Lasecki v. LaseckiÂ

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF NORTH CAROLINA
No. COA17-79
Filed: 19 December 2017
Iredell County, No. 13 CVD 1797
KEVIN S. LASECKI, Plaintiff,
v.
STACEY M. LASECKI, Defendant.
Appeal by Plaintiff from orders entered 14 June 2016 and 13 July 2016 by
Judge Edward L. Hedrick, IV, in District Court, Iredell County. Heard in the Court
of Appeals 15 May 2017.
Homesley, Gaines, Dudley & Clodfelter, LLP, by Christina Clodfelter and
Edmund L. Gaines, for Plaintiff-Appellant.
No brief for Defendant-Appellee.
McGEE, Chief Judge.
I. Factual and Procedural Background
Kevin S. Lasecki (“Plaintiff”) and Stacey M. Lasecki (“Defendant”) married in
1993, and three children were born to the marriage. Plaintiff and Defendant
separated and executed a separation agreement (“Separation Agreement”) on 24
August 2012, that resolved issues of child custody, equitable distribution, child
support, alimony, and attorney’s fees. The separation agreement was never
incorporated into an order of the trial court. Plaintiff had earned $286,505.00 in 2011,
and earned $264,446.00 in 2012, working for Bath Solutions, Inc. (“Bath Solutions”).
LASECKI V. LASECKI
Opinion of the Court
In the separation agreement, Plaintiff and Defendant agreed, inter alia, that Plaintiff
would pay Defendant $2,900.00 per month in child support and $3,600.00 per month
in alimony. They further agreed that, in the event either party breached the
separation agreement, the breaching party would be liable for the other party’s
attorney’s fees.
Plaintiff lost his job with Bath Solutions in early 2013, but soon found
employment with Phoenix Sales and Distribution (“Phoenix Sales”), at an annual
salary of $160,000.00. Plaintiff filed a complaint on 1 August 2013, alleging that his
income had significantly decreased since the execution of the separation agreement
and requested that the trial court issue an order setting his child support obligation
pursuant to the North Carolina Child Support Guidelines. Defendant answered on
19 September 2013, and counterclaimed for specific performance of Plaintiff’s child
support and alimony obligations under the separation agreement. Defendant also
sought specific performance of unpaid joint credit card debt and attorney’s fees,
payment of child support and alimony arrearages, and “such other and further relief
as to the court may seem just, fit and proper.”
Phoenix Sales terminated Plaintiff’s employment on 1 May 2014. The trial
court held a hearing on the pending claims on 17 and 18 July 2014, while Plaintiff
was still unemployed and seeking a new job. Frontline Products, LLC (“Frontline”)
offered Plaintiff a job in Arizona on or about 21 July 2014, which Plaintiff
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immediately accepted. Plaintiff moved to reopen the case on 23 July 2014, to allow
additional testimony regarding his new employment and income. The trial court
denied Plaintiff’s motion on 14 August 2014. The trial court entered an order on 28
August 2014, finding that it was “feasible for Plaintiff to earn $150,000.00 and with
those earnings to support Defendant and their children.” The trial court then
concluded the $2,900.00 monthly child support amount set forth in the separation
agreement was reasonable, and that Plaintiff was able to pay the full $2,900.00
monthly amount in child support and a reduced monthly amount of $1,385.00 in
alimony. The trial court ordered as specific performance that Plaintiff pay these
monthly amounts, as well as $9,592.50 for Defendant’s attorney’s fees, and awarded
a money judgment of $54,432.31 for child support and alimony arrearages.
Plaintiff moved for a new trial on 3 September 2014, arguing that the trial
court should consider his new employment and income and that it erred in imputing
to him an annual income of $150,000.00. The trial court denied Plaintiff’s motion on
10 September 2014. Plaintiff gave notice of appeal on 23 September 2014, and the
matter was heard by this Court on 9 September 2015. By opinion filed 5 April 2016,
this Court affirmed in part and vacated and remanded in part, stating: “We vacate
the portions of the order in which the trial court ordered specific performance of
$2,900.00 monthly in child support and $1,385.00 monthly in alimony. We therefore
remand the case to the trial court for further proceedings consistent with this
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opinion[.]” Lasecki v. Lasecki, __ N.C. App. __, __, 786 S.E.2d 286, 304 (2016)
(“Lasecki I”). This Court’s reasoning for vacating the child support and alimony
award portions of the trial court’s order was because the trial court based its decision
on the amounts of child support and alimony that Plaintiff was capable of paying on
an imputed income of $150,000.00 when Plaintiff was unemployed, which was
improper absent a finding that Plaintiff “was ‘deliberately depressing his income’ or
‘indulging in excessive spending in disregard of his marital obligation to support his
dependent spouse[.]’” Id. at __, 786 S.E.2d at 302 (citations omitted).
The hearing on remand was held on 10 and 11 May 2016. At the time of the
hearing, Plaintiff was still employed by Frontline, and was making approximately
$135,000.00 annually. However, as of 23 May 2016, Plaintiff was no longer employed
by Frontline, and was allegedly working as a driver for Uber, earning only a small
fraction of his former income. Plaintiff filed a motion to reopen the case on 26 May
2016, arguing that his change in employment status should be considered by the trial
court before it made its rulings on the amount of child support and alimony.
Plaintiff’s motion to reopen was scheduled for 29 June 2016; however, the trial court
entered its order from the 10 and 11 May 2016 remand hearing on 14 June 2016,
approximately two weeks before the scheduled hearing on Plaintiff’s motion to reopen
the evidence.
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Plaintiff filed a Rule 60(b) motion on 20 June 2016 for relief from the 14 June
2016 order, arguing that he had not had any “meaningful hearing on his pending
motion to reopen” and therefore entry of the 14 June 2016 order was premature. The
trial court entered an amended remand order on 13 July 2016, nunc pro tunc 14 June
2016.
