State of Missouri v. Justin Andrew Todd

In the
Missouri Court of Appeals
Western District
STATE OF MISSOURI, )
)
Respondent, ) WD82819
)
v. ) OPINION FILED: December 1, 2020
)
JUSTIN ANDREW TODD, )
)
Appellant. )
Appeal from the Circuit Court of Boone County, Missouri
The Honorable Michael W. Bradley, Judge
Before Division Four: Cynthia L. Martin, Chief Judge, Presiding, Karen King Mitchell,
Judge and Anthony Rex Gabbert, Judge
Justin Andrew Todd ("Todd") appeals his convictions of one count of kidnapping
in the first degree, two counts of rape in the first degree, and one count of sodomy in the
first degree following a jury trial. Todd asserts that the trial court erred in overruling his
motion for a mistrial based on alleged juror misconduct, and in permitting the admission
of testimony and an exhibit suggesting that Todd may have multiple personalities.
Finding no error, we affirm.
Factual and Procedural History
Todd does not challenge the sufficiency of the evidence to support his convictions
of one count of kidnapping in the first degree, two counts of rape in the first degree, and
one count of sodomy in the first degree. Viewed in the light most favorable to the
verdict,1 the evidence established that, in May 2017, M.M. ("Victim") was eighteen years
old, lived in Mexico, Missouri, and worked at Walmart as a cashier. While working at
Walmart, Victim met Danielle Todd ("Danielle"),2 Todd's wife. Victim offered to
babysit for Danielle's three children in the future.
On the evening of Friday, May 26, 2017, Victim went to Danielle's house in
Mexico, Missouri to babysit the children. Danielle left, and while she was gone, Danielle
contacted Victim to ask whether Victim could help move some boxes. Victim agreed.
Danielle returned late Friday night or during the early hours of Saturday morning with a
man Victim did not know. The man then stayed with Danielle's children, and Victim left
with Danielle in a minivan. The passenger seat and the middle row of the minivan
Danielle was driving were filled with large items, so Victim sat in the back seat of the
minivan, next to Todd. Victim had never met Todd before, so Danielle introduced him to
Victim. As Danielle started to drive away from her home, Victim put her hand down on
the seat and felt a gun next to her. Todd told Victim that he used the gun for protection.
Victim noticed that Danielle was "kind of out of it" and was swerving all over the
road. Danielle stopped at a gas station in Centralia, Missouri. Todd convinced Victim to
1
We view the evidence in the light most favorable to the jury's verdict, disregarding all contrary evidence
and inferences. State v. Campbell, 600 S.W.3d 780, 784 n.1 (Mo. App. W.D. 2020).
2
Because Justin Todd and Danielle Todd share a surname, we refer to Danielle Todd by her first name for
the purpose of clarity. No familiarity or disrespect is intended.
2
drive because he could not drive and Danielle did not seem able to drive. Victim initially
told Todd that she was not comfortable driving at night, but she eventually relented.
Neither Todd nor Danielle told Victim where they were going. Instead, Todd gave
Victim directions while Todd and Danielle sat in the back seat of the minivan and
giggled. Victim felt nervous and uncomfortable.
The trio eventually arrived at a trailer located in a trailer park on Brown Station
Road in Columbia, Missouri. Kate Carter ("Carter"), a woman with whom Todd had a
romantic relationship, lived in the trailer. However, Carter was not home, as she was
working as a nurse that evening for Sleep Diagnostic Services in Wentzville, Missouri.
Victim did not know where she was or to whom the trailer belonged. Todd and
Danielle exited the minivan. Victim stayed behind momentarily and sent messages to her
friend, Eduardo Rodriguez Velez ("Rodriguez Velez"), because she felt uncomfortable
and "had a really bad feeling." Those messages, sent around 4:20 A.M. on Saturday,
May 27, 2017, alarmed Rodriguez Velez, so he forwarded the messages to Victim's
mother, S.B. ("Mother"), and asked whether Mother had heard from Victim.
Victim got out of the minivan and went into the trailer, where she found Danielle
lying on the couch. Victim checked on Danielle because she "seemed really out of it"
and was not acting normally. Todd told Victim that the stuff that needed to be moved
was in the back bedroom, located just off the kitchen. Victim went to the back bedroom,
where she saw an animal cage, a bed, a chair, and a dresser. Todd told Victim that the
items that needed to be moved were in the closet, and then left the room.
3
When Todd returned, he closed the door and was holding a gun behind his back.
Victim asked what was going on. Todd then gave Victim a cup and told her to drink its
contents or he would shoot her. Victim described the liquid inside the cup as appearing
"cloudy," as if it contained crushed up pills. In an effort to avoid drinking the liquid,
Victim lied, telling Todd that she was pregnant so that she needed to know what was in
the cup. Rather than answer her question, Todd told Victim that the drink was his "own
little concoction," and that it would be fine. Victim drank the liquid, which she described
as tasting "chalky" and "gross."
Todd then forced Victim to lie on her stomach on the bed. Todd used zip ties to
bind Victim's wrists behind her back and to bind her ankles together. Todd asked Victim
what her biggest fear was. When Victim responded that her biggest fear was being
killed, Todd told Victim that most people would say being raped. Todd then placed duct
tape over Victim's mouth and around her head before leaving the room. While she was
alone, Victim was able to remove the duct tape over her mouth using her teeth. Todd
returned to the bedroom with a glass pipe. He lit the pipe and instructed Victim to inhale
from the pipe three or four times. Todd told Victim to tell him when the effects of the
smoke took effect, and left the room again. When Todd returned, he had Victim's cell
phone and accused of her of revealing their location.
