Brown v. State

01-320 Opinion
No. 01-320
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA
2002 MT 58ANTHEL L. BROWN,
Plaintiff and Appellant,
v.
STATE OF MONTANA; RICK DAY, Director of
the Department of Corrections and Human Services;
MIKE MAHONEY, Warden of Montana State
Prison; JANET COX, Records Department
Supervisor; MONTANA DEPARTMENT OF
CORRECTIONS AND HUMAN SERVICES,
and MONTANA STATE PRISON,
Defendants and Respondents.
APPEAL FROM: District Court of the First Judicial District,
In and For the County of Lewis and Clark,
Honorable Thomas C. Honzel, Judge Presiding
COUNSEL OF RECORD:
For Appellant:
Anthel L. Brown, Pro Se, Deer Lodge, Montana
For Respondent:
Honorable Mike McGrath, Attorney General, Helena, Montana
Diana Liebinger Koch, Department of Corrections, Helena, Montana
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Submitted on Briefs: December 6, 2001
Decided: March 28, 2002
Filed:
______________________________________
Clerk
Justice W. William Leaphart delivered the Opinion of the Court.
¶1 Anthel L. Brown appeals from the March 30, 2001, Memorandum and Order of the First Judicial
District Court, Lewis and Clark County, dismissing Brown’s claims. We affirm.
¶2 Brown raises the following issues on appeal:
¶3 1. Did the District Court err in granting judgment to Defendants without first conducting a
hearing?
¶4 2. Did the District Court err in holding that Brown failed to state a cognizable claim under 42 U.S.
C. § 1983?
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
¶5 In 1976, Brown was charged, convicted and sentenced on his plea of guilty to five separate
felonies. Brown was sentenced to serve ten years for theft, one hundred years for deliberate homicide,
twenty years for sexual intercourse without consent, forty years for robbery and twenty years for
aggravated assault. The court ordered that, for purposes of parole, the sentences were separate and
would be served consecutively. In 1982, Brown was sentenced to an additional four years for the
offense of escape, which sentence was to run consecutively to the 1976 sentences.
¶6 In 1993, Brown filed a petition for writ of habeas corpus with this Court. Brown argued that prison
officials had miscalculated his parole eligibility date by applying an unconstitutional parole statute and
through miscalculation and misapplication of his earned good time credits. We denied Brown’s petition,
holding that Brown had misinterpreted the parole statute and that the statute was constitutional.
Resolution of these issues did not require us to calculate or apply Brown’s earned good time credit.
¶7 In May 1996, Brown filed a complaint in the First Judicial District Court pursuant to 42 U.S.C. §§
1983, 1985, and 1988, seeking to address alleged deprivations of his rights by prison officials. Upon
motion by Defendants, the District Court dismissed the complaint for failure to state a claim, pursuant to
Rule 12(b)(6), M.R.Civ.P. The court held that the issues Brown raised in his complaint were, in
essence, the same issues previously litigated in his 1993 petition for writ of habeas corpus, and therefore
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the claims were barred by the doctrine of collateral estoppel.
¶8 Brown appealed and this Court remanded the case back to the District Court, concluding that the
District Court mischaracterized the issues in the 1993 Writ, and because we did not consider Brown’s
earned good time credits in the 1993 Writ, that three of Brown’s claims were not barred by collateral
estoppel. Brown’s remaining claims were: (1) prison officials’ alleged failure to apply good time credits
at 13 days per month from 1982 through 1992; (2) prison officials’ alleged failure to recalculate
Brown’s good time credits in light of statements made by them pertaining to Brown’s eligibility date in
his previous suit; and (3) application of the new inmate policy to Brown constituted an ex post facto
application of the law. Brown v. State (1997), No. 96-651 (unpublished) (hereinafter Brown I).
¶9 After an unexplained delay of approximately four years, the District Court dismissed Brown’s
remaining claims, holding that they were not cognizable under § 1983. This appeal followed.
DISCUSSION
¶10 Did the District Court err in granting judgment to Defendants without first holding a hearing?