The trial court heard Plaintiff’s motion to reopen the case and Plaintiff’s Rule
60(b) motion for relief from the 14 June 2016 order concurrently, on 11 July 2016,
and entered an order denying both of Plaintiff’s motions on 13 July 2016. Plaintiff
appeals.
II. Analysis
Plaintiff argues the trial court erred by: (1) “failing to reduce child support
despite reduced needs of children, substantially decreased income of Plaintiff, and
increased income of Defendant[;]” (2) “failing to give [Plaintiff] credit for overpayment
of child support pursuant to court order[;]” (3) “granting Defendant additional
judgment and attorney’s fees when these issues were affirmed by the Court of
Appeals[;]” (4) “ordering specific performance of alimony in [the] amount ordered[;]”
(5) that even if the trial court did not err in awarding Defendant $10,905.00 in
attorney’s fees, it erred in ordering Plaintiff to pay those fees because there was
insufficient evidence that Plaintiff had the ability to specifically perform payment in
that amount; and (6) the trial court abused its discretion by denying Plaintiff’s motion
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Opinion of the Court
to reopen the case in light of relevant new evidence, and by denying his Rule 60(b)
motion for relief from the 14 June 2016 order. We affirm.
A. Child Support from August 2014 through June 2015
Plaintiff contends that the “trial court committed reversible error by failing to
reduce child support despite reduced needs of children, substantially decreased
income of Plaintiff, and increased income of Defendant.” We disagree.
In Lasecki I, this Court looked to Pataky v. Pataky, 160 N.C. App. 289, 585
S.E.2d 404 (2003), to determine the appropriate standard of review of child support
previously established in an unincorporated separation agreement:
In Pataky v. Pataky, this Court established the following
test for determining the appropriate amount of child
support where the parties have executed an
unincorporated separation agreement:
[I]n an initial determination of child support where the
parties have executed an unincorporated separation
agreement that includes provision for child support, the
court should first apply a rebuttable presumption that
the amount in the agreement is reasonable and,
therefore, that application of the guidelines would be
inappropriate. The court should determine the actual
needs of the child at the time of the hearing, as
compared to the provisions of the separation agreement.
If the presumption of reasonableness is not rebutted, the
court should enter an order in the separation agreement
amount and make a finding that application of the
guidelines would be inappropriate. If, however, the
court determines by the greater weight of the evidence
that the presumption of reasonableness afforded the
separation agreement allowance has been rebutted,
taking into account the needs of the children existing at
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Opinion of the Court
the time of the hearing and considering the factors
enumerated in the first sentence of G.S. § 50–13.4(c), the
court then looks to the presumptive guidelines
established through operation of G.S. § 50–13.4(c1) and
the court may nonetheless deviate if, upon motion of
either party or by the court sua sponte, it determines
application of the guidelines would not meet or would
exceed the needs of the child or would be otherwise
unjust or inappropriate.
The first sentence of N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50–13.4(c) provides:
Payments ordered for the support of a minor child shall
be in such amount as to meet the reasonable needs of
the child for health, education, and maintenance,
having due regard to the estates, earnings, conditions,
accustomed standard of living of the child and the
parties, the child care and homemaker contributions of
each party, and other facts of the particular case.
Lasecki I, __ N.C. App. at __, 786 S.E.2d at 291 (citations omitted) (some emphasis
added). We review a trial court’s decision to order child support payments in an
amount different from the amount agreed to in the provisions of an unincorporated
separation agreement only for “‘a clear abuse of discretion.’” Bottomley v. Bottomley,
82 N.C. App. 231, 235, 346 S.E.2d 317, 320 (1986) (citation omitted).
Further, an unincorporated separation agreement is generally treated as any
other contract, and the equitable remedy of specific performance may be ordered only
if no adequate remedy exists at law, Condellone v. Condellone, 129 N.C. App. 675,
681–82, 501 S.E.2d 690, 695 (1998), and the party who is ordered to specifically
perform is capable of doing so. Cavenaugh v. Cavenaugh, 317 N.C. 652, 657, 347
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S.E.2d 19, 22–23 (1986). An order directing specific performance “rests in the sound
discretion of the trial court; and is conclusive on appeal absent a showing of a palpable
abuse of discretion.” Harborgate Prop. Owners Ass’n v. Mountain Lake Shores Dev.
Corp., 145 N.C. App. 290, 295, 551 S.E.2d 207, 210 (2001) (citations omitted).
Plaintiff states in his brief: “A party’s ability to pay child support is determined
by the party’s income at the time the award is made. Atwell v. Atwell, 74 N.C. App.
231, 235, 328 S.E.2d 47, 50 (1985).” This citation is flawed in the current context in
multiple ways. First, it is an incomplete citation of the law as set forth in Atwell:
Briefly, under N.C. Gen. Stat. Sec. 50–13.4(c)(1984), “an
order for child support must be based upon the interplay of
the trial court’s conclusions of law as to (1) the amount of
support necessary to ‘meet the reasonable needs of the
child’ and (2) the relative ability of the parties to provide
that amount.” These conclusions must be based upon
factual findings sufficiently specific to indicate that the
trial court took “due regard” of the factors enumerated in
the statute, namely, the “estates, earnings, conditions,
accustomed standard of living of the child and the parties,
the child care and homemaker contributions of each party,
and other facts of the particular case.”
Id. at 234, 328 S.E.2d at 49 (citations omitted). A party’s ability to pay is thus
determined based upon multiple factors, and the language in Atwell cited by Plaintiff
is within the context of explaining:
Only when there are findings based on competent evidence
to support a conclusion that the supporting spouse or
parent is deliberately depressing his or her income or
indulging in excessive spending to avoid family
responsibilities, can a party’s capacity to earn [as opposed
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to that party’s actual current income] be considered.
Id. at 235, 328 S.E.2d at 50 (citations omitted).
More importantly, Atwell is a case involving a court order initially determining
child support, not a request to deviate from a child support amount previously agreed
upon in an unincorporated separation agreement. The trial court has continuing
jurisdiction to revisit and modify its own child support orders.
