Kimberley Rice Kaestner 1992 Family Trust v. N.C. Dep't of Revenue

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF NORTH CAROLINA
No. COA15-896
Filed: 5 July 2016
Wake County, No. 12 CVS 8740
THE KIMBERLEY RICE KAESTNER 1992 FAMILY TRUST, Plaintiff,
v.
NORTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT OF REVENUE, Defendant.
Appeal by defendant from order entered 23 April 2015 by Judge Gregory P.
McGuire in Wake County Superior Court. Heard in the Court of Appeals 23 February
2016.
Attorney General Roy Cooper, by Assistant Attorney General Peggy S. Vincent,
for the State.
Moore & Van Allen, PLLC, by Thomas D. Myrick, Neil T. Bloomfield and Kara
N. Bitar, for plaintiff-appellee.
BRYANT, Judge.
Where North Carolina did not demonstrate the minimum contacts necessary
to satisfy the principles of due process required to tax an out-of-state trust, we affirm
the lower court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of the trust and uphold the
order directing the Department of Revenue to refund taxes and penalties paid by the
trust.
On 21 June 2012, representatives of plaintiff The Kimberley Rice Kaestner
1992 Family Trust (the Trust) filed a complaint against the North Carolina
THE KIMBERLEY RICE KAESTNER 1992 FAM. TR. V. NC DEPT. OF REVENUE
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Department of Revenue (the Department) after the Department denied a request to
refund taxes the Trust paid during tax years 2005 through 2008. The claims brought
forth alleged that taxes imposed upon the Trust pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 105-
160.2 were imposed in violation of due process, the Commerce Clause, and the North
Carolina Constitution. Pursuant to section 105-160.2, taxes are “computed on the
amount of taxable income of the estate or trust that is for the benefit of a resident of
this State[.]”
In 1992, an inter vivos trust (original trust) was established by settlor Joseph
Lee Rice III, with William B. Matteson as trustee. The situs, or location, of the
original trust was New York. The primary beneficiaries of the original trust were the
settlor’s descendants (none of whom lived in North Carolina at the time of the trust’s
creation). In 2002, the original trust was divided into three separate trusts: one for
each of the settlor’s children (Kimberley Rice Kaestner, Daniel Rice, and Lee Rice).
At that time in 2002, Kimberley Rice Kaestner, the beneficiary of plaintiff Kimberley
Rice Kaestner 1992 Family Trust, was a resident and domiciliary of North Carolina.
On 21 December 2005, William B. Matteson resigned as trustee for the three separate
trusts. The settlor then appointed a successor trustee, who resided in Connecticut.
Tax returns were filed in North Carolina on behalf of the Kimberley Rice Kaestner
1992 Family Trust for tax years ending in 2005, 2006, 2007, and 2008 for income
accumulated by the Trust but not distributed to a North Carolina beneficiary. In
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2009, representatives of the Trust filed a claim for a refund of taxes paid to the
Department amounting to $1,303,172.00, for tax years 2005, 2006, 2007, and 2008.
The claim was denied. Trust representatives commenced a contested case action in
the Office of Administrative Hearings (OAH). However, the OAH dismissed the
contested case for lack of jurisdiction: the sole issue was the constitutionality of the
enabling statute, G.S. § 105-160.2. The current action commenced in Wake County
Superior Court and, thereafter, was designated as a mandatory complex business
case.