Todd then put Victim's head under a pillow and sat on top of her. Todd pulled
down Victim's pants and inserted his penis into her vagina. Victim told Todd to stop and
that she wanted to go home. Todd did not stop, and instead forced Victim to have
vaginal intercourse while telling her that she was a good girl. While doing so, Todd had
4
a gun touching Victim's lower back and moved it down to Victim's anus. After forcing
Victim to have vaginal intercourse, Todd pulled up Victim's pants and left the room to
check on Danielle. When Todd returned to the bedroom, he removed the zip ties from
Victim and helped her to the bathroom connected to the bedroom. Victim obeyed Todd's
instruction to take a shower. While in the shower, Victim began feeling numb and had
trouble breathing. Todd gave Victim a towel after she exited the shower. Todd gave
Victim different clothes to wear and took Victim's clothes, telling her that he "wasn't
going to get caught for anything."
Victim dressed and then, as instructed by Todd, sat on the bed. Todd placed zip
ties on Victim's ankles again. Todd retrieved the glass pipe and forced Victim to inhale
several more times while holding a gun to her head. Todd told Victim that he "wanted to
make her tired." Todd then went to the sink, and when he came back, he took off one of
Victim's socks and injected something into her foot. Todd poured the remaining liquid
from the syringe into a cup and forced Victim to drink the liquid. Todd told Victim that
the liquid would make her "forget everything." Todd told Victim to tell him when she
started feeling the effects of the substances he had forced her to ingest. After drinking
the liquid, Victim began to feel ill, like she was going to vomit. Todd gave Victim a
trash can and, at her request, removed the zip ties.
Todd then had Victim sit on a chair in the bedroom, and told her that she would
have to do it again. Victim protested, telling Todd that she could not. At that point, Todd
held a gun to Victim's head, pulled down his pants, and put his penis in Victim's mouth.
While Victim was no longer bound by zip ties, she felt like she could not move her body.
5
Todd then pulled Victim's pants down, and again he placed his penis in her vagina and
forced Victim to have vaginal intercourse. Then Todd again ordered Victim to take a
shower. After Victim followed his command, Todd placed Victim in zip ties again.
Todd told Victim that "he wasn't a horrible guy." Victim responded by telling him that
he had just raped her twice.
Throughout the evening of Friday, May 26, 2017, and into the early morning hours
of Saturday, May 27, 2017, Todd had been sending text messages to Carter while she was
at work. Todd told Carter that there was an emergency at her home and that she needed
to return immediately. When Carter asked if it could wait until the end of her shift (at
6:30 on Saturday morning), Todd said that it could wait. Todd asked Carter "not [to]
abandon him" and "not [to] forsake him." Todd told Carter that he needed her help and
that he needed to know that she had his back. Carter responded that she did. Todd also
sent a text message to Carter that asked whether phones keep records of text messages
and told her that he was "involved in something bad" and that he "need[ed] a rescue."
At one point in his text messages to Carter, Todd stated that he was "Ash" and that
he needed Carter's help. According to Carter, Todd claimed to have a multiple
personality disorder and "Ash" spoke through Todd. Todd texted Carter to tell her that
they would have "cleanup to do," and asked that Carter promise to help. She did. Later,
Todd sent a text to Carter that said "[Oh my God] please hurry and [I']ve done something
bad," and then asked her to tell him when she was on her way home. In the early
morning hours of Saturday, May 27, 2017, Todd sent Carter a text message that said,
"Ash fucked me over." Todd also told Carter to "think of his fantasy," and explained
6
"[t]hat's what your [sic] walking into." Carter asked Todd who Ash "fuck[ed] over," and
Todd answered, "[p]retty much all of us." Later, Todd sent Carter a text message that
read, "We could zi[p] tie her up and fuck," and another that said, "[s]he has to get to a
certain point before we could [cut] her loose." Todd told Carter that he was grabbing
Carter's taser "in case [he] need[ed] it."
After her shift ended at 6:30 A.M. on Saturday, May 27, 2017, Carter drove
directly from her job in Wentzville to her home in Columbia. When Todd met Carter at
the door, he was holding a small black handgun. Danielle was no longer in the trailer
when Carter returned home.3 Todd escorted Carter into the back bedroom, where Carter
saw Victim sitting and wearing Carter's clothes, but Carter did not know why Victim was
there. Carter did not believe that Victim was "in her right mind" because Victim was
acting as though she was a cashier running a cash register. Carter described Victim's
pupils as large. Carter asked Todd what was happening.
Todd ushered Carter into the kitchen, and told Carter that "he did not know what
he had done to this lady." Todd explained to Carter that Victim was wearing Carter's
clothes because she had soiled herself. Carter then went back into the bedroom to speak
with Victim, but Carter had difficulty maintaining a conversation with Victim because
Victim was not following along with the conversation. Carter did learn, however,
Victim's name.
Carter and Todd decided that Todd and Victim would go with Carter to Wentzville
that evening (Saturday, May 27, 2017), and that Todd and Victim would stay in a hotel
3
The record does not indicate when Danielle left the trailer or where Danielle went when she left the trailer.
7
room while Carter worked overnight. Carter believed that Victim could use the time in
the hotel room to sober up. Carter drove Todd and Victim to Wentzville in her truck.
During the drive, Todd was quiet, but Victim was sweaty and her thoughts did not make
sense. They checked into a hotel room once they arrived in Wentzville. While in the
hotel room, Victim was hallucinating and talking nonstop without making sense.