A judicial decree in a child custody and support matter is
subject to alteration upon a change of circumstances
affecting the welfare of the child and, therefore, is not final
in nature. Consequently, the jurisdiction of the court
entering such a decree continues as long as the minor child
whose custody is the subject of the decree remains within
its jurisdiction. The Superior Court of Rowan County
rendered the original support and custody judgment in this
action and under the above principles maintained
continuing jurisdiction over further proceedings. Unless
that court was somehow divested of its continuing
jurisdiction, it was the only court which could modify the
earlier judgment upon a motion in the cause and a showing
of a change of circumstances.
Stanback v. Stanback, 287 N.C. 448, 456, 215 S.E.2d 30, 36 (1975) (citations omitted)
(emphasis added). A trial court has no such broad authority to modify the child
support provisions of an unincorporated separation agreement based upon a showing
of changed circumstances. See Lasecki I, __ N.C. App. at __, 786 S.E.2d at 291. The
present case does not involve modification of court-ordered child support.
1. Policy and Precedent
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We initially review the policies and precedent supporting our current law
concerning a trial court’s authority to either modify the child support provisions of an
unincorporated separation agreement, or to order specific performance of child
support payments in amounts different from those previously established in an
unincorporated separation agreement. Prior opinions of our appellate courts have at
times blurred the distinction between review of an order based upon breach of an
unincorporated separation agreement and review of an order based upon a prior child
support order of the trial court, and Plaintiff appears to misunderstand the authority
of the trial court in this regard. “It is well-settled that ‘a parent can assume
contractual obligations to his child greater than the law otherwise imposes . . . and
such agreements are binding and enforceable.’” Ross v. Voiers, 127 N.C. App. 415,
417, 490 S.E.2d 244, 246 (1997). Further:
To accord sufficient weight to parties’ separation
agreements, as our common law directs, the benchmark for
comparison must be the amount needed for the children at
the time of the hearing, compared with that provided in the
agreement. Further, “in the absence of evidence to the
contrary,” the court must respect a presumption that “the
amount mutually agreed upon is just and reasonable.”
Pataky, 160 N.C. App. at 303, 585 S.E.2d at 413 (citations omitted). Further,
“A separation agreement is a contract between the parties
and the court is without power to modify it except (1) to
provide for adequate support for minor children, and (2)
with the mutual consent of the parties thereto where rights
of third parties have not intervened.” However, our Courts
have been quick to note:
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[N]o agreement or contract between husband and wife
will serve to deprive the courts of their inherent as well
as their statutory authority to protect the interests and
provide for the welfare of infants. They may bind
themselves by a separation agreement or by a consent
judgment, but they cannot thus withdraw children of
the marriage from the protective custody of the court.
Id. at 296, 585 S.E.2d at 409 (citations omitted) (emphasis added).
Relative to the present case, and contrary to Plaintiff’s position, the trial court
was without authority, absent Defendant’s consent, to modify the separation
agreement solely for the purposes of reducing his child support obligation. Even with
Defendant’s consent, Plaintiff and Defendant could not, by contract, deprive the trial
court of its inherent authority and obligation to insure their minor children were
properly provided for. Boyd v. Boyd, 81 N.C. App. 71, 75, 343 S.E.2d 581, 584 (1986)
(“[i]t is well established that the provisions of a separation agreement relating to
. . . support of minor children are not binding on the court, which has the inherent
and statutory authority to protect the interests of children”). In the present case,
Plaintiff and Defendant have not mutually consented to modification of the
separation agreement. Therefore, the trial court’s rulings in the present case must
be based solely upon its inherent and statutory authority to provide for the welfare
of Plaintiff’s and Defendant’s minor children.
Traditionally, the authority of the trial court to order the supporting parent to
pay child support in an amount different than established in an unincorporated
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separation agreement has been recognized as a means of insuring adequate
maintenance of the children involved -- not as a means of lessening the agreed-upon
contractual duties of the supporting parent based upon changed circumstances.
Stated differently, the question for the trial court was limited to whether the needs
of the children were being adequately met by the amount of child support agreed upon
in the unincorporated separation agreement, or whether the amount of child support
should be increased in order to meet the children’s needs.
Within the statutory framework, the North Carolina
Supreme Court established a two-step process in claims for
child support in the presence of a prior, unincorporated
agreement. Our trial courts were required to first
determine the current amount necessary to meet the needs
of the children and, if this amount “substantially exceeds”
the amount provided in the agreement, this would rebut the
presumption that the amount in the separation agreement
was reasonable. In the absence of such a showing, affording
“due regard to the factors contained in G.S. § 50–13.4(b)
and (c),” the court was not allowed to change the amount of
child support from what was set forth in the separation
agreement. (referring to statutory factors existing in 1986).
Pataky, 160 N.C. App. at 300–01, 585 S.E.2d at 412 (citations omitted) (emphasis
added).
This Court has recognized that public policy only requires the trial court to
insure that the amount of child support being provided for in an unincorporated
separation agreement is adequate to the needs of the children involved:
A separation agreement is modified by increasing child
support payments where the party with custody
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establishes that the separation agreement provisions do
not adequately protect the interests of and provide for the
welfare of the children. But no principal of public policy
intervenes to relieve a party from the obligations of a
separation agreement requiring support payments in excess
of or other payments in addition to that required by law.
McKaughn v. McKaughn, 29 N.C. App. 702, 704, 225 S.E.2d 616, 618 (1976) (citations
omitted) (emphasis added).
Nonetheless, this Court eventually recognized the discretionary authority of
the trial court to order specific performance of contractual child support obligations
in a decreased amount, based upon the current needs of the children involved and the
current financial standing of their parents.1 Bottomley, 82 N.C. App. at 234, 346
S.E.2d at 320. One salutary purpose of this discretionary authority is that entry of
the order for specific performance provides the trial court with the authority to
enforce the reduced child support obligation through its contempt powers, whereas
the provisions of an unincorporated separation agreement are only enforceable
through bringing an action for breach of contract, and thereby obtaining a judgment
for monetary damages.
“It is settled that any separation agreement dealing with
the custody and the support of the children of the parties
cannot deprive the [trial] court of its inherent as well as
statutory authority to protect the interests of and provide
for the welfare of minors.” While in the usual case the
custodial parent obtains an increase in the agreed-upon
support, this Court has upheld an order setting a lesser
1 By “current” we mean at the time of the relevant hearing.
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amount than that provided for by the applicable separation
agreement. [This] Court stated: “The judgment in this case
does not change plaintiff’s contractual obligations under
the separation agreement. The question before the [trial]
court was what amount it would require in the exercise of
its inherent and statutory authority to provide for the
welfare of [the] minors.”
....
[W]hile the [trial] court could not relieve plaintiff-husband
of any contractual obligation he assumed to support his
child in excess of what the law would require – it could, “in
the exercise of its inherent and statutory authority to
provide for the welfare of minors,” order payment of an
amount either larger or smaller than that provided for in
the agreement. That amount should be “a reasonable
subsistence, to be determined by the trial [court] in the
exercise of a sound judicial discretion from the evidence
before [the trial court]. [Its] determination . . . will not be
disturbed in the absence of a clear abuse of discretion.”
The effect of such an order is not to deprive defendant-wife
of her contractual right to recover the sums provided for in
the agreement, but to limit her contempt remedy to the
sums provided for by the court order.
Although a court may increase or decrease its own prior
award for the support of a minor child, a court cannot
intervene to reduce or relieve a parent from his
contractual obligations to support his child in excess of
that required by law. A parent can by contract assume
a greater obligation to his child than the law imposes.
Thus, if the court allows the child’s [custodial parent]
less money for support for [the] child than does the valid
separation agreement between the child’s parents, the
remedy of the [custodial parent] is to sue the [non-
custodial parent] for breach of contract and obtain a
judgment for the difference. The [non-custodial
parent’s] duty under the court order may be enforced by
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contempt proceedings, while his [or her] contractual
obligations may not be so enforced.
Bottomley, 82 N.C. App. at 234-36, 346 S.E.2d at 320-21 (citations omitted) (some
emphasis added).
If the trial court determines that a party to an unincorporated separation
agreement is unable to perform the child support provisions therein, it cannot modify
the agreement to lessen that party’s burden; it can only decide not to order specific
performance of the child support provision, or order specific performance of the child
support provision in an amount less than that established in the agreement. Id. As
noted above, a contract is only enforceable through the equitable remedy of specific
performance where no adequate remedy at law exists, and the person ordered to
perform has the ability to do so. Condellone, 129 N.C. App. at 681–82, 501 S.E.2d at
695. A plaintiff who “relies on damages to compensate for the breach of a separation
agreement which has not been incorporated into a court order generally does not have
an adequate remedy at law.” Id. at 682, 501 S.E.2d 690, 695 (citation omitted) (“‘The
plaintiff must wait until payments have become due and the obligor has failed to
comply. Plaintiff must then file suit for the amount of accrued arrearage, reduce her
claim to judgment, and, if the defendant fails to satisfy it, secure satisfaction by
execution. As is so often the case, when the defendant persists in his refusal to
comply, the plaintiff must resort to this remedy repeatedly to secure her rights under
the agreement as the payments become due and the defendant fails to comply.’”).
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We review a trial court’s order in this regard on a case by case basis:
What amount is reasonable for a child’s support is to be
determined with reference to the special circumstances of
the particular parties. Things which might properly be
deemed necessaries by the family of a [parent] of large
income would not be so regarded in the family of a [parent]
whose earnings were small and who had not been able to
accumulate any savings. In determining that amount
which is reasonable, the trial judge has a wide discretion
with which this court will not interfere in the absence of a
manifest abuse.
Williams v. Williams, 261 N.C. 48, 57–58, 134 S.E.2d 227, 234 (1964) (citations
omitted).
2. The Present Case
In the case before us, Plaintiff limits his argument to challenging the
imposition of child support at $2,900.00 per month for the period of time from 1 August
2014 until 30 June 2015 (or, “the relevant period”). Plaintiff does not challenge the
amount of child support for the period from 24 August 2012 through 1 August 2014;
nor does he challenge the amount for the period from 1 August 2015 to the present.
Plaintiff specifically contends:
The trial court’s finding that Plaintiff did not rebut the
presumption of reasonableness as to the $2,900.00 per
month in child support set forth in the separation
agreement is not supported by competent evidence as the
trial court failed to consider the reduced needs of the
children, the substantially reduced income of [] Plaintiff,
and the increased income of [] Defendant between the
execution of the separation agreement in August 2012 and
the parties’ oldest child reaching the age of majority in July
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of 2016.
As noted above, the trial court in the present case has not, and cannot, modify
the Separation Agreement to decrease the amount of child support Plaintiff owed
Defendant in the past, or the amount of child support Plaintiff owes Defendant
moving forward. The terms of the Separation Agreement establish Plaintiff’s
contractual duties, and these are not affected by the order of the trial court.
Bottomley, 82 N.C. App. at 234-36, 346 S.E.2d at 320-21.
When the trial court addressed Plaintiff’s breach of the Separation Agreement
based upon his prior underpayment of the contractually established amount of child
support, it was not making a determination of whether Plaintiff actually owed the
unpaid amounts. Id. The trial court was limited to determining the proper remedy
for Plaintiff’s breach. In situations like the one before us, specific performance could
be the proper remedy, but only if the trial court properly determined that no remedy
at law was adequate, and that Plaintiff was capable of specifically performing that
part of the contract: “A marital separation agreement which has not been
incorporated into a court order is ‘generally subject to the same rules of law with
respect to its enforcement as any other contract.’ Where no adequate remedy at law
exists, a contract is enforceable through the equitable remedy of specific
performance.” Condellone, 129 N.C. App. at 681–82, 501 S.E.2d at 695 (citations
omitted).
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In determining whether standard money damages will constitute an adequate
remedy at law, the trial court considers factors which include the “difficulty and
uncertainty of collecting such damages after they are awarded[.]” Whalehead
Properties v. Coastland Corp., 299 N.C. 270, 283, 261 S.E.2d 899, 908 (1980) (citation
omitted). However, “[s]pecific performance will not be decreed against a defendant
who is incapable of complying with his contract.” Cavenaugh, 317 N.C. at 657, 347
S.E.2d at 22–23 (citations omitted). A trial court that has determined a party is not
currently capable of specifically performing one or more of his obligations under a
contract could still enter a money judgment against that party in the entire amount
of the damages resultant from his breach. This award would establish the total
amount of damages owed due to the breach, but the trial court could not order the
party to specifically perform immediate payment of those damages.
In the present case, concerning child support moving forward, the trial court
concluded:
No adequate remedy at law exists with respect to the
periodic payments required by the [separation] agreement
and [D]efendant is entitled to specific performance of the
contract. . . . . Th[is] court may not modify a separation
agreement but may order specific performance of only that
part of the agreement [P]laintiff is able [to] perform.
The trial court further concluded: “At this time, the [trial] court is unable to find that
[P]laintiff could reasonably comply with an order requiring specific performance of a
payment of all of the remaining damages suffered by [D]efendant due to [P]laintiff’s
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breach[.]” In light of the trial court’s determination that Plaintiff was incapable of
fully performing under the Separation Agreement, it only ordered specific
performance of his alimony obligations moving forward in the reduced amount of
$2,850.00 per month and, more importantly to this analysis, the trial court ordered
the following with respect to Plaintiff’s child support and alimony arrearages:
Defendant shall have and recover of [P]laintiff damages in
the sum of $46,480.71 for [Plaintiff’s] failure to pay alimony
and child support pursuant to the terms of the [S]eparation
[A]greement through April 30, 2016. This portion of the
judgment shall be enforceable as other money judgments
and shall bear interest at the legal rate from April 30, 2016
pursuant to N.C.G.S. § 24-5.
The trial court’s order for specific performance of child support payments in the
amount of $1,688.00 per month did not go into effect until 1 May 2016, and Plaintiff
does not challenge this part of the remand order. Concerning child support for the
period challenged by Plaintiff – 1 August 2014 until 30 June 2015 – no specific
performance was ordered. Plaintiff was simply ordered to pay the damages resultant
from his breach of the contract as an ordinary money judgment.2 The trial court had
no authority to deny Defendant her right to sue for breach of the specific terms of the
Separation Agreement, and the trial court had no authority to order damages for
2 Plaintiff had no difficulty recognizing this difference in his brief submitted for Lasecki I,
where he argued: “The trial court committed reversible error by granting [] Defendant a judgment for
unpaid alimony and child support . . . where Defendant did not request a judgment and a judgment is
not a remedy available for specific performance, the only counterclaims made by Defendant.”
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Plaintiff’s breach in an amount less than called for in the Separation Agreement.
Plaintiff only challenges those portions of the 14 June 2016 order on remand that
required specific performance, and the portion of the order awarding Defendant
$46,480.71 in money damages did not involve specific performance. Bottomley, 82
N.C. App. at 234-36, 346 S.E.2d at 320-21.3 The trial court did not err, much less
abuse its discretion, by ordering Plaintiff to pay the full breach of contract damages,
“enforceable as other money judgments[.]”
B. Overpayment of Prior Child Support
Plaintiff next argues that the trial court erred “by failing to give [Plaintiff]
credit for overpayment of child support pursuant to court order.” We disagree.
We first note that, in this argument, Plaintiff references a motion for contempt
filed by Defendant on 25 July 2016, and the resulting order entered 4 October 2016,
3 It is clear that the child support and alimony arrearages in Lasecki I were ordered paid as
money judgments and not through specific performance. It is equally clear that Plaintiff was aware
of this distinction, and that specific performance did not apply to the award of the child support and
alimony arrearages. Lasecki I, __ N.C. App. at __, 786 S.E.2d at 290–91 (citations omitted)
(“[D]efendant specifically requested in her counterclaims that [P]laintiff pay the child support and
alimony arrearages[.] Although [Defendant] requested an order for specific performance, she also
requested ‘such other and further relief as to the court may seem just, fit and proper.’ In addition, at
the hearing, [D]efendant’s counsel cross-examined [P]laintiff specifically on the issues of the child
support and alimony arrearages and the unpaid amount owed on the joint credit card. By awarding
these unpaid amounts as money judgments, the trial court did not grant relief which ‘was not
suggested or illuminated by the pleadings nor justified by the evidence adduced at trial.’ N.C. Gen.
Stat. § 1A–1, Rule 54(c) (2013) (‘Except as to a party against whom a judgment is entered by default,
every final judgment shall grant the relief to which the party in whose favor it is rendered is entitled,
even if the party has not demanded such relief in his pleadings.’). Accordingly, we hold that the trial
court did not err in awarding these unpaid amounts as money judgments.”).
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which Plaintiff includes in the record.4 However, there is no record evidence that
Plaintiff appealed the 4 October 2016 order and, more importantly, we cannot analyze
the trial court’s earlier orders based upon findings it made in a subsequent order.
The 4 October 2016 order is not properly before us, and we do not consider it.
Plaintiff argues that, during the period between 1 August 2014 and 14 June
2016, he paid $2,900.00 per month in child support through centralized collections
and wage withholding. However, according to the amended order, Plaintiff only owed
$2,900.00 per month in child support from 1 August 2014 until 1 July 2015, and
thereafter owed a reduced amount of $1,688.00 per month beginning 1 July 2015. For
this reason, Plaintiff argues, he should receive a credit for the period “[b]etween July
1, 2015 and June 14, 2016 when the remand trial order was entered[.]” Plaintiff
contends he “overpaid” his child support obligation during this time period by
$1,212.00 per month, or $14,544.00 in total.5 According to Plaintiff, “[t]he trial court’s
remand order failed to address how Plaintiff would be given credit for the
overpayment of child support.”
4 We further take judicial notice that Plaintiff appealed an additional order for contempt
entered in this matter on 13 December 2016. That appeal was recently decided by this Court in a
separate unpublished opinion filed 17 October 2017. Lasecki v. Lasecki, __ N.C. App. __, 805 S.E.2d
566, 2017 WL 4638209 (2017).
5 Plaintiff argues in his brief that he overpaid twelve months, from 1 July 2015 until entry of
the remand order on 14 June 2016, and that his total overpayment amounted to $14,544.00. However,
the remand hearing concluded on 11 May 2016, so the trial court had no evidence to consider
concerning the period between 11 May 2016 and entry of its order on 14 June 2016. As there is no
record evidence of any payments after 11 May 2016, we are limited to the record evidence before us.
During the appropriate time period – 1 July 2015 until 11 May 2016 – Plaintiff would have “overpaid”
child support in the amount of $12,120.00.
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Plaintiff has already received credit for his overpayment of child support in the
form of a reduction in the trial court’s calculation of his total child support arrearage.
In the remand order, the trial court found as fact that “[s]ince the hearing on July 18,
2014 [P]laintiff made [$89,899.29 in] payments to [D]efendant for alimony and child
support through 4/30/2016[.]” However, during this same period, the trial court found
that Plaintiff’s total obligations for alimony and child support amounted to
$136,380.00, leaving Plaintiff $46,480.71 in arrears for that period. In the table
calculating Plaintiff’s obligations for the relevant period, the trial court found that
Plaintiff was obligated to pay $31,900.00 for: “Child Support 8/1/2014 through
6/1/2015 (11 months @ $2,900.00 per month)” and $16,880.00 for: “Child Support
7/1/2015 through 4/1/2016 (10 months @ $1,688.00 per month).”6 (Emphasis added).
The trial court made the following finding of fact: “[P]laintiff has continued to breach
the separation agreement and [D]efendant has suffered additional damages in the
sum of $46,480.71 through 4/30/2016.” This amount already factors in a reduction in
Plaintiff’s child support obligation from 1 July 2015 through 1 April 2016. Had the
trial court not credited Plaintiff with the $12,120.00 “overpayment” of child support
from 1 July 2015 through 1 April 2016, and demanded that Plaintiff specifically
perform based upon a $2,900.00 per month child support obligation for the entire 1
6 Had the trial court not given Plaintiff credit for overpayment of child support between 1 July
2015 and 1 April 2016, the trial court would have found Plaintiff’s child support obligation to have
been $29,000.00, instead of $16,880.00, for that period. It was the reduced obligation of $16,880.00
that was used to establish $46,480.71 as the damages resultant from Plaintiff’s breach.
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August 2014 to 1 April 2016 time period, Plaintiff would have been found to be
$58,600.71 in arrears instead of $46,480.71. This argument is without merit.
C. Attorney’s Fees
Plaintiff contends the trial court erred “by granting Defendant additional
judgment and attorney’s fees when these issues were affirmed by the Court of
Appeals[.]” We disagree.
Plaintiff is correct that the decision of this Court in Lasecki I constitutes the
law of the case, both in subsequent proceedings in the trial court and on a subsequent
appeal. Transportation, Inc. v. Strick Corp., 286 N.C. 235, 239, 210 S.E.2d 181, 183
(1974). “[O]ur mandate is binding upon [the trial court] and must be strictly followed
without variation or departure. No judgment other than that directed or permitted
by the appellate court may be entered.” D & W, Inc. v. Charlotte, 268 N.C. 720, 722,
152 S.E.2d 199, 202 (1966). Therefore, upon remand from Lasecki I, the trial court
was without authority to alter any portion of its 28 August 2014 order that had been
affirmed in Lasecki I. However, the trial court was free to address anew portions of
its 28 August 2014 order that were vacated by Lasecki I. In Friend-Novorska v.
Novorska, 131 N.C. App. 508, 509 S.E.2d 460 (1998) (“Friend-Novorska I”), this Court
affirmed parts of an alimony order; however,
[t]he remainder of the trial court’s decision was vacated
and remanded to the trial court for “a new award of
alimony” and “specific findings justifying that award.” The
term “vacate” means: “To annul; to set aside; to cancel or
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rescind. To render an act void; as, to vacate . . . a
judgment.” Thus, the vacated portions of the 17 October
1997 order were void and of no effect. On remand,
therefore, the trial court was free to reconsider the
evidence before it and to enter new and/or additional
findings of fact based on the evidence, with the exception
that the trial court was bound on remand by any portions
of the 17 October 1997 order affirmed by this Court in
Friend-Novorska I.
Friend-Novorska v. Novorska, 143 N.C. App. 387, 393–94, 545 S.E.2d 788, 793 (2001)
(“Friend-Novorska II”) (citation omitted). In Lasecki I, this Court held:
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm in part and vacate in
part the trial court’s order. We affirm the portions of the
order in which the trial court awarded money judgments
for the child support and alimony arrearages and unpaid
joint credit card debt and ordered specific performance of
defendant’s attorney’s fees. We vacate the portions of the
order in which the trial court ordered specific performance
of $2,900.00 monthly in child support and $1,385.00
monthly in alimony. We therefore remand the case to the
trial court for further proceedings consistent with this
opinion[.]
Lasecki I, __ N.C. App. at __, 786 S.E.2d at 304. Plaintiff argues that the trial court
violated the mandate of this Court by assessing Plaintiff $10,905.00 in additional
attorney’s fees associated “with the costs of the post remand trial that was created by
the trial court’s error [in establishing alimony and child support by improperly
imputing income to Plaintiff].” The Separation Agreement states regarding
attorney’s fees: “If either party breaches any of the provisions of this Agreement,
[then] the breaching party shall be required to pay reasonable attorney fees of the
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Opinion of the Court
party whose contractual rights hereunder were violated by said breach.” In its 28
August 2014 order, the trial court concluded: “Plaintiff has breached the Agreement.
Defendant has incurred reasonable attorney fees in response to that breach.
Pursuant to the Separation Agreement Defendant is entitled to recover these fees.”
This Court affirmed that portion of the 28 August 2014 order in Lasecki I, and
Plaintiff was required to pay Defendant $9,592.50 in attorney’s fees.
Contrary to Plaintiff’s argument, our holding in Lasecki I did not establish a
final determination of the attorney’s fees Plaintiff might be required to pay
Defendant. Instead, we merely affirmed the award of that particular amount of
attorney’s fees for the work done up to the point of the 28 August 2014 order.
Plaintiff’s obligation pursuant to the Separation Agreement to “pay reasonable
attorney fees of the party whose contractual rights hereunder were violated by
[Plaintiff’s] breach” of the Separation Agreement is ongoing. If the trial court
continues to find Plaintiff in breach, it may, pursuant to the terms of the Separation
Agreement, continue to award Defendant reasonable attorney’s fees. The fact that
the matter was back in front of the trial court based upon our decision partially
vacating and remanding the 28 August 2014 order is immaterial. Appeal is a normal
and regular part of the judicial process, and since Plaintiff was the party in breach of
the Separation Agreement, it would violate the terms of the Separation Agreement
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Opinion of the Court
to compel Defendant to pay for additional attorney’s fees associated with Plaintiff’s
breach.
In its 14 June 2016 order on remand, the trial court concluded: “The
[S]eparation [A]greement entered by the parties on August 24, 2012 is a valid
[A]greement. Defendant has performed her obligations under the contract and
Plaintiff has breached the [A]greement.” So long as the trial court properly
determined that Plaintiff was in breach of the Separation Agreement, it had the
authority to award additional attorney’s fees. This argument is without merit.
D. Alimony
Plaintiff argues the trial court “committed reversible error by ordering specific
performance of alimony in amount ordered.” We disagree.
Plaintiff states: “Pursuant to the remand order [Plaintiff] was ordered to pay
$1,688.00 in child support and specifically perform $2,850.00 in alimony beginning
July 1, 2015.” (Emphasis added). Though Plaintiff is correct that his child support
obligation dropped to $1,688.00 on 1 July 2015, Plaintiff is incorrect concerning the
date on which specific performance of $2,850.00 in alimony was ordered to commence.
Section four of the decretal portion of the 14 June 2016 order on remand states:
“Plaintiff shall pay [D]efendant alimony pursuant to the [S]eparation [A]greement in
the sum of $2,850.00 per month beginning 5/1/16.” Because Plaintiff’s income prior
to the May 2016 hearing was irrelevant to the amount of alimony the trial court
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Opinion of the Court
ordered Plaintiff to pay beginning on 1 May 2016, we do not address Plaintiff’s
arguments regarding salaries he was earning more than a year before the remand
hearing in May 2016. Further, Plaintiff seeks to have this Court analyze the four-
month period from “August 2014 until December 2014” in isolation, in order to find
an abuse of discretion in the trial court’s ordering alimony in the reduced amount of
$1,385.00 per month in its 28 August 2014 order. That portion of the 28 August 2014
order was vacated, and has no relevance to our current analysis.
The following relevant portion of the Separation Agreement established
Plaintiff’s alimony obligations: “[Plaintiff] shall pay [Defendant] base alimony in the
amount of $3,600.00 per month. This alimony shall be payable for a period of nine
years[.] This alimony shall be fixed and is non-modifiable in all respects.”
Under [N.C. Gen. Stat. § 52-10.1], both parties to a divorce
may enter into [an] agreement to settle the question of
alimony, and the terms of the agreement are binding and
may be modified only with the consent of both parties.
Further, a separation agreement not incorporated into a
final divorce decree (as in the present case) may be enforced
through the equitable remedy of specific performance.
In Cavenaugh, our Supreme Court held that “when a
defendant has offered evidence tending to show that he is
unable to fulfill his obligations under a separation
agreement or other contract the trial judge must make
findings of fact concerning the defendant’s ability to carry
out the terms of the agreement before ordering specific
performance.”
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Edwards v. Edwards, 102 N.C. App. 706, 708–09, 403 S.E.2d 530, 531 (1991)
(citations omitted).
“‘Parties to a divorce may enter into a valid agreement settling the question of
alimony, and unless the court then orders alimony to be paid, the terms of the
agreement are binding and can only be modified by the consent of both parties.’”
Jones v. Jones, 144 N.C. App. 595, 598, 548 S.E.2d 565, 567 (2001) (citation omitted).
Unlike child support and custody issues involving minors, the trial court has no
“‘inherent [or] statutory authority to protect the interests and provide for the welfare
of’” competent adults. See Pataky, 160 N.C. App. at 296, 585 S.E.2d at 409 (citations
omitted).
“A separation agreement is a contract between the parties
and the court is without power to modify it except (1) to
provide for adequate support for minor children, and (2)
with the mutual consent of the parties thereto where rights
of third parties have not intervened.”
Id. (citations omitted) (emphasis added). In Defendant’s counterclaim, she requested
specific performance of the alimony portion of the Separation Agreement, because
Plaintiff had not been performing pursuant to the terms of that Agreement. As noted
above:
“A marital separation agreement is generally subject to the
same rules of law with respect to its enforcement as any
other contract.” Specific performance will not be decreed
against a defendant who is incapable of complying with his
contract. “A court can properly order specific performance
of only part of a contract if it deems another portion
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Opinion of the Court
unworkable.”
Cavenaugh, 317 N.C. at 657, 347 S.E.2d at 22–23 (citations omitted); Condellone, 129
N.C. App. at 682, 501 S.E.2d at 695 (citation omitted) (“As a general proposition, the
equitable remedy of specific performance may not be ordered ‘unless such relief is
feasible[;’] therefore courts may not order specific performance ‘where it does not
appear that [the responsible party] can perform.’”). However,
In finding that the defendant is able to perform a
separation agreement, the trial court is not required to
make a specific finding of the defendant’s “present ability
to comply” as that phrase is used in the context of civil
contempt. In other words, the trial court is not required to
find that the defendant “possess[es] some amount of cash,
or asset readily converted to cash” prior to ordering specific
performance.
Id. at 683, 501 S.E.2d at 696 (citations omitted).
Therefore, the trial court had no authority to alter the terms of alimony as set
forth in the Separation Agreement, but it could order specific performance of the
Agreement in an amount less than that demanded in the Agreement upon
determining that Plaintiff was not capable of performing to the full extent of his
obligations. See Edwards, 102 N.C. App. at 710, 403 S.E.2d at 532 (emphasis added)
(although underestimating the defendant’s monthly expenses “may have no effect on
the trial court’s order of specific performance [of the alimony portion of an
unincorporated separation agreement], it may have an effect on the amount
defendant can reasonably afford to pay plaintiff on a monthly basis”).
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Opinion of the Court
Following the remand order, Plaintiff is still contractually obligated to pay
Defendant alimony in the amount of $3,600.00 per month. However, the trial court
only granted Defendant specific performance by Plaintiff for his alimony obligation
in the amount of $2,850.00 per month, beginning 1 May 2016. The trial court found
that Plaintiff was in breach of the Separation Agreement, that specific performance
was an appropriate remedy, but that “the [trial] court is unable to find that [P]laintiff
could reasonably comply with an order requiring specific performance of a payment
of all of the remaining damages suffered by [D]efendant due to [P]laintiff’s breach of
the [A]greement.” Therefore, the trial court ruled:
Defendant’s prayer for specific performance of the alimony
provisions of the [A]greement [is] granted in part. Plaintiff
shall pay [D]efendant alimony pursuant to the
[S]eparation [A]greement in the sum of $2,850.00 per
month beginning 5/1/16. . . . . This paragraph is ordering
specific performance of a portion of [P]laintiff’s obligation
under the [A]greement due to [P]laintiff’s inability to
currently fully perform. This decree is not a modification
of [P]laintiff’s obligation under the contract[.]
Plaintiff argues that there was insufficient evidence presented supporting his
ability to pay alimony in the reduced amount of $2,850.00 per month. Plaintiff states
that “[t]he ability of a party to perform an obligation included in a separation
agreement as required for specific performance is ordinarily determined by the party’s
income at the time the award is made[.]” (Emphasis added). This is an incorrect
statement of law. Determination of the ability to pay alimony agreed upon in an
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Opinion of the Court
unincorporated separation agreement is not limited to the factors utilized in
determining an ability to pay court ordered alimony, because the basis of the
obligation in an unincorporated separation agreement is contract, not statute.
Plaintiff cites Edwards in support of this claim; Edwards is inapposite. In
Edwards, this Court held that the trial court had incorrectly calculated the
defendant’s [responsible spouse’s] expenses, which might affect the amount of
alimony it would order the defendant to specifically perform pursuant to an
unincorporated separation agreement. The plaintiff in Edwards argued that the
error was harmless because the defendant had other sources of income that more
than covered the deficit created by the underestimation of the defendant’s expenses.
In the context of this analysis, this Court stated:
There is no evidence before this Court that either of the
above income sources for the year may be considered
regular income and therefore included in calculating
defendant’s net monthly income. See Whedon v. Whedon,
58 N.C. App. 524, 294 S.E.2d 29 (1982) (a spouse’s ability
to pay alimony is usually determined by his income at the
time the award is made). Moreover, there is evidence that
the income tax refund is a joint refund to both defendant
and his present wife; therefore, for the purposes of the case
before us, it would appear that defendant would be entitled
to only half of such refund. We find that the trial court’s
miscalculation of defendant’s expenses relative to his
monthly income is a prejudicial error and therefore must
be addressed by the trial court.
Edwards, 102 N.C. App. at 710–11, 403 S.E.2d at 532 (citation omitted).
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Opinion of the Court
We first note that Whedon, the decision relied upon in Edwards, is an opinion
involving court ordered alimony, and does not involve an action for specific
performance to enforce an unincorporated separation agreement. Even though
Edwards concerns specific performance of an unincorporated separation agreement,
the Whedon parenthetical does not constitute a holding that determination of an
ability to pay alimony established in an unincorporated separation agreement is
limited to the responsible party’s income. Finally, Plaintiff seems to ignore that part
of the parenthetical that states: “ability to pay alimony is usually determined by
. . . income at the time the award is made[,]” Edwards, 102 N.C. App. at 710, 403
S.E.2d at 532 (citation omitted) (emphasis added), as Plaintiff directs this Court to
his income at various times prior to the time the current award was made.
Further, the remand order limits specific performance of alimony in the
reduced amount of $2,850.00 per month to the time period beginning 1 May 2016. To
the extent that unpaid alimony prior to 1 May 2016 was included in the remand order,
it was included as part of the $46,480.71 money judgment, and does not implicate any
specific performance analysis.
At the time the award was made, Plaintiff was found to have an annual income
of $135,000.00, or $11,250.00 per month. The trial court found that Plaintiff’s total
expenses before alimony – which included child support, taxes, Social Security, and
Medicare – were $8,396.80 per month. Finding of fact 53 states: “Plaintiff’s actual
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Opinion of the Court
current income exceeds his reasonable expenses by $2,853.20 per month.” Plaintiff
does not specifically contest this finding of fact. Koufman v. Koufman, 330 N.C. 93,
97, 408 S.E.2d 729, 731 (1991) (“Although plaintiff excepted to . . . several findings of
fact by the trial court, plaintiff [made no] exception to . . . finding of fact (2), quoted
above. Where no exception is taken to a finding of fact by the trial court, the finding
is presumed to be supