Seaboard Air Line Railroad v. Atlantic Coast Line Railroad

82 S.E.2d 771 (1954) 240 N.C. 495

SEABOARD AIR LINE R. CO.
v.
ATLANTIC COAST LINE R. CO. et al.

No. 594.

Supreme Court of North Carolina.

July 9, 1954.

Varser, McIntyre & Henry, Lumberton, and James B. McDonough, Jr., Norfolk, Va., for plaintiff, appellee.

M. V. Barnhill, Jr., Gen. Sol., Wilmington, and F. S. Spreeill, Rocky Mount, for defendant Atlantic Coast Line R. Co., appellant.

Hogue & Hogue, Wilmington, for defendant Wilmington Railway Bridge Company, appellant.

BOBBITT, Justice.

Is Seaboard entitled as a matter of right, upon the facts established, to use the turnout from Bridge Company trackage at Power Plant Junction to serve the power plant and so compete with Coast Line, notwithstanding Coast Line has no need or desire to make joint use thereof and notwithstanding its refusal to consent to the construction and use thereof by Seaboard? If it has such legal right, Seaboard will suffer irreparable injury unless Coast Line is enjoined from wrongful interference with Seaboard's exercise of such legal right; for such equitable relief alone will afford Seaboard a plain, adequate and complete remedy.

Coast Line insists that Seaboard cannot use the Bridge Company's properties, in the absence of its consent, to its detriment; and the detriment contemplated is an impairment of what it contends to be its exclusive right to serve the power plant.

While the Power Company's business is the cause of the present controversy, if Coast Line's position prevails Seaboard will be precluded from serving not only the power plant but any other industrial plant now or hereafter established in the area between the Fayetteville-Wilmington line of the Coast Line and the Cape Fear River. The result would give Coast Line a monopoly of freight service in this area by effectively eliminating competition. The turnout at Power Plant Junction, breaking out from Bridge Company trackage, and the spur track therefrom to the power plant, is the only feasible way available to Seaboard to serve the power plant and other industries located in this area. This area, once a barren wasteland, shows promise now of becoming a present-day Mesopotamia.

Seaboard and Coast Line have separately owned tracks, yards and other facilities in the City of Wilmington. The separate Wilmington facilities of each connect with Bridge Company trackage at Hilton.

Coast Line now uses Bridge Company trackage to serve the power plant. Whether routed over its Fayetteville-Wilmington line, or over its Florence-Wilmington line, inbound cars of materials and of coal destined for the power plant are brought via Bridge Company trackage to Coast Line's Wilmington yards. Thereafter, such cars are moved by Coast Line switch engine over Bridge Company trackage to Yadkin Junction, thence on the Fayetteville-Wilmington line to Coast Line's turnout, thence on Coast Line's trackage to the power plant.

Under Seaboard's present usage, in accordance with the judgment of the court below, inbound cars of materials and coal on its Hamlet-Wilmington line, destined for the power plant, are brought via Bridge Company trackage to Seaboard's Wilmington yards. Thereafter, such cars are moved by Seaboard switch engine over Bridge Company trackage to Power Plant Junction, then over Seaboard's turnout and trackage to the power plant.

Coast Line has refused to accord to Seaboard reciprocal switching privileges. If such privileges were accorded, Seaboard could deliver its cars to Coast Line's yards in Wilmington and then, for a switching charge, Coast Line would switch Seaboard's cars to the power plant. While not the basis of decision, this attitude is illustrative of Coast Line's insistence upon monopolistic privileges within the power plant area.

While the record and exhibits are too voluminous to discuss in detail, some further statement of relevant facts is requisite to a full appreciation of the basis of decision. The facts stated herein, upon which decision is based, are either admitted or are findings of fact by the court below supported by competent evidence. In either event, they are deemed conclusively established. Town of Burnsville v. Boone, 231 N.C. 577, 58 S.E.2d 351.