Carter left the hotel room around 5:30 P.M. to go to work, and Todd and Victim
stayed in the hotel room. Todd again forced Victim to drink a cup of chalky liquid that
tasted terrible. Todd sent Carter multiple text messages while she was at work. One
message included a rhyme that indicated "she" drank something and was inebriated.
Carter understood that "she" referred to Victim. Carter felt nervous for Victim.
Mother attempted to contact Victim on the evening of Saturday, May 27, 2017, but
phone calls went straight to voicemail, and Victim did not answer text messages. Mother
received a text message from Victim's phone in the early morning hours of Sunday, May
28, 2017, that said, "With friends, call later." Mother thought the response was odd
because Victim did not talk to her like that. Instead, Victim would typically write
something like, "Mom, I know it's late, I'll give you a call in the morning. You're
probably asleep."
After she finished her shift on the morning of Sunday, May 28, 2017, Carter went
back to the hotel. She was relieved to find Victim alive. However, Victim "spoke in a
manner that was not herself," and that "[s]he spoke like Ash" in that Victim was speaking
more authoritatively and with more gusto. Victim said that "she preferred people with
8
[Todd's] personality disorder." Victim also referred to Todd as her brother Shawn, which
seemed to irritate Todd.
The trio left the hotel and drove back to Carter's trailer in Columbia. When they
arrived at the trailer, Todd asked Carter to stay in the front room while he and Victim
went to the bedroom, where Todd used zip ties to attach Victim's hands to a pole by the
bed. Danielle returned to the trailer while Carter was in the front room. Carter told Todd
that she was not pleased that Danielle was in her home. Todd gave Carter two cell
phones and asked her to throw the phones in a lake. Carter did not do as instructed.
Instead, she hid the phones under a tree trunk. Carter then went to a nearby motel to meet
a friend.
At approximately 11:00 A.M. on Sunday, May 28, 2017, Victim called Mother.
Victim whispered that she was unable to tell Mother where and with whom she was.
Victim was otherwise delusional during the phone call, telling Mother that she was with
her brothers in a hotel in Columbia. Mother knew that was untrue because Victim's
brothers were with Mother. Nonetheless, Victim told Mother that she would meet her at
the Dairy Queen in Mexico, Missouri. Mother waited for two hours, but Victim never
came. Instead, Victim was in the trailer with Todd. When Todd learned of Victim's
conversation with Mother, he placed a gun to Victim's head and told her to cooperate.
Todd sent Carter a text message that warned Carter to be careful when she
returned home because "some glass got broken in the st[r]uggle." Another text message
from Todd indicated that he was "moving to a different site to finish the job." In
particular, Todd indicated that they would be going to Truxton, Missouri, and Todd asked
9
Carter to "do a preliminary sweep" of the trailer, including the living room, bedroom, and
bathroom, for "any incriminating stuff."
When Victim did not meet Mother at Dairy Queen as planned, Mother called the
Mexico Police Department. Mother was informed that, because Victim was eighteen
years old and Mother had spoken to her earlier that day, Mother could not report Victim
as missing. Unsatisfied with that answer, Mother contacted the Columbia Police
Department at approximately 3:00 P.M. on Sunday, May 28, 2017, because Victim had
told Mother she was in a hotel in Columbia the previous night. Mother reported Victim
missing because she had not heard from Victim in a couple days and Victim did not show
up to work. The Columbia Police Department took a report and issued a be-on-the-
lookout dispatch.
At approximately 4:15 P.M. on Sunday, May 28, 2017, Columbia Police
Department officers were dispatched to an abduction call at Carter's trailer. Carter's next-
door neighbor, John Snipes ("Snipes"), called 911 to report a possible abduction after he
saw a woman lead another woman with a bandana around her eyes into a white van.
Snipes saw Todd walk out of Carter's trailer with a duffle bag or backpack and climb into
the passenger side of the van. The white van then drove away. Snipes wrote down the
van's license plate and called 911. Maria Decarr ("Decarr"), Snipes's step-daughter,
confirmed Snipes's account of what happened. Officers forced themselves into Carter's
trailer. No one was there, but officers saw zip ties, a cut bra, and broken glass on the
floor of the back bedroom.
10
After speaking with Snipes and Decarr, the police believed that Carter was the
blindfolded woman, so they pinged Carter's cell phone to determine her location.4 The
police learned that Carter's cell phone was located at a motel near a truck stop just west of
Columbia. Police immediately went to the motel where they found Carter, and learned
she was not the blindfolded woman. After questioning Carter, however, they learned that
Todd was in the van and was heading to Truxton, Missouri. Officers issued a "be-on-the-
lookout" dispatch for Danielle's white van, and asked other agencies to stop the van to
check the welfare of its occupants.
At approximately 6:00 P.M. on Sunday, May 28, 2017, Sergeant Jeff Scanlon
("Sergeant Scanlon") of the Warren County Sheriff's Department saw the white van in the
parking lot of a truck stop just off Interstate 70 in Warren County, Missouri. Sergeant
Scanlon made eye contact with the female driver of the van. As soon as Sergeant
Scanlon did so, the driver, who was Danielle, started driving toward the parking lot's exit.
Sergeant Scanlon stopped the van. He instructed Danielle to turn off the vehicle, and
then instructed the two passengers sitting in the third row of the van--Todd and Victim--
to put their hands on the glass. Once other officers arrived, Todd and Danielle were
taken to the Warren County Sheriff's Department to wait for officers from the Columbia
Police Department.