¶11 Brown argues that the District Court’s failure “to follow the previous remand ORDER from this
Court April 15, 1997–over four (4) years ago, should be addressed by the Court and some type of
remedial ORDER or guidelines developed to require a District Court to hold hearings when ordered to
do so. This is an ongoing problem faced by pro se prisoner litigants at the District Court level which this
Court should address.”
¶12 Defendants did not respond to this argument in their brief, and Brown argues in his reply that “[f]
ailure to address this issue is an admission that Appellant is correct on the subject. Rule 8(d) of the
Rules of Civil Procedure.”
¶13 Rule 8(d), M.R.Civ.P., provides that, “[a]verments in a pleading to which a responsive pleading is
required, . . . are admitted when not denied in the responsive pleading. Averments in a pleading to
which no responsive pleading is required or permitted shall be taken as denied or avoided.”
¶14 Brown has misapplied Rule 8(d) to these proceedings. Rule 1, M.R.Civ.P., states that, “[t]hese
rules govern the procedure in the district courts of the state of Montana.” The Rules of Appellate
Procedure apply to this appeal, and those rules do not contain a provision similar to Rule 8(d).
¶15 On remand, the trial court is free to make any order or decision in further progress of the case, not
inconsistent with the decision of the appellate court. Haines Pipeline Const., Inc. v. Montana Power Co.
(1994), 265 Mont. 282, 290, 876 P.2d 632, 637.
¶16 In Brown I, our direction to “remand for further proceedings,” did not require the District Court to
conduct a hearing as argued by Brown. Accordingly, the District Court did not err when declining to
conduct a hearing on remand.
¶17 Did the District Court err in holding that Brown failed to state a cognizable claim under 42 U.S.C.
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§ 1983?
¶18 The District Court granted Defendants’ motion for judgment on the pleadings, pursuant to Rule 12
(c), M.R.Civ.P. A movant for judgment on the pleadings must establish that no material issue of fact
remains and that the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Hedges v. Woodhouse, 2000 MT
220, ¶ 8, 301 Mont. 180, ¶ 8, 8 P.3d 109, ¶ 8. The district court must construe the pleadings in the light
most favorable to the nonmoving party, whose allegations are taken as true. Hedges, ¶ 8. A district
court’s decision on a motion for judgment on the pleadings is a conclusion of law and this Court reviews
the district court’s conclusions of law to determine if the trial court’s decision was correct. Hedges, ¶ 8.
¶19 The District Court held that Brown’s claims were barred by Heck v. Humphrey (1994), 512 U.S.
477, 114 S.Ct. 2364, 129 L.Ed.2d 383. In Heck, the Supreme Court held that a state prisoner’s claim
for damages is not cognizable under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 if “a judgment in favor of the plaintiff would
necessarily imply the invalidity of his conviction or sentence,” unless the prisoner can demonstrate that
the conviction or sentence has been previously invalidated. Heck, 512 U.S. at 487, 114 S.Ct. at 2372,
129 L.Ed.2d at 394. The District Court concluded that Brown’s claim, essentially, is that “by
miscalculating his good time, the Defendants are subjecting him to extended unlawful incarceration.
This implicates the validity of his continued incarceration.”
¶20 Brown argues that the District Court erred in concluding that his claim implicates the validity of
his continued incarceration. He states that, because his sentence is for a total of 194 years, a favorable
ruling would only allow him an earlier parole appearance; his period of incarceration would not be
shortened because there is no guarantee that he would be granted parole.
¶21 Habeas corpus is the exclusive remedy for a state prisoner who challenges the fact or duration of
his confinement and seeks immediate or speedier release, even though such a claim may come within the
literal terms of § 1983. Preiser v. Rodriguez (1973), 411 U.S. 475, 500, 93 S.Ct. 1827, 1841, 36 L.Ed.2d
439, 456. In Preiser, the Supreme Court concluded that Congress had provided state prisoners with a
specific remedy through habeas corpus, and that specific provision overrides the general terms of § 1983.