By ordinance of the Convention of 1866 "The Wilmington and Weldon Railroad Company," "The Wilmington and Manchester Railroad Company," and "The Wilmington, Charlotte and Rutherfordton Railroad Company," their associates and assigns, were "created and constituted a body politic and corporate, for the term of ninety years, by the name and style of `The Wilmington Railway Bridge Company.'" In addition to corporate powers conferred by general statutes relating to corporations, it was expressly authorized to construct and erect bridges over the Cape Fear (then called north-western branch of the Cape Fear) and the Northeast Cape Fear rivers; to lay railroad tracks on the bridges; to connect such bridge tracks by railroad tracks running from one bridge to the other; and to extend and continue such a railroad on the east side of the Northeast Cape Fear to form a connection in Wilmington with the lines of the Wilmington and Weldon Railroad Company. By amendment, Acts of 1866-7, Chapter CXIII, the Bridge Company was authorized to connect with the lines of each of its three incorporators.

The Bridge Company, and each of the three incorporators, were authorized and empowered, "acting jointly and severally," to borrow money and to secure payment by a lease or mortgage of the Bridge Company's entire property.

Coast Line stresses a resolution adopted by the Board of Directors of the Bridge Company at its first meeting held September 6, 1866, providing: "Any alteration of the general route surveyed by M. P. Muller and adopted by this Board shall not be made unless the consent of each of the companies constituting this Corporation shall be previously obtained thereto." It will be observed that this resolution antedated the construction of the bridges and of Bridge Company's main trackage and plainly referred to the location thereof. We are not concerned in this controversy with the construction or location of additional Bridge Company trackage but only with the use to be made of its facilities by "the companies constituting" the Bridge Company.

The original incorporators subscribed to Bridge Company's capital stock as follows: Wilmington, Charlotte and Rutherfordton, $20,000 (50%); Wilmington and Weldon, $10,000 (25%); Wilmington and Manchester, $10,000 (25%).

By agreement between them, 8 November, 1866, they agreed to pay ½, ¼ and ¼, respectively, the current expenses and maintenance costs of the Bridge Company's properties and the interest and principal of the Bridge Company's funded indebtedness, consisting of $400,000 of bonds endorsed by the incorporators. The sale of these bonds provided the funds for construction of the bridges, tracks, etc.

Since the Bridge Company's sole reason for existence was to provide facilities (bridges and trackage) for use by its incorporators, their actions in becoming "the companies constituting" the Bridge Company, their subscriptions to its capital stock, their actions in becoming obligated for its indebtedness, and their contract inter se with reference to proportional payment by the incorporators of the capital outlay and current expense obligations of Bridge Company, show clearly that the basis for these dealings was the understanding and agreement that these incorporators, operating railroads, and their successors, had equal rights, inter se, as to user of Bridge Company facilities. Such user rights, predicated on contract, arose by clear implication. What is said by Mack, Circuit Judge, in Great Lakes & St. Lawrence Transp. Co. v. Scranton Coal Co., 7 Cir., 239 F. 603, 607, a case involving a different factual situation, is pertinent here:

"Precedent can throw but little light on the sound interpretation of such contracts, especially as to implying unexpressed obligations: each has its own individuality, its own background and surrounding circumstances. Words are only symbols, and at times, even in the most formal agreement, but elliptical expressions of the mutual understanding; the underlying mutual intent, sought by both parties to be clothed in the language used, must be ascertained; text, context, and extrinsic circumstances, included prior negotiations and relations, may be considered to enable the court to view the matter from the standpoint of the parties at the time of making the contract."

During the period 1867 to 1 November, 1869 the Bridge Company built the bridges and constructed trackage from Navassa to Hilton. It was during this period of tripartite ownership that the Cape Fear and Yadkin Valley Railroad Company was authorized to build its Fayetteville-Wilmington line. (See Ch. 190, Laws of 1883.) The Cape Fear and Yadkin Valley approached Wilmington between the two rivers; and, in order to enter Wilmington, it had to connect with the Bridge Company trackage. Not being an incorporator of Bridge Company, or successor to such incorporator, the Cape Fear and Yadkin Valley had to obtain authority to connect with and to use the Bridge Company trackage. By contract of 3 December, 1889, approved by the stockholders and directors of the Bridge Company, Cape Fear and Yadkin Valley was permitted to make use of Bridge Company trackage for such purpose. Under this contract, Yadkin Junction was established. The Cape Fear and Yadkin Valley was acquired by Wilmington and Weldon (later Coast Line) in 1899. See Manning v. Atlantic & Y. R. Co., 188 N.C. 648, 125 S.E. 555. It is noteworthy that the present Fayetteville-Wilmington line of the Coast Line, from which its turnout to the power plant was constructed, was not in existence when Bridge Company built its bridges and main tracks.