Victim was offered medical assistance at the scene, which she refused, so Victim
was also taken to the Warren County Sherriff's Department to wait for Columbia Police
4
Officer Justin Thomas of the Columbia Police Department described "pinging a phone" as a law
enforcement tool used in emergencies to learn a cell phone's location using cell phone towers.
11
Department officers and her Mother to arrive. Victim looked as though she had not slept
in several days and appeared mentally exhausted. While Victim was initially calm, she
broke down crying once she was separated from Danielle and Todd, and she started
telling officers what she had undergone. And while Victim seemed lucid, at times she
hallucinated, including claiming to see Mother in the white van pointing and laughing at
her. While waiting, Sergeant Scanlon took photographs of Victim's wrists because she
said that she had been tied to Todd's bed and there were red marks on her wrists. Victim
also told Sergeant Scanlon that she had been choked, so he took pictures of her upper
chest and neck, which appeared to have red discoloration.
The white van was taken into police custody. Columbia Police Department
officers later obtained a search warrant for the white van in question. During a search of
the vehicle, officers found zip ties, wadded up duct tape with hair stuck to it, a bandana,
blue jeans that appeared to have been cut along an inside seam, and scrubs wrapped in
duct tape; a red backpack belonging to Todd containing a roll of duct tape, a package of
syringes, Drano, a wallet containing a business card from a hotel located in Wentzville,
additional zip ties, and a black H&K BB pistol with a magazine and a holster; and a green
purse containing a white plastic vial containing white powder, four lighters, two knives,
an open packages of syringes, a glass smoking device, and clear plastic capsules.
When Mother came to the Warren County Sheriff's Department to get Victim, she
noted that Victim "looked horrible" in that her clothes were "disgusting," she was not
wearing shoes, her hair was in disarray, her pupils were incredibly large, and she had
marks on her wrists, ankles, and neck. Mother took Victim directly to University
12
Hospital in Columbia for an examination, including the completion of a rape kit,
performed by a sexual assault nurse examiner, Meghan McGee ("McGee"), during the
early hours of Monday, May 29, 2017. During her examination of Victim, McGee noted
that that Victim had suffered the following physical injuries: petechiae5 on the upper-
posterior aspect of her neck, skin discoloration on the anterior aspect of her neck, ligature
marks around her wrists and ankles, and bruising to the lateral aspect of her right foot.
McGee noted that Victim had no needle marks or puncture wounds on her feet. McGee
took samples of Victim's urine and blood, and took swabs of Victim's external genitals,
cervix, and cervical pool as well as oral and buccal swabs.
The Missouri State Highway Patrol Crime Lab performed testing on the rape kit.
Analysis of Victim's blood sample revealed that, at the time of collection,
diphenhydramine, methamphetamine and amphetamine, and metronidazole were in her
bloodstream. The urinalysis similarly revealed that Victim's urine contained
diphenhydramine, tramadol, N-desmethyltramadol, and methamphetamine and
amphetamine. While some of these substances found in Victim's blood and urine are
depressants that would cause drowsiness, sluggish behavior, and disorientation, other
substances acted as stimulants that would cause talkativeness, restlessness, agitation,
euphoria, paranoia, delusions, and hallucinations. Analysis of the swabs taken during
McGee's examination of Victim revealed the presence of seminal fluid on the swabs
taken from Victim's cervix, posterior fourchette, labia majora, and labia minora. DNA
5
McGee explained that petechiae is the medical term for "small areas of ruptured capillaries underneath the
skin."
13
analysis determined that Todd was a major contributor to the DNA in the sperm fraction
taken from the swab of Victim's cervix.
Officers from the Columbia Police Department executed a search warrant at
Carter's trailer. During the search, officers found an empty zip tie package, used and
unused zip ties, and a cut blue and white rope in the back bedroom; black zip ties, a wad
of duct tape, and forty-one clear plastic capsules similar to those found in the white van
in the kitchen trash can; fragments of broken glass in a hallway near an exterior door; and
a capsule containing a yellow powdery substance inside a safe located in the residence.
The State charged Todd with one count of kidnapping in the first degree in
violation of section 565.1106 ("Count I") for unlawfully confining Victim for a
substantial period without her consent by binding her with zip ties and duct tape with the
purpose of inflicting physical injury on or terrorizing Victim; one count of rape in the
first degree in violation of section 566.030 ("Count II") for knowingly having sexual
intercourse with Victim by use of forcible compulsion; one count of sodomy in the first
degree in violation of section 566.060 ("Count III") for knowingly having deviate sexual
intercourse with Victim by inserting his penis into Victim's mouth while she was in a
drug-induced state and therefore incapable of consent; and another count of rape in the
first degree in violation of section 566.030 ("Count IV") for knowingly having sexual
intercourse with Victim while she was in a drug-induced state and therefore incapable of
consent.
6
All statutory references are to RSMo 2016, as supplemented through the dates of the crimes, unless
otherwise indicated.
14
After a four-day jury trial in February 2019, the jury returned its verdicts in just
over two hours, finding Todd guilty of each charge. The trial court, which had previously
found Todd to be a persistent misdemeanor offender pursuant to section 558.016,
sentenced Todd to ten years' imprisonment for kidnapping, and to life imprisonment for
each of the rape and sodomy counts, with all sentences to run consecutively to one
another. Todd filed a motion for new trial, which the trial court denied.
Todd appeals.
Analysis
Todd raises three points on appeal. In his first point on appeal, he challenges the
trial court's decision to overrule his request for a mistrial based on alleged juror
misconduct. Todd's second and third points on appeal concern the trial court's admission
of evidence that Todd may have multiple personalities.
Point One: Refusal to Grant Mistrial
Todd's first point on appeal asserts that the trial court abused its discretion in
refusing to grant his request to discharge four jurors who were sleeping during the trial,
which would have required a mistrial because too few jurors would have remained. Todd
argues that the record "clearly show[s]" that Jurors 10, 26, 39, and 51 slept through parts
of the trial so that they were not able to accurately assess the voluminous evidence
presented. Todd claims that, by allowing jurors who slept during trial to stay on the jury,
the trial court violated Todd's right to a fair trial, an impartial jury, and due process
guaranteed by the Fifth, Sixth, and Fourteenth Amendments of the United States
15
Constitution, and by Article I, sections 10 and 18(a) of the Missouri Constitution, and
that these constitutional errors are structural in nature.
"[T]o prevail upon a claim of juror misconduct, it must be shown that the conduct
was prejudicial to the defendant, and much lies in the discretion of the [trial] court."
State v. Whitman, 788 S.W.2d 328, 337 (Mo. App. E.D. 1990) (citation omitted). "The
trial court is in the best position to determine a juror's ability to effectively discharge his
or her duties." State v. Williams, 427 S.W.3d 259, 264 (Mo. App. E.D. 2014) (quoting
State v. Rose, 169 S.W.3d 132, 134 (Mo. App. E.D. 2005)). We will not disturb the trial
court's ruling absent an abuse of discretion. Id. Todd has not sustained his burden to
establish that the trial court abused its discretion in refusing to discharge jurors. Because
it was not an abuse of discretion to refuse to discharge jurors at Todd's request, Todd's
contention that the trial court would have been required to grant a mistrial after
discharging four jurors is rendered moot.
During a break in Victim's testimony on the second day of trial, each of the two
attorneys representing Todd informed the trial court that two jurors seemed to be asleep:
Defense counsel no. 1: I just want to go ahead and make a record that a
couple of the jurors seemed to be asleep. Number 39, his head sort of
bounced down toward his chin, and Number 51 had his eyes closed for a lot
of the time.
Trial court: I noticed they had their eyes closed. I did not think they were
asleep, but we'll have to . . .
Defense counsel no. 2: 39 was definitely asleep. [Court reporter] is
nodding her head. He was definitely asleep.
Trial court: Will you put on the record what you saw?
16
Court reporter: I saw Number 39 bob his head, and it jerked like you're
falling asleep.
Defense counsel no. 1: I also saw Number 51 with his eyes closed, but he
was like most of that yesterday, like he sits and thinks with his eyes closed.
I tried to keep my eyes on if he was just resting their eyes or thinking, and
then they'd perk back up and it wasn't a concern. But those two specifically
39 and 51.
Juror 51 was already one of the alternate jurors. The trial court's solution was to take no
action at the time, but instead to make Juror 39 the second alternate when the jury retired
for deliberation.
Defense counsel again raised concerns about jurors sleeping on the third day of
trial:
Defense counsel no. 1: And Your Honor, I'm just wanting to make a record
that Jurors Number 10 and 26, who are different jurors than yesterday, were
both sleeping during different points of the testimony. Juror Number 26, [I]
kept seeing her head again kind of fall down and towards her chest. . . .
Juror 10, her head kept falling down. Juror 26, her head kept falling back
and at one point I was watching her breathe and she was taking really deep,
even breaths like she was asleep, and her eyes were closed at that time.
Trial court: Okay. I've been watching. I'm not specific on those two jurors.
I've been watching them and I've counted, they all seem to be coming back
before I can count to ten, so that's kind of been my handle on it. So what's
your request going to be with the sleeping jurors?
Defense counsel no. 1: With the sleeping jurors, the fact that there's four of
them is troublesome, but I'm going to be asking to strike all of the ones that
have been missing the evidence.
Trial court: If you strike all of them, I'm declaring a mistrial.
Defense counsel no. 1: I understand that.
Trial court: Are you asking to strike all four of them?
Defense counsel no. 1: I am.
Trial court: Okay. What's the State's position?
17
State: I have not witnessed it, Your Honor, so I mean, we want to finish this
trial. But I feel at a loss. I have not witnessed jurors sleeping. The
moments I've looked at the jury, they've all been awake and I've found to be
attentive.
Defense counsel no. 2: Your Honor, if I may, during the video in particular,
I know we talked about Juror 39 sleeping yesterday.
Trial court: Uh-huh.
Defense counsel no. 2: We had already decided that he would be an
alternate, but during the video, a great portion of it, both Juror 297 and 10
slept through a great portion of it. And then after the video concluded and
the State was going through all of the evidence on the back bench there,
both Juror 26 and 10 continued to sleep. It wasn't just for brief moments
here and there, but for a huge portion of the video shown, they were
sleeping.
Trial court: Okay. Let's do this. . . . Which of the jurors do you wish to
question?
Defense counsel no. 1: Today, it was 26 and 10. Yesterday it was 39 and
51.
Defense counsel No. 2: Correct.
The trial court separately brought each of the four jurors who were allegedly
sleeping during trial into the courtroom to question them. In response to the trial court's
questions, Juror 10 admitted that she "probably nodded here and there," but she said that
"[couldn't] promise that [she] fell asleep because [she felt] like [she] heard everything"
and that, to her knowledge, she had not missed anything. Juror 26 stated that she had not
fallen asleep and instead was merely listening with her eyes closed. Juror 39 indicated
that, on a couple occasions, he may have "dozed off for just a second" before catching
himself. Juror 39 did not believe that he had missed any testimony. Juror 51 stated that
7
The transcript indicates that defense counsel no. 2 referenced juror 29 even though juror 29 is not
otherwise mentioned in the discussion of sleeping jurors. It is not apparent from context whether defense counsel
no. 2 was intending instead to refer to juror 26 or juror 39.
18
she had not fallen asleep and instead put her head down because it helped her hear better.
Defense counsel, despite being given the opportunity to do so by the trial court, did not
question any of the four jurors. The trial court denied Todd's request to discharge any of
the jurors. As a result, there was no need for the trial court to consider whether to declare
a mistrial.
This was not an abuse of discretion. Juror 51 was seated as an alternate juror, and
based on defense counsel's initially expressed concern about Juror 39, that juror was
made an alternate as well. Neither party objected to Juror 39 being removed from the
jury and made an alternate. Regardless, neither Juror 39 nor Juror 51 participated in the
jury's deliberations. Their service as alternate jurors who did not participate in
deliberations could have not prejudiced Todd, even if they were sleeping during the trial.
See Whitman, 788 S.W.2d at 337 ("In order to prevail upon a claim of juror misconduct,
it must be shown that the conduct was prejudicial to the defendant . . . .").
With respect to Jurors 10 and 26, the trial court was able to observe whether those
jurors were attentive during trial. Though the trial court observed jurors closing their
eyes during trial, on each occasion the subject juror opened his or her eyes before the trial
court could count to ten. Despite no observed concerns with Jurors 10 and 26, the trial
court questioned both jurors. Both Jurors 10 and 26 admitted that they had closed their
eyes during the trial. Juror 10 told the trial court that she probably nodded off a few
times, but believed she had heard all of the evidence. At most, Juror 10 confessed to a
lapse of attention, which is not grounds to remove a juror. See Whitman, 788 S.W.2d at
337 ("A lapse of attention is not grounds to remove a juror for sleeping."). Juror 26 said
19
that she was listening to the evidence with her eyes closed, and never dozed off. It was
well within the trial court's sound discretion to conclude, based on its own observations
of the jury and based on testimony from the jurors in question, that the behavior of Jurors
10 and 26 did not warrant disqualification from the jury and thus did not warrant
declaring a mistrial.
As a result, the circumstances in this case are distinguishable from those in State v.
Youngblood, 648 S.W.2d 182 (Mo. App. S.D. 1983), on which Todd relies to claim error
based on the refusal to discharge jurors. In Youngblood, the trial court discharged a juror
after the juror was observed sleeping while evidence was being presented. Id. at 188.
The Southern District affirmed the trial court's decision, reasoning that "[jurors] cannot
determine facts from evidence they have not heard." Id. Here, however, the trial court
determined that Jurors 10 and 26 were not sleeping through the presentation of evidence.
Youngblood does not alter our decision, and merely reinforces that a trial court's
determination of whether juror misconduct has occurred sufficient to warrant
ameliorative action is subject to review for abuse of discretion.
Todd's reliance on section 494.485 to support his claim of error is also not
persuasive. Section 494.485 provides:
If in any case to be tried before a jury it appears to the court to be
appropriate, the court may direct that a number of jurors in addition to the
regular jury be called and impaneled to sit as alternate jurors. Alternate
jurors, in the order in which they are called, shall replace jurors who, prior
to the time the jury retires to consider its verdict, become or are found to be
unable or disqualified to perform their duties. Alternate jurors shall be
selected in the same manner, shall have the same qualifications, shall be
subject to the same examination and challenges, shall take the same oath and
shall have the same functions, powers, facilities and privileges as the
20
principal jurors. Alternate jurors who do not replace principal jurors shall
be discharged after the jury retires to consider its verdict. Each side is
entitled to one peremptory challenge in addition to those otherwise allowed
by law for each two alternate jurors to be impaneled. The additional
peremptory challenge may be used against an alternate juror only, and the
other peremptory challenges allowed by law shall not be used against the
alternates.
"Section 494.485 regulates the jury process in a manner consistent with the
constitutionally mandated unanimous verdict," and failure to comply with the statute is
reversible error. State v. Amick, 462 S.W.3d 413, 416 (Mo. banc 2015). Todd's
contention that section 494.485 was violated is necessarily limited to the trial court's
recasting of juror 39 from a principal juror to an alternate, as there is nothing about the
initial designation of jurors 10 and 26 as principal jurors, or of juror 51 as an alternate
juror, that can be said to violate section 494.485.
Todd's contention that section 494.485 was violated when the trial court replaced
juror 39 with an alternate juror and then made juror 39 an alternate juror (in lieu of
discharging juror 39) is not preserved for our review. Todd did not object at trial to the
manner in which the trial court resolved his complaint about juror 39. At best, Todd's
claim on appeal that the trial court violated section 494.485 when it recasting juror 39 as
an alternate is subject to plain error review. Under that standard of review, even if we
assume, arguendo, that a trial court has no authority under section 494.485 to remove a
juror as a principal juror and to instead make the juror an alternate, Todd cannot establish
that he suffered manifest injustice or a miscarriage of justice. As explained, supra, juror
39 did not deliberate in his case. Though juror 39 arguably should have been discharged
outright, and not recast as an alternate, any error was not prejudicial to Todd.
21
Point One is denied.8
Points Two and Three: Admission of Evidence
Todd's second and third points on appeal concern the admission of evidence
suggesting that Todd claimed to suffer from multiple personalities. In his second point
on appeal, Todd argues that the trial court abused its discretion is allowing Carter to
testify that Todd may have multiple personalities. Todd's third point on appeal asks us to
conclude that the trial court plainly erred in admitting parts of State's Exhibit 145A,
printouts of the text messages sent between Todd and Carter, because that exhibit allowed
the jury to hear that Todd may have a multiple personality disorder. Todd asserts that the
evidence about his multiple personalities was highly prejudicial, and thus not legally
relevant, because it portrayed him as someone who is disturbed. Todd claims that, had
this testimony and evidence not been admitted, he would not have been convicted of
Counts III and IV.9
The trial court has broad discretion in choosing to admit or exclude evidence.
State v. Wilson, 602 S.W.3d 328, 332 (Mo. App. W.D. 2020). As such, we review
preserved errors regarding the trial court's decision either to admit or exclude evidence
for an abuse of discretion. Id. A trial court abuses its discretion "when a ruling is clearly
against the logic of the circumstances and is so unreasonable as to indicate a lack of
8
Because the trial court did not abuse its discretion in refusing to discharge Jurors 10 and 26, and because
Todd suffered no prejudice as a matter of law as Jurors 39 and 51 did not deliberate, we need not address Todd's
contention that the refusal to discharge these jurors constituted constitutional error that was structural in nature. We
observe, however, that Todd cited no authority for this proposition. See State v. Steidley, 533 S.W.3d 762, 778 (Mo.
App. W.D. 2017) ("Mere conclusions and the failure to develop an argument with support from legal authority
preserve nothing for review." (quoting Kimble v. Div. of Emp't Sec., 388 S.W.3d 634, 641 (Mo. App. W.D. 2013))).
9
Todd acknowledges that the evidence supporting Todd's guilt of Counts I and II arguably was
overwhelming, so he focuses his discussion of prejudice on Counts III and IV.
22
careful consideration." State v. Marshall, 596 S.W.3d 156, 158-59 (Mo. App. W.D.
2020) (quoting State v. Suttles, 581 S.W.3d 137, 145 (Mo. App. E.D. 2019)). "Our
review is for prejudice, not error alone; and we 'will reverse only if the error was so
prejudicial it deprived the defendant of a fair trial.'" Wilson, 602 S.W.3d at 332 (quoting
State v. Hein, 553 S.W.3d 893, 896 (Mo. App. E.D. 2018)). An error is prejudicial if
there is a reasonable probability that, but for the trial court's error, the result of the trial
would have been different. Id.If a defendant fails to object to the admission of evidence at trial, however, we
have discretion to review the alleged error for plain error "affecting substantial rights" if
we conclude that a "manifest injustice or miscarriage of justice has resulted therefrom."
Rule 30.20.10 Plain error review is a two-step process. State v. Garretson, 598 S.W.3d
643, 649 (Mo. App. W.D. 2020). First, we must determine whether the claimed error
"facially establishes substantial grounds for believing that manifest injustice or
miscarriage of justice has resulted." Id. (quoting State v. Baumruk, 280 S.W.3d 600, 607-
08 (Mo. banc 2009)). In other words, the alleged plain error must be "evident, obvious,
and clear." Id. (quoting Baumruk, 280 S.W.3d at 607-08). If we find the error was
evident, obvious, and clear, then we proceed to the second step: determining whether the
error resulted in a manifest injustice or a miscarriage of justice. Id. (citing Baumruk, 280
S.W.3d at 607-08).
Prior to trial, Todd filed a motion in limine that sought to exclude evidence at trial
that established he had a multiple personality disorder and evidence that, at some point,
10
All Rule references are to the Missouri Supreme Court Rules (2020), unless otherwise indicated.
23
Todd was possessed by a demon. Todd argued that this evidence would not be legally
relevant because its probative value would be outweighed by its prejudicial impact. The
State responded that it would be unable to introduce evidence of the text message
discussions between Carter and Todd without explaining that references to "Ash" and
"Jay" committing crimes or engaging in wrongdoings were, in fact, references to Todd.
The State also argued that the text messages amounted to Todd's admissions that he
committed the offenses, albeit in a manner that tried to explain and justify his behavior.
The State assured the trial court that it would not be arguing that Todd suffers from a
multiple personality disorder, and that it did not intend to put on any psychiatric
testimony. Todd's counsel suggested to the trial court that the witness simply say that
Todd referred to himself as "Ash" and as "Jay." The trial court granted the motion to
exclude the terms "multiple personality disorder" and "demon possession" from the
evidence at trial, but otherwise deferred its ruling on admissibility of the text messages
and of Carter's testimony about the text messages.
At trial, Carter testified that when she returned to the hotel on Sunday, May 28,
2017, Victim "spoke in a manner that was not herself." When asked by the State to
explain, Carter said that Victim "spoke like Ash." The State then asked, "And what does
that mean?" Defense counsel objected, raising the issue presented in Todd's motion in
limine. After hearing arguments from counsel, the trial court concluded that it would
allow Carter could testify about Todd's statements to her because the evidence went to
Todd's mental state, and permitted Carter to explain her testimony that Victim was acting
as though she was possessed by "Ash."
24
Carter then testified that Victim sounded like "Ash" in that Victim spoke with
"more authority or more gusto." Carter testified that Victim said that "she preferred
people with [Todd's] personality disorder." Carter explained that Todd had previously
told her that he had a multiple personality disorder and that he may not seem like himself
at times. Carter testified that, when Todd refers to himself as Ash, he would be more
authoritative than usual.
During Carter's testimony, the State attempted to introduce State's Exhibit 145A, a
printout of text messages between Todd and Carter during the weekend of Friday, May
26, 2017, to Sunday, May 28, 2017. Defense counsel objected on the basis of foundation.
The trial court overruled the objection and admitted the exhibit into evidence.
Carter then testified about the content of the text messages without further
objection. The text messages between Todd and Carter indicated that Todd was in
trouble and needed Carter's help. Among other things, Todd told Carter, "This is Ash."
Carter testified without objection that "Ash speaks through [Todd]." Later in the text
conversation, Todd told Carter, "[Oh my God] please hurry and [I']ve done something
bad," followed by "[t]ell me your [sic] on your way." Todd sent another text message
that said "Ash fucked me over" which, according to Carter, meant that Todd was himself
again. Todd sent Carter text messages that said, "Think of his fantasy," and "That's what
your [sic] walking into." Carter sent a text message to Todd asking "Who did he fuck
over?" and Todd responded, "Pretty much all of us." Todd also sent Carter a message
that said, "i m jay," and then other messages that said, "I just came to this shit." and "It's
nuts." Carter identified "Jay" as another one of Todd's personalities.
25
Todd's second and third points on appeal challenge the legal relevance of Carter's
testimony, and the content of Exhibit 145A, referencing Todd's multiple personalities.
To be admissible, evidence must be both logically and legally relevant. State v. Taylor,
588 S.W.3d 632, 638 (Mo. App. W.D. 2019). "Evidence is logically relevant if it tends
to make the existence of a material fact more or less probable." Id. (quoting State v.
Prince, 534 S.W.3d 813, 817 (Mo. banc 2017)). Legal relevance, on the other hand,
"weighs the probative value of the evidence against its costs--unfair prejudice, confusion
of the issues, misleading the jury, undue delay, waste of time, or cumulativeness." Id.(quoting State v. Prince, 534 S.W.3d 813, 818 (Mo. banc 2017)). If the potential
prejudice of the evidence outweighs its probative value, then the evidence should be
excluded. Id.Todd's argument that the contested evidence was not legally relevant is premised
on a contention that evidence he claimed to have multiple personalities had no probative
value. In other words, although Todd does not argue that the evidence in dispute was not
logically relevant, he effectively contends as much by arguing the prejudicial value of the
evidence outweighed its probative value because it had no probative value. We disagree.
Carter's testimony was logically relevant to explain that Todd, not third persons
named "Ash" and "Jay," sent all of the text messages from Todd's phone to Carter over
the weekend in question, and thus all of the text messages in State's Exhibit 145A. The
text messages and Carter's explanation of the text messages was also logically relevant to
establish that Todd engaged in the conduct that led to him being charged with
kidnapping, rape, and sodomy. Portions of the evidence were also logically relevant to
26
show Todd's consciousness of guilt and his desire to conceal his offenses. See State v.
Barton, 998 S.W.2d 19, 28 (Mo. banc 1999) ("Conduct and declarations of a defendant
that are relevant to show a consciousness of guilt or a desire to conceal the offense are
admissible because they tend to establish the defendant's guilt of the charged crime.").
Some of the text messages established that Todd asked Carter whether phones keep
records of text messages; established that Todd knew he was "involved in something
bad," and that he "need[ed] a rescue" from Carter; established that "Ash" had "fucked
[Todd] over" by acting on "his fantasy"; established that Todd asked Carter if he could
"play with her," and suggested that they "could zi[p] tie her up and fuck," presumably
referring to Victim in each instance; established Todd's awareness of Victim's
intoxication, including his characterization of Victim as "a corpse," and his recognition
that Victim "has to get to a certain point before [they] could [cut] her loose"; established
that Todd knew that they "[had] to move you know who somewhere," and that he was
"moving to a different site to finish the job"; and established that he asked Carter to "do a
preliminary sweep of the living room[,] our room[,] and bathroom for any incriminating
stuff."
We therefore reject Todd's contention that Carter's testimony and State's Exhibit
145A were not legally relevant because the evidence was logically relevant. Beyond this
flawed analysis, Todd asserts that evidence that he purportedly had multiple personalities
"only served to inflame the passions of the jury against [Todd] and to encourage them to
punish him for being a person who was generally of bad moral character or 'dangerous'"
despite the absence of any evidence from a mental health professional diagnosing Todd
27
with a mental health condition. [Appellant's Brief, pp. 52-53, 61] However, the State
was not attempting to demonstrate that Todd had multiple personalities and had no
obligation to do so. Instead, the State intended only to establish that Todd claimed to
have multiple personalities in an effort to diffuse responsibility for his actions. We fail to
see how this evidence was unduly prejudicial. It is, instead, highly probative of issues in
dispute in the case. The trial court was in the best position to weigh the potential
prejudicial effect of Carter's testimony and State's Exhibit 145A against its probative
value. See State v. Thompson, 489 S.W.3d 312, 324 (Mo. App. W.D. 2016). We cannot
conclude that the trial court abused its discretion, much less committed plain error, in
concluding that the evidence was more probative than prejudicial.11
Points Two and Three are denied.
Conclusion
The Judgment is affirmed.
__________________________________
Cynthia L. Martin, Judge
All concur
11
Todd devotes much of his discussion of Points Two and Three to an argument that the trial court's
admission of the evidence was not harmless error because the evidence supporting the jury's verdicts for and
subsequent convictions of Counts III and IV was not overwhelming. Because we conclude that the trial court did
not abuse its discretion or commit plain error in admitting the evidence in question, we do not reach the issue of
whether the evidence supporting Todd's convictions for Counts III and IV was overwhelming.
28