On 11 February 2013, the Honorable John R. Jolly, Jr., Chief Special Superior
Court Judge for Complex Business Cases, entered an order ruling on a motion to
dismiss filed by the Department.1 Based on the Court’s order, the Department
asserted Rules 12(b)(1), (2), and (6) as a basis for dismissal of the constitutional claims
and the injunctive relief. Judge Jolly found that “[N.C. Gen. Stat. §] 105-241.19 set
out exclusive remedies for disputing the denial of a requested refund and expressly
prohibit[ed] actions for injunctive relief to prevent the collection of a tax.” Judge Jolly
granted the Department’s motion to dismiss the Trust’s claim for injunctive relief
which sought a refund of all taxes paid. However, Judge Jolly denied the
Department’s motion to dismiss the Trust’s constitutional claims, concluding “there
is at least a colorable argument that North Carolina’s imposition of a tax on a foreign
1 The Department’s motion to dismiss was not made a part of the record on appeal.
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trust based solely on the presence of a beneficiary in the state does not conform with
the Due Process Clause, the Commerce Clause or Section 19 [of Article I of the North
Carolina Constitution].”
On 8 July 2014, the Trust moved for summary judgment, alleging there were
no genuine issues of material fact: the Trust had paid the State of North Carolina
over $1.3 million in taxes for tax years 2005 through 2008; the Trust was established
by a non-resident settlor, governed by laws outside of North Carolina, operated by a
non-resident trustee, and did not make any distributions to a beneficiary residing in
North Carolina during the pertinent period. The Trust requested that the court
declare General Statutes, section 105-160.2 unconstitutional and order a refund of all
taxes and penalties paid by the Trust.
The Department also filed a motion for summary judgment. In it, the
Department acknowledged that all of the Trust assets were intangibles, and that
during the pertinent years, the Trust beneficiaries received no distributions from the
Trust. However, quoting a case from the State of Connecticut, Chase Manhattan
Bank v. Gavin, 249 Conn. 172, 204–05, 733 A.2d 782, 802 (1999), the Department
stated:
[J]ust as the state may tax the undistributed income of a
trust based on the presence of the trustee in the state
because it gives the trustee the protection and benefits of
its laws; it may tax the same income based on the domicile
of the sole noncontingent beneficiary because it gives her the
same protections and benefits.
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(emphasis added).
A summary judgment hearing was held in Wake County Superior Court before
the Honorable Gregory P. McGuire, Special Superior Court Judge for Complex
Business Cases. In an order entered 23 April 2015, Judge McGuire granted the
motion for summary judgment filed on behalf of the Trust and denied the
Department’s motion. Judge McGuire concluded that N.C. Gen. Stat. § 105-160.2was unconstitutional as applied and ordered the Department to refund any taxes and
penalties paid pursuant to that statute. The Department appeals.
_______________________________________
On appeal, the Department argues that the Trust cannot meet its burden to
prove it is entitled to a refund of state taxes paid on its accumulated income.
Specifically, the Department contends that the Business Court erred when it
concluded that taxation of the Trust based on the residence of the beneficiary violated
(A) due process under both the federal and state constitutions, as well as (B) the
Commerce Clause of the federal constitution. We disagree.
Standard of Review
When assessing a challenge to the constitutionality of
legislation, this Court's duty is to determine whether the
General Assembly has complied with the constitution. . . .
In performing our task, we begin with a presumption that
the laws duly enacted by the General Assembly are valid.
Baker v. Martin, 330 N.C. 331, 334, 410 S.E.2d 887, 889
(1991). North Carolina courts have the authority and
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responsibility to declare a law unconstitutional, but only
when the violation is plain and clear. State ex rel. Martin
v. Preston, 325 N.C. 438, 449, 385 S.E.2d 473, 478 (1989).
Stated differently, a law will be declared invalid only if its
unconstitutionality is demonstrated beyond reasonable
doubt. Baker, 330 N.C. at 334–35, 410 S.E.2d at 889.
Hart v. State, 368 N.C. 122, 126, 774 S.E.2d 281, 284 (2015).
Due Process
The Department contends that the trial court erred when it concluded that
taxation of the Trust based solely on the residence of the beneficiaries violated due
process under both the federal and state constitutions.
“The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides that
‘[n]o State shall . . . deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process
of law[.]’ U.S. Const. amend. XIV.” Johnston v. State, 224 N.C. App. 282, 304, 735
S.E.2d 859, 875 (2012) (alteration in original), writ allowed, review on additional
issues denied, 366 N.C. 562, 738 S.E.2d 360, aff'd, 367 N.C. 164, 749 S.E.2d 278(2013). “No person shall be . . . in any manner deprived of his life, liberty, or property,
but by the law of the land.” N.C. Const. art. I, § 19. “ ‘The term “law of the land” as
used in Article I, Section 19, of the Constitution of North Carolina, is synonymous
with “due process of law” as used in the Fourteenth Amendment to the Federal
Constitution.’ ” Rhyne v. K-Mart Corp., 358 N.C. 160, 180, 594 S.E.2d 1, 15 (2004)
(quoting In re Moore, 289 N.C. 95, 98, 221 S.E.2d 307, 309 (1976)). “For purposes of
taxation, ‘the requirements of . . . “due process” are, for all practical purposes, the
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same under both the State and Federal Constitutions.’ ” In re appeal of Blue Ridge
Hous. of Bakersville LLC, 226 N.C. App. 42, 58, 738 S.E.2d 802, 813 (2013) (citation
omitted) (quoting Leonard v. Maxwell, 216 N.C. 89, 93, 3 S.E.2d 316, 320 (1939)) .
In analyzing federal constitutional questions, we
look to decisions of the United States Supreme Court. We
also look for guidance to the decisions of the North Carolina
Supreme Court construing federal constitutional and State
constitutional provisions, and we are bound by those
interpretations. State v. Elliott, 360 N.C. 400, 421, 628
S.E.2d 735, 749, (2006) (“The Supreme Court of the United
States is the final authority on federal constitutional
questions.”)[.] We are also bound by prior decisions of this
Court construing those provisions, which are not
inconsistent with the holdings of the United States
Supreme Court and the North Carolina Supreme Court. In
the Matter of Appeal from Civil Penalty, 324 N.C. 373, 379
S.E.2d 30 (1989).
Johnston, 224 N.C. App. at 288, 735 S.E.2d at 865.
The Commerce Clause and the Due Process Clause
impose distinct but parallel limitations on a State’s power
to tax out-of-state activities. See Quill Corp. v. North
Dakota, 504 U.S. 298, 305–306, 112 S.Ct. 1904, 119
L.Ed.2d 91 (1992). . . . The “broad inquiry” subsumed in
both constitutional requirements is whether the taxing
power exerted by the state bears fiscal relation to
protection, opportunities and benefits given by the state—
that is, whether the state has given anything for which it
can ask return.
MeadWestvaco Corp. ex rel. Mead Corp. v. Ill. Dep't of Revenue, 553 U.S. 16, 24–25,
170 L. Ed. 2d 404, 412 (2008) (citations and quotations omitted). “The Due Process
Clause requires [(1)] some definite link, some minimum connection, between a state
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and the person, property or transaction it seeks to tax, and [(2)] that the income
attributed to the State for tax purposes must be rationally related to values
connected with the taxing State.” Quill Corp. v. N. Dakota, 504 U.S. 298, 306, 119 L.
Ed. 2d 91, 102 (1992).
Minimum Contacts
As to the question of whether there exists some minimum connection between
a state and the . . . property . . . it seeks to tax, see id., “[our Supreme Court has]
framed the relevant inquiry as whether a [party] had minimum contacts with the
jurisdiction ‘such that the maintenance of the suit does not offend traditional notions
of fair play and substantial justice.’ ” Id. at 307, 119 L. Ed. 2d at 103 (quoting Int’l
Shoe Co. v. Washington, 326 U.S. 310, 316, 90 L. Ed. 95, 102 (1945)).
Application of the “minimum contacts” rule will vary with
the quality and nature of the [party's] activity, but it is
essential in each case that there be some act by which the
[party] purposefully avails itself of the privilege of
conducting activities within the forum State, thus invoking
the benefits and protections of its laws.
Skinner v. Preferred Credit, 361 N.C. 114, 123, 638 S.E.2d 203, 210–11 (2006)
(citation and some quotation marks omitted).
On this point, we note that Judge McGuire made the following unchallenged
findings of fact:
23. [N]othing in the record indicates, and [the
Department] does not argue, that [the Trust] maintained
any physical presence in North Carolina during the tax
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years at issue. The undisputed evidence in this matter
shows that [the Trust] never held real property located in
North Carolina, and never invested directly in any North
Carolina based investments. . . . The record also indicates
that no trust records were kept or created in North
Carolina, or that the trust could be, in any other manner,
said to have a physical presence in the State. Moreover,
because the trustee’s usual place of business where trust
records were kept was outside the State, it is clear from the
record that [the Trust’s] principal place of administration
was not North Carolina.
...
26. [The Department] concedes that the only
“connection between the [Plaintiff] trust and North
Carolina in the case at hand is the residence of the
beneficiaries.”
The Department supports its argument that the residence of the beneficiaries
is sufficient to satisfy the minimum contacts criteria of the Due Process Clause by
citing to state court opinions from Connecticut and California: Chase Manhattan
Bank v. Gavin, 249 Conn. 172, 733 A.2d 782 (1999), and McCulloch v. Franchise Tax
Bd., 61 Cal. 2d 186, 390 P.2d 412 (1964).
In both Gavin and McCulloch, the state appellate court noted that the United
States Supreme Court had previously upheld the taxation of trust income based on
the domicile of the trustee, citing Greenough v. Tax Assessors, 331 U.S. 486, 91 L. Ed.
1621 (1947). And the Gavin and McCulloch courts reasoned that similar to the
benefits and protections provided by a state to a trustee, the state of the beneficiary’s
domicile provided benefits and protections sufficient to satisfy the minimum contacts
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criteria of due process for taxation of the trust. See Gavin, 249 Conn. at 204–05, 733
A.2d at 802 (“[J]ust as a state may tax all of the present income of a domiciliary, . . .
a state may . . . tax the income of an inter vivos trust that is accumulated for the
ultimate benefit of a noncontingent domiciliary, and that is subject to her ultimate
power of disposition.”); McCulloch, 61 Cal. 2d at 196, 390 P.2d at 419 (“[T]he
beneficiary’s state of residence may properly tax the trust on income which is payable
in the future to the beneficiary, although it is actually retained by the trust, since
that state renders to the beneficiary that protection incident to his eventual
enjoyment of such accumulated income.”). On this basis, the Department contends
that its taxation of the Trust, predicated solely on the residency of Kimberley
Kaestner in North Carolina did not violate due process.
Representatives of the Trust, on the other hand, assert that the Department’s
contention that a beneficiary’s domicile alone is sufficient to satisfy the minimum
contacts requirement of the Due Process Clause and allow the state to tax a non-
resident trust conflates what the law recognizes as separate legal entities—the trust
and the beneficiary. “[W]e do not forget that the trust is an abstraction, . . . [and] the
law has seen fit to deal with this abstraction for income tax purposes as a separate
existence, making its own return under the hand of the fiduciary and claiming and
receiving its own appropriate deductions.” Anderson v. Wilson, 289 U.S. 20, 27, 77 L.
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Ed. 1004, 1010 (1933). In other words, for income tax purposes the trust has a
separate existence. Id.In support of their position, the Trust representatives direct our attention to
Greenough, 331 U.S. 486, 91 L. Ed. 1621, a United States Supreme Court opinion.
Greenough upheld a Rhode Island law authorizing the levy of an ad valorem tax upon
a resident trustee based on a proportionate legal interest of a foreign trust, finding no
violation of due process. Greenough was a decision from which four justices, including
the Chief Justice, dissented. We note with particular interest the dissent of Justice
Rutledge, who wrote that “if the beneficiary's residence alone is insufficient to sustain
a state's power to tax the corpus of the trust, cf. Brooke v. Norfolk, 277 [U.S.] 27, 72
[L. Ed.] 767, 48 [S. Ct.] 422, it would seem that the mere residence of one of a number
of trustees hardly would supply a firmer foundation.” Id. at 503, 91 L. Ed. at 1633(footnote omitted). After a careful look at Brooke, 277 U.S. 27, 72 L. Ed. 767 (1928),
we find it to be not only relevant to the instant case, but also controlling.
In Brooke, the petitioner—a Virginia resident and trust beneficiary—appealed
to the United States Supreme Court after the City of Norfolk and the State of Virginia
assessed taxes upon the corpus of a trust created by a Maryland resident. Id. at 28,
72 L. Ed. at 767–78. The petitioner contended that the assessment of the taxes was
contrary to the Fourteenth Amendment. Id. at 28, 72 L. Ed. at 767. The Maryland
resident created a testamentary trust and bequeathed to it $80,000.00, naming
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petitioner as beneficiary. The trustee, Safe Deposit & Trust Company of Baltimore,
was directed to pay income from the trust to the petitioner for life. Id. at 28, 72 L.
Ed. at 768. The Court noted that “[t]he property held in trust has remained in
Maryland and no part of it is or ever has been in Virginia.” Id.The petitioner has paid without question a tax upon the
income received by her. But the doctrine contended for now
is that the petitioner is chargeable as if she owned the
whole. . . . But here the property is not within the state,
does not belong to the petitioner and is not within her
possession or control. The assessment is a bare proposition
to make the petitioner pay upon an interest to which she is
a stranger. This cannot be done. See Wachovia Bank & T.
Co. v. Doughton, 272 U. S. 567, 575, 71 L. [E]d. 413, 419,
47 Sup. Ct. Rep. 202.
Id. 28–29, 72 L. Ed. at 768.
The strong similarities between the facts in Brooke and the instant case cannot
be ignored. While the trust in Brooke was a testamentary trust and the Trust here
an inter vivos trust, both were created and governed by laws outside of the state
assessing a tax upon the trust. The trustee for both trusts resided outside of the state
seeking to tax the trust. The beneficiary of the trust who resided within the taxing
state had no control over the trust during the period for which the tax was assessed.
And, the trusts did not own property in the taxing state.2 In the instant case, the
2 In Brooke, it was duly noted that the petitioner paid tax assessments in Virginia on the
distributions made to her as a resident of the state; however, she had no duty under the law (or
constitution) to pay taxes on the corpus of the trust which existed in another state and over which she
had no control. See 277 U.S. at 28–29, 72 L. Ed. at 768.
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Trust’s beneficiary did not receive a taxable distribution from the Trust during the
years for which the Department has assessed a tax.
In determining that the authority as set forth by the United States Supreme
Court in Brooke controls the analysis and outcome of this issue, we must decline the
Department’s request that we accept as persuasive the authority as set out by the
California Supreme Court, McCulloch, 61 Cal. 2d 186, 390 P.2d 412, or the
Connecticut Supreme Court, Gavin, 249 Conn. 172, 733 A.2d 782. Thus, because of
Brooke, we hold that based on the facts of the instant case, the connection between
North Carolina and the Trust was insufficient to satisfy the requirements of due
process. Therefore, the Department’s assessment of an income tax levied pursuant
to the authority set out in General Statutes, section 105-160.2 was in violation of the
Due Process Clause of the United States Constitution, and the Law of the Land
Clause of the North Carolina Constitution. Accordingly, we affirm Judge McGuire’s
order granting summary judgment for the Trust and directing that the Department
refund any and all taxes and penalties paid by the Trust pursuant to section 105-
160.2 with interest.
As a consequence, we do not address the Department’s contention that the
Business Court erred when it concluded taxation of the Trust based on the residence
of the beneficiary violated the Commerce Clause of the federal constitution.
AFFIRMED.
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Judges STEPHENS and McCULLOUGH concur.
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