Coast Line contends that Bridge Company built its bridges and its tracks as authorized by its charter and thus exhausted its statutory powers; hence, Coast Line contends, permission by Bridge Company to Seaboard to construct the turnout at Power Plant Junction would be ultra vires. The position is predicated upon the fact that Bridge Company's charter makes no mention of any turnout. The contention is without merit. If such be ultra vires, the contract permitting the construction and use by Cape Fear and Yadkin Valley (now Coast Line) of the turnout at Yadkin Junction is equally ultra vires. The purpose of the Bridge Company was not to limit railroad traffic but to encourage and facilitate railroad traffic for the benefit and industrial development of the Wilmington area and of the entire State. When Bridge Company was organized, the immediate need was to enable Wilmington, Charlotte and Rutherfordton and Wilmington and Manchester to cross the rivers and connect in Wilmington with Wilmington and Weldon. Bridge Company, by express charter provision was authorized to connect with the lines of each of its three incorporators. But we cannot accept the view that such authorization extended only to lines of the incorporators previously constructed and then in use. For the plain intent was that this jointly-owned facility was for the use and benefit of the incorporators in the development and expansion of their facilities and operations in respect to their future as well as their immediate needs. Compare, St. Louis, K. C. & C. R. Co. v. Wabash R. Co., 217 U.S. 247, 30 S. Ct. 510, 54 L. Ed. 752. Railroads have authority under general statute to provide "turnouts, sidings and switches" to serve industrial plants along or near their main lines. G.S. § 60-37 (7). In the absence of express statutory or charter authorization, the power to construct a railroad includes authority to construct such spur, industrial, switching and other auxiliary tracks as may be necessary to serve the public needs along or near the main line. 44 Am.Jur. 450, Railroads, sec. 231.

Coast Line became the legal successor of Wilmington and Weldon and of Wilmington, Columbia and Augusta (originally Wilmington and Manchester) in 1900. Prior thereto, these developments are noteworthy:

1. In 1892, the Bridge Company acquired the right of way for a spur track to a fertilizer factory. The cost of this construction was met in part by the sale of four of Bridge Company's second mortgage bonds. The balance was paid "by the three companies interested as stockholders in this Company, in the usual proportion." This is the origin of the Almont Spur or Junction, a turnout from Bridge Company trackage to serve industries along the west bank of the Northeast Cape Fear.

2. In 1892, the then bonded indebtedness of $210,000 was refunded by a new issue of 50-year Consolidated Bonds, guaranteed by the (then) three proprietary companies. These were paid 1 April, 1943, at maturity, half by Seaboard and half by Coast Line.

3. In 1894, the original spur from Almont Junction was extended to serve a new industry.

After Coast Line's acquisition of the rights, franchises, property, etc., of its said two predecessors, Coast Line and Seaboard made certain contracts, the Bridge Company being a party thereto, which modified in certain particulars the contract of 8 November, 1866, between the original incorporators. Except as modified, the original contract of 8 November, 1866, was to remain in force and effect. The more important later contracts will be considered.

Under the contract of 22 May, 1909, it was provided "that the Coast Line Company and the Receivers (of Seaboard), or their successors, shall have charge and control of the operation and maintenance of the bridges and railway property of the Bridge Company alternately for a period of five years each, first period of operation to be assumed by the Coast Line Company to commence on the first day of July, 1909, and to continue for five years thence next ensuing." Previously, the proprietary roads had an arrangement whereby they alternated in respect to the actual control and operation of Bridge Company trackage.

In respect of the cost of improvements, additions and replacements made upon the bridges and railway property of the Bridge Company, and in respect of the bonded indebtedness, no change was made; for these obligations were to be paid on the basis of the respective stock holdings of the Coast Line and of Seaboard, to wit, 50% each.

However, in lieu of the original agreement that operation and maintenance costs were to be paid in proportion to respective stock holdings, an entirely different plan was adopted. It was provided that all operation and maintenance costs, including salaries, supplies, repairs, taxes, insurance, etc., were to be apportioned between Coast Line and Seaboard on a user or wheelage basis. A schedule was provided for determination of the proportion to be paid by each railroad. Thus, each car in freight or passenger trains moving over the whole length of the Bridge Company's track was to count as one car while each freight, passenger or yard engine making the same trip was to count as two cars. Another item in this schedule was worded as follows: "Each freight and passenger car moving over the Bridge Company's track between Hilton and Yadkin Junction and intermediate points to count * * * ½ car."

Express provisions, set forth in detail, provide for the responsibility of the Coast Line Company and the Receivers (of Seaboard), and their successors, as between themselves, for the defense and payment of all claims, etc., "accruing for loss or injury either to person or estate, arising out of the operation of the tracks, or other property, to be used jointly," etc. (Emphasis added.)

It was provided in the contract of 22 May, 1909, "that all questions and disputes between the parties hereto, as to the proper meaning and interpretation of this supplemental agreement, shall upon request of either the Receivers (of Seaboard) or the Coast Line Company, made to the other in writing, be referred for settlement to a board of arbitrators," to be constituted as specifically provided. (Emphasis added.) The term of the contract of 22 May, 1909, was 15 years.

A supplemental agreement was made 25 May, 1926, between Seaboard, Coast Line and Bridge Company. By its terms, the contract of 22 May, 1909, was continued in effect from year to year until cancelled by either Seaboard or Coast Line by giving at least a year's notice to the other parties. The operation and maintenance of the bridges and property was assumed by the Coast Line during the continuance of this supplemental agreement. However, the Seaboard was given the right to assume such operation and maintenance at any time within five years from the date of the supplemental agreement by giving at least one year's prior written notice to the other parties hereto of its desire so to do.

The item listed in the contract of 22 May, 1909, as the basis for determining the wheelage or user to be charged to each party, quoted above, was modified so as to read as follows: "Each freight and passenger car moving over the Bridge Company's track between Hilton and Yadkin Junction and intermediate points, and each freight and passenger car moving between Navassa and Yadkin Junction and intermediate points will be counted as one-half car in pro rating the expense." (Emphasis added.)

This single specific modification suggests that the parties in 1926 contemplated that there would be new industrial plants located on the east bank of the Cape Fear, to be served by a junction, turnout and spur breaking from the Bridge Company trackage between Navassa and Yadkin Junction similar to the Almont Junction, turnout and spur. Only in such case, would there be intermediate points between Navassa and Yadkin Junction.

By contract of 20 April, 1931, Seaboard waived "the taking over of the operation and maintenance of said bridges and railway property on May 1, 1931, with understanding that the Seaboard Air Line Railway Company, its Receivers, or their respective successors or assigns in interest under the contract, shall have the option by giving to the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad Company ninety (90) days written notice in advance, to take over such operation and maintenance on May 1, 1936, and/or at the end of any five-year period thereafter so long as the contract continued in effect: and should said option be exercised at any time or from time to time the Seaboard Air Line Railway Company, its Receivers, or their respective successors or assigns in interest under the contract, shall operate and maintain said bridges and railway property for a period of five years, but at the expiration thereof the next succeeding five-year period of operation and maintenance shall be taken over by the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad Company." The current five-year period of operation by Coast Line extends until 1 May, 1956.

After the Coast Line acquired the franchise, properties, etc., in 1900, of Wilmington and Weldon and of Wilmington, Columbia and Augusta (originally Wilmington and Manchester), various tracks were provided for industries north and south of the Bridge Company trackage, accessible from the Almont Junction. We deem it unnecessary to review the voluminous correspondence dealing with each of these. In some instances, the Seaboard took the initiative in the construction of a spur track or siding. In other instances, the initiative was taken by the Coast Line. For limited periods, certain tracks were used by one road alone. Eventually, however, whether the title was in Bridge Company, Seaboard or Coast Line, or in Seaboard and Coast Line jointly, joint ownership and joint use was agreed upon. The same applies to trackage serving industries at Navassa. We find nothing in the correspondence that helps us in the resolution of the question here presented. Usually, the road taking the initiative was encouraging the other to participate in the venture by paying its proportionate part of the cost. But the power plant differs from previously established industries thus jointly served. It is an understatement to say that the power plant is not an ordinary industrial plant in relation to its freight service requirements.

The operation of the Bridge Company trackage, under the exclusive control of the Coast Line until 1 May, 1956, is handled in this way.

"Operation of trains, engines and cars over the Bridge Company's main line trackage is controlled by what is known as an absolute block.

"No train or engine is permitted to enter upon the Bridge Company's main line at Navassa, Yadkin Junction, Almont Junction or Hilton without first coming to a full stop, and having a member of the train crew get permission to proceed, which is known as getting the block.

"There are telephone booths at each of those points with telephones that are connected with the office of the Coast Line's train dispatcher at Wilmington.

"The member of the train crew at present telephones the Coast Line's train dispatcher to get the block.

"The train or engine then proceeds on the Bridge Company's main line. When it leaves the main line a member of the train crew telephones the dispatcher and releases the block. In the meantime, the dispatcher permits no other movement upon the Bridge Company's main line.

"The point at which the track constructed by the Seaboard to reach and serve the power plant breaks out of the main line of the Bridge Company was designated as `Power Junction.'

"When the Seaboard constructed the turnout at Power Junction it erected a telephone booth at that point in which it installed a telephone and connected the same with the same telephone circuits as the telephones at Navassa, Yadkin Junction, Almont Junction, and Hilton."

The train crew using Power Plant Junction contacts the Coast Line's Dispatcher to "get the block." This is incident to Coast Line's control of operations of Bridge Company facilities until 1 May, 1956. In the event Seaboard takes over control of operations then, Seaboard's Dispatcher will "give the block to the train crew using Power Plant and other junctions. The railroad having control of operations at any particular time has the burden of providing the Dispatcher and of directing from his office the movement of trains; but even so, the expense thereof is an operation expense of the Bridge Company to be apportioned in accordance with the wheelage formula.

The Bridge Company was organized and its rights of way acquired and its construction program completed in the years immediately following the close of the Civil War. In North Carolina, railroad financing was difficult. Three railroads were authorized to go into Wilmington. Only the Wilmington and Weldon could reach Wilmington. Its line into Wilmington was east of the Northeast Cape Fear. No connection could be made between it and the two lines approaching from the west and terminating on the west bank of the Cape Fear. Bridges spanning two rivers were required. The Bridge Company was the means by which the three railroad companies at their joint expense could expand and improve their facilities. In effect, the Bridge Company bridges and tracks became a part of the line of each of the railroads entering Wilmington from the west. Cross over the bridges, says the Coast Line, but there is nothing denominated in the bond that gives you the right to break out from this jointly owned trackage to serve industrial plants between the rivers. We have acquired the Cape Fear and Yadkin Valley, which has a line between the rivers; and its contract with Bridge Company back in 1889 gave the Cape Fear and Yadkin Valley the right to connect with Bridge Company trackage. All parties consented to that. That's our Fayetteville-Wilmington line. Thus, we can use the Bridge Company facilities in serving the power plant. But just because the Bridge Company, through its stockholders gave consent to that arrangement, doesn't mean that we have to give consent that Seaboard break out from Bridge Company trackage at Power Plant Junction and thus use Bridge Company facilities in serving the power plant, to our detriment, i. e., so that we will be deprived of a monopoly of the power plant business.

The position is lacking in realism. It ignores the fact that the manifest purpose for the organization of Bridge Company was to enable the incorporators thereof to expand their railroad facilities in order that public requirements for better service might be met. The incorporators were operating railroad companies. Bridge Company was not an operating railroad company. Stock ownership alone does not give Seaboard its right of user of Bridge Company bridges and trackage. The key factor is that the underlying and sole reason for the creation and existence of Bridge Company was to afford joint and equal use of the facilities to its incorporators, to wit, "the companies constituting" the Bridge Company, and their successors, as a constituent part of their operating railroad systems. Therefore, the right of each incorporator, and of its successors, to the use of such joint facilities and trackage is derived from the nature and circumstances of the original incorporation of Bridge Company and implemented by the contract of 8 November, 1866, not from stock ownership or from contract with the Bridge Company as a separate corporate entity. Compare, Chicago, M. & St. P. R. Co. v. Des Moines Union R. Co., 254 U.S. 196, 41 S. Ct. 81, 65 L. Ed. 219.

The Bridge Company was not organized to engage in business. Its original incorporators, and their respective successors, were not stockholders in the ordinary sense. They expected and received no dividends. What the original incorporators did acquire, to which Seaboard and Coast Line have succeeded, was the right of each to use the Bridge Company facilities; and no corporate action, by stockholders or directors, could deprive any incorporator, or its successor, from the use of the Bridge Company facilities, subject to a similar right in the other(s), in the operation of its railroad system. Thus, the Bridge Company facilities became an integral part of each system; and the right of each incorporator, and its successor, to equal rights in the use thereof springs from the nature of the original incorporation, confirmed by usage and course of dealings across the years. The owner-railroads built and maintained the bridges and the trackage for their use, as part of their respective railroad systems; and the Bridge Company has been and is the corporate agency or device through which they share both the capital outlay and the operational costs. This view is in accord with the following, quoted from the Court's statement of facts in Wilmington Railway Bridge Co. v. Board of Com'rs of New Hanover County, 72 N.C. 15, 16: "The plaintiff corporation owns no rolling stock or property of any kind other than its franchise, in connection with the line of road and the bridges before referred to, which are in fact part of the lines of the two companies mentioned, the exclusive use thereof being vested in said companies in perpetuity, by a formal covenant and agreement entered into some years ago between the said railroad companies and the plaintiff." (Emphasis added.) Also, in 1922, the U. S. General Director of Railroads was notified, pursuant to resolution of the stockholders of Bridge Company, that the Bridge Company's property was owned and operated "as a joint facility by and for the benefit of its owner lines," Coast Line and Seaboard.

We cannot regard Seaboard and Coast Line as stockholders in the ordinary sense. They are co-owners of a facility which is in existence for their joint use. While in Chicago, M. & St. P. R. Co. v. Minneapolis Civic & Commerce Ass'n, 247 U.S. 490, 38 S. Ct. 553, 557, 62 L. Ed. 1229, the coowners of a joint facility were acting in concert to use such facility as a means of exacting higher charges, statements from the opinion are applicable here. Ordinary rules relating to stock ownership have no application, says Mr. Justice Clarke, "* * * where stock ownership has been resorted to not for the purpose of participating in the affairs of a corporation in the normal and usual manner, but for the purpose, as in this case, of controlling a subsidiary company so that it may be used as a mere agency or instrumentality of the owning company or companies. * * * In such a case the courts will not permit themselves to be blinded or deceived by mere forms of law but, regardless of fictions, will deal with the substance of the transaction involved as if the corporate agency did not exist and as the justice of the case may require."

We do not suggest that Bridge Company is without significance as a separate corporate entity. Through corporate meetings, formal actions relating mainly to financing, taxes, execution of mortgages, deeds, etc., have been taken. Such actions, involving dealings with third parties, are binding upon the corporation and its stockholders. But controversies between its coowners, which draw into focus their rights, inter se, as to user of Bridge Company facilities may not be resolved through ordinary corporate procedures. Such differences as have arisen in the past were resolved by negotiations resulting in agreement. After agreement was reached, the stockholders and directors of Bridge Company authorized such action as was appropriate to implement the previously reached agreement of the co-owners. Unfortunately, the coowners did not reach agreement on the subject of the present controversy. Consequently, the Court must adjudicate their respective rights, inter se.

There is persuasive support for the position that each of the owner-railroads is entitled to the use of Bridge Company facilities as a part of its railroad system by the construction and use of a new turnout from Bridge Company trackage, such as that at Power Plant Junction, subject to limitations such as: first, when reasonably necessary to do so to provide service to the public, including industrial plants; second, when it accords the other the privilege, upon payment of one-half the cost, to share equally in the use thereof; and third, when it does not substantially impair the usage thereof by the other railroad. If this test were applied, Seaboard, upon findings of fact supported by competent evidence, would be clearly entitled to construct and use Power Plant Junction as its turnout from Bridge Company trackage to the power plant.

But adoption of the position stated above is unnecessary upon the record before us. In any event, neither the Seaboard nor the Coast Line has any right superior to the other to use the Bridge Company's facilities. Each has equal right to use such facilities for the same purposes and in substantially the same manner as the other. Coast Line in fact now uses such facilities to serve the power plant. True, its lines are so located that it can use the Yadkin Junction turnout, not available to the Seaboard. But this does not mean that Seaboard, because of the location of its separately owned lines, is precluded from making a use of Bridge Company trackage similar to that now made by Coast Line. Equal user is not restricted to identical user. The new junction and turnout (Power Plant Junction) afford Seaboard a right of user of Bridge Company facilities similar in character, purpose and operation to that made by Coast Line.

As stated above, the inbound cars of both lines move over Bridge Company trackage into their respective Wilmington yards and thereafter move again by switch engines to the respective junctions and thence to the power plant. To accord Coast Line the sole right to use the Bridge Company trackage in such manner and for such purpose would be a denial of a corresponding right to Seaboard to use Bridge Company trackage in violation of what was contemplated when Bridge Company was incorporated, namely, equal rights in the use of a joint facility intended for use and since used as a constituent part of the railroad system of each incorporator and its successor.

Operation of Seaboard's Power Plant Junction will not impair the usage of Bridge Company trackage by the Coast Line. Seaboard's Power Plant Junction will function in like manner with Coast Line's Yadkin Junction and the joint Almont Junction. The block signal system will operate in like manner. Computation of Seaboard's proportion of operation and maintenance costs will be made in accordance with contract of 22 May, 1909, as modified by the contract of 25 May, 1926. Power Plant Junction is an intermediate point between Navassa and Yadkin Junction. Provisions as to liabilities, inter se, as set forth in the contract of 22 May, 1909, with reference to injuries and damages caused by operations, are appropriate. The same number of cars will break into and break out of Bridge Company trackage. The only difference is that some will consist of freight handled by Seaboard and some (but not all) by Coast Line. Too, this construction of the legal rights of Seaboard and of Coast Line, inter se, is in accord with (1) the status of Bridge Company both originally and now as a cooperative venture for the equal benefit of the owner-railroads, and with (2) the public interest, i. e., competition rather than monopoly.

Railroads are quasi-public corporations, created to serve primarily the public good and convenience. As such they exercise public franchise rights, including that of eminent domain. G.S. § 40-2. And, as stated by Clark, C. J., in Virginia & C. S. R. Co. v. Seaboard Air Line R. Co., 161 N.C. 531, 78 S.E. 68, 70: "As a matter of public policy, the state encourages competition among common carriers so that the public may have the resulting benefits." See G.S. § 60-60. Nor will one railroad corporation be permitted to thwart the efforts of another to render railroad service on a competitive basis by refusal to allow it reasonable use of its own right of way and trackage. Under the statute now codified as G.S. § 60-37, one railroad corporation was adjudged entitled to condemn a right to use another railroad corporation's right of way for the purpose of operating a parallel track thereon from which competitive service could be provided, there being no substantial interference with the operating facilities of the other railroad. North Carolina & R. & D. R. Co. v. Carolina Central R. Co., 83 N.C. 489. In Corporation Com. v. Seaboard Air Line R. R. (Industrial Siding Case), 140 N.C. 239, 52 S.E. 941, under the statute now codified as G.S. § 62-45, it was held that the Corporation Commission had authority to require the construction of a sidetrack to serve an industry. And in Virginia & C. S. R. Co. v. Seaboard Air Line R. Co., supra, under the statute now codified as G.S. § 60-37, one railroad was held entitled to condemn a right to cross the right of way and track of another railroad in order that it might reach industrial plants and provide competitive railroad services. See Virginia & C. S. R. Co. v. Seaboard Air Line R. Co., on rehearing, 165 N.C. 425, 81 S.E. 617.

Where practicable, and the prospect of profitable operation exists, the public interest requires that industrial plants be provided with competitive service. It is quite clear that the Power Plant contemplated and now desires such competitive service.

Assume no railroad line approached Wilmington between the rivers. Undoubtedly, the Utilities Commission would have authority to require both Seaboard and Coast Line to construct side tracks to industries established between the rivers where there was a prospect of profitable operations, to the end that competitive service be provided. True, the statute limits the distance to 500 feet when such construction is required by order of the Utilities Commission. This is unimportant in this connection. The right to break out from the Bridge Company trackage to construct industrial spurs, sidetracks, etc., is here involved. Would the authority of the Utilities Commission be limited by the circumstance that the Coast Line can reach the power plant without breaking out from the Bridge Company trackage? On the contrary, in the public interest, it would be its duty to provide competitive service, assuming the prospect of profitable operation. Too, it would seem that, in the absence of a present legal right to use the Power Plant Junction as authorized by the judgment below, Seaboard would have the right to condemn such right of user in a properly constituted condemnation proceeding. Be that as it may, we are not dealing presently either with an order of the Utilities Commission or with a judgment in a condemnation proceeding; and under our decision action by the Utilities Commission or by condemnation proceeding is unnecessary.

Coast Line insists that Seaboard's sole remedy is to invoke the arbitration provisions of the contract of 22 May, 1909. There are at least two answers to this position. In the first place, each party thereto has the right, not the duty, to invoke the arbitration provisions; and neither has done so. In the second place, the arbitration clause concerns "questions and disputes as to the proper meaning and interpretation of this supplemental agreement." Since the subject matter of this controversy is not comprehended by the terms of the contract of 22 May, 1909, the arbitration provisions are inapplicable.

The Bridge Company demurred ore tenus in this court on the ground that the complaint fails to allege facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action. The ground assigned is that Seaboard, being a stockholder of Bridge Company, could not sue Bridge Company without first exhausting its rights as stockholder within the corporation. The position is untenable. The law will not require a vain thing. Bridge Company and Coast Line, through persons who acted for both, denied Seaboard's right to construct Power Plant Junction, turnout and trackage.

The Bridge Company has no independent status or interest. Whatever the outcome of this controversy between its co-owners, the Bridge Company stands neither to gain nor to lose. It receives no revenues, pays no bills. Again, we advert to the fact that the co-owners pay no charge to the Bridge Company for the use of its facilities. As to operational and maintenance costs they pay its bills in the proportion determined on the wheelage or user basis and each pays 50% of its capital outlay costs. It holds legal title to properties. But in essence it is simply used by Seaboard and Coast Line, its co-owners, as a device to work out details of the usage of the jointly owned facilities. It is an instrumentality of its co-owners. Their rights, inter se, in respect of the use of the Bridge Company facilities, do not depend upon action of stockholders and directors within the corporate form. As heretofore observed, they spring from the nature of the original incorporation, confirmed by usage and course of dealings across the years. Seaboard's position is predicated upon legal rights vested in it as successor to an incorporator. Its position is quite different from a stockholder whose rights spring solely from stock ownership.

A further contention of Coast Line, stressed upon the oral argument, has not been overlooked. Coast Line contends that the complaint is predicated upon allegations that Coast Line, during the current period when it has operational control of Bridge Company facilities, is an active trustee in respect to properties the title to which is held by Bridge Company as passive trustee, and that Coast Line's refusal to permit Seaboard to use the Power Plant Junction is arbitrary and in breach of trust. True, the complaint contains such allegations. But the facts alleged plainly disclose that Seaboard's case is grounded upon its legal right to use Bridge Company facilities in connection with Power Plant Junction. In fact, this is the basis assigned for the alleged trust. So, stripped of legal conclusions relating to a trust theory, the substance of the complaint is that Coast Line's officials and employees, presently in control of the operation of Bridge Company properties, wrongfully interfered with the exercise by Seaboard of its legal right to use Power Plant Junction as its means of serving the power plant.

No decision has been called to our attention or found in our own research that is sufficiently analogous on the facts to constitute a precedent of substantial help. Apparently, this case is sui generis. However, we have examined each of the authorities cited. In so doing, our experience was similar to that expressed by Samuel Johnson in the preface to his famed dictionary:

"I saw that one inquiry only gave occasion to another, that book referred to book, that to search was not always to find, and to find was not always to be informed; and that thus to pursue perfection was, like the first inhabitants of Arcadia, to chase the sun, which, when they had reached the hill where he seemed to rest, was still beheld at the same distance from them."

While discussion of each assignment of error would be unduly tedious, all assignments of error have been considered; and there is none of merit sufficient to warrant another hearing or a different result.

For the reasons stated, we conclude that, upon findings of fact supported by sufficient competent evidence, the judgment is correct in law and should be affirmed.

Affirmed.