¶22 In Heck, the petitioner did not seek immediate or speedier release, but monetary damages, and
argued that he could not obtain those damages through a habeas corpus proceeding. The Court held that:
in order to recover damages for allegedly unconstitutional conviction or
imprisonment, . . . a § 1983 plaintiff must prove that the conviction or sentence has been
reversed on direct appeal, expunged by executive order, declared invalid by a state
tribunal authorized to make such determination, or called into question by a federal
court’s issuance of a writ of habeas corpus, 28 U.S.C. § 2254. . . . Thus, when a state
prisoner seeks damages in a § 1983 suit, the district court must consider whether a
judgment in favor of the plaintiff would necessarily imply the invalidity of his conviction
or sentence; if it would, the complaint must be dismissed unless the plaintiff can
demonstrate that the conviction or sentence has already been invalidated. But if the
district court determines that the plaintiff’s action, even if successful, will not demonstrate
the invalidity of any outstanding criminal judgment against the plaintiff, the action should
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be allowed to proceed, in the absence of some other bar to the suit.
Heck, 512 U.S. at 486-87, 114 S.Ct. at 2372-73, 129 L.Ed.2d at 394.
¶23 Brown attempts to distinguish his situation from Heck and its progeny by casting his claim as one
for an earlier parole appearance, rather than as effecting his ultimate release date. He states that “[e]ven
if he were to receive ‘day for day’ good time credit toward this sentence [194 years], he would never
live long enough to discharge the sentence. The only result of a favorable ruling would be for him to
receive a parole appearance and be considered for parole.”
¶24 The Ninth Circuit considered a similar argument in Neal v. Shimoda (1997), 131 F.3d 818. In that
case, state prisoners were challenging their classification as sex offenders. As a result of the
classification, the prisoners became ineligible for parole until completing a treatment program. The
court held that this challenge did not fall under the rubric of Heck because a decision in the prisoners’
favor would not “undermine the validity of their convictions or continuing confinement at all. The only
benefit that a victory in this case would provide [the prisoners], besides the possibility of monetary
damages, is a ticket to get in the door of the parole board, thus only making them eligible for parole
consideration . . . [I]t will in no way guarantee parole or necessarily shorten their prison sentences by a
single day.” Neal, 131 F.3d at 824 (emphasis in original).
¶25 Brown’s case is easily distinguishable from Neal. The prisoners in Neal were challenging the
process by which they were declared sex offenders. The label did not affect their sentences, but only
affected their eligibility for parole. Brown, on the other hand, claims that prison officials improperly
calculated his good time credits. If Brown is successful and receives his good time credit, it will indeed
shorten his prison sentence, albeit not enough to have any practical impact.
¶26 We hold that Brown’s claims, if proven, would necessarily imply the invalidity of his conviction
or sentence and are therefore not cognizable under § 1983 unless he can demonstrate that the conviction
or sentence has already been invalidated. As we noted in Brown I, Brown’s claims are not barred by the
doctrine of collateral estoppel and may be brought in a proceeding for a writ of habeas corpus.
¶27 The District Court is affirmed.
/S/ W. WILLIAM
LEAPHART
We concur:
/S/ KARLA M. GRAY
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/S/ JAMES C. NELSON
/S/ JIM REGNIER
/S/ JIM RICE
Justice Patricia O. Cotter dissents.
¶28 In Heck v. Humphrey, a portion of which is set forth in ¶ 22 of the Court’s opinion, the United
States Supreme Court held that if the District Court determines that the plaintiff’s action, even if
successful, would not demonstrate the invalidity of his outstanding criminal conviction, then a § 1983
action should be allowed to proceed, unless there is some other bar to the suit. Heck, 512 U.S. at 486-
87. Here, even if Brown was successful in his action, his outstanding criminal judgment would not in
any sense be invalidated.
¶29 As in Neil v. Shimoda, cited by this Court at ¶ 24, the only benefit Brown might receive if his §
1983 cause of action was successful, would be a possible advancement of his opportunity to appear
before the Parole Board. This brings his case squarely within the Neil v. Shimoda holding. I would
therefore reverse the holding of the District Court that Brown failed to state a cognizable cause of action
under 42 U.S.C. 1983.
/S/
PATRICIA COTTER
Justice Terry N. Trieweiler joins in the foregoing dissent.
/S/ TERRY
N. TRIEWEILER
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