a redacted notification file, and testimony in support of
standing. A party has standing to sue when it has an interest in the subject matter of the suit that
gives it a right to recovery, if validated. Midwestern Health Mgmt., Inc. v. Walker, 208 S.W.3d
295, 298 (Mo.App. W.D. 2006). Courts have a duty to determine if a party has standing prior to
addressing the substantive issues of the case. Farmer v. Kinder, 89 S.W.3d 447, 451 (Mo. banc
2002). Because standing is a question of law, review of the issue on appeal is de novo. Miller
v. City of Arnold, 254 S.W.3d 249, 252 (Mo.App. E.D. 2008). In cases that involve a party
attempting to recover on an account owed to some other party, proof of an assignment of the
account is essential to a recovery. Midwestern Health Mgmt., Inc., 208 S.W.3d at 298. The
party must show clearly through a valid assignment it is the rightful owner of the account at
issue. C & W Asset Acquisition, LLC, 136 S.W.3d at 140.
At trial, Appellant attempted to establish the assignment of Respondent’s debt from GE
to Appellant by presenting into evidence Exhibit 4, the Business Records Affidavit, and its
attachments Exhibits 1, 2, 3, 5, and 6, but was precluded from doing so by the trial court, which
found the affidavit insufficient and attached records inadmissible. As such, Appellant could not
prove a valid assignment of the debt.
However, we have determined Appellant’s affidavit from GE laid a sufficient foundation
for the admission of the attached records under the business records exception and therefore the
records were admissible to establish a valid assignment. The trial court erred in excluding them.
Therefore, Point IV is granted.
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Counterclaim of FDCPA Violation
Point I
In its first point, Appellant asserts the trial court erred in finding in favor of Respondent
on her counterclaim because she failed to present evidence Appellant is a “debt collector,”
Respondent is a “consumer,” the amount owed was a “debt,” or that Appellant violated a
provision of the FDCPA.
The purpose of the FDCPA is to “eliminate abusive debt collection practices by debt
collectors.” 15 U.S.C. § 1692(a); Royal Financial Group, LLC v. Perkins, 414 S.W.3d 501, 505
(Mo.App. E.D. 2013). Importantly, the question of whether the consumer actually owes the
alleged debt has no bearing on FDCPA claims. Royal Financial Group, LLC, 414 S.W.3d at
505. The FDCPA is a strict liability statute; proof of one violation is sufficient to support
judgment for the consumer. Id. Statements contained in pleadings and other court filings are
actionable under the FDCPA. Id. Actions of a debt collector are evaluated through the lens of
an “unsophisticated consumer,” meaning consumers of “below average sophistication or
intelligence.” Id.
The FDCPA defines “consumer” as “any natural person obligated or allegedly obligated
to pay any debt.” 15 U.S.C. 1692a(3); Rhodes v. Westoak Realty & Inv., Inc., 983 S.W.2d 565,
567 (Mo.App. E.D. 1998). Clearly, Respondent fits into this definition as alleged in the petition
and as Appellant attempted to prove by its proffered documentary evidence and testimony.
Section 1692a(6) defines a “debt collector” as:
any person who uses any instrumentality of interstate commerce or the mails in
any business the principal purpose of which is the collection of any debts, or who
regularly collects or attempts to collect, directly or indirectly, debts owed or due
or asserted to be owed or due another.... The term does not include—
(F) any person collecting or attempting to collect any debt owed or due or
asserted to be owed or due another to the extent such activity …
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(iii) concerns a debt which was not in default at the time it was obtained
by such person; ...
Vogler v. Grier Group Management Co., 309 S.W.3d 328, 331 (Mo.App. E.D. 2010).
Appellant claims in its pleadings that it was assigned Respondent’s alleged defaulted debt
from GE, and that it has attempted to collect the assigned debt from Respondent, to-wit: “That
[Respondent] has failed to pay off the debt and a balance of $6644.16 remains due and
outstanding …that [Appellant] relied on information and certain documents obtained from the
original creditor [GE], in collecting on this matter and in subsequently bringing its lawsuit
against [Respondent] ….” It is clear from the pleadings that the purpose of this lawsuit was to
collect a “debt” from Appellant.
However, although this lawsuit generally comes within the auspices of the FDCPA, we
find that Appellant did not violate the FDCPA by bringing this lawsuit with no competent
evidence to support it, because Appellant substantiated via competent evidence at trial the claims
asserted in its petition, to-wit: “[Appellant] is the holder of a valid assignment of the Account
with [GE]. [Appellant] has been assigned all of [GE’s] power and authority to do and perform
all acts necessary for the settlement, satisfaction, compromise and/or adjustment of the
Account.” The trial court merely wrongfully deemed the evidence inadmissible and refused to
consider it in support of Appellant’s claims.
Because we reverse the trial court’s judgment that the evidence presented by Appellant to
prove a valid assignment was inadmissible, we also reverse the trial court’s finding that
Appellant violated Section 1692(e) of the FDCPA by suing Respondent with no competent
evidence to support its claims against her and thereby making a misleading representation in
connection with the collection of a debt. See, e.g., Section 1692(e)(5); Royal Financial Group,
LLC v. Perkins, 414 S.W.3d 501, 505-506 (Mo.App. E.D. 2013). We find Appellant attempted
12
to show it
i is the righttful owner of the defaultted account aat issue throuugh admissible evidencee.
Appellan
nt legally pro
osecuted its claim
c againsst Respondennt. Appellannt did not runn afoul of thhe
FDCPA through
t misrrepresentatio
on, fraud or deceit by prresenting eviidence it kneew would noot
sustain itts claims in its
i attempt to
o collect the debt from R
Respondent.
For the forego
oing reasonss, the trial co
ourt erred in granting Reespondent’s ccounterclaim
m.
Point I iss granted.
Affidavitt of Sworn D
Denial
Point V
Appellant
A states the trial court
c erred in
i admitting Respondentt’s affidavit oof her swornn
denial off the debt, beecause it lack
ked foundatiion and was testimonial, hearsay, a llegal conclussion,
self-serviing, contradiictory, and not
n based on personal knnowledge norr timely prodduced. Thiss
point is moot
m becausee the judgmeent on both Appellant’s
A claims and R
Respondent’’s counterclaaim
is reverseed. Accordin
ngly, Point V is denied.
Conclusion
C
The
T judgment of the trial court on botth Appellantt’s claims annd Respondeent’s counterr-
claim is reversed
r and
d this cause is
i remanded for a new trrial at which the trial couurt is instructted
to admit into evidencce the 30 pag
ges of busineess records aattached to thhe Business Records
nion.2
Affidavitt of GE in acccordance with this opin
Sherrri B. Sullivaan, J.
Mary K. Hoff, J., andd
Philip M. Hess, J., co
oncur.
2
Respondeent’s motion fo
or attorney’s feees, expenses and
a costs on apppeal is denied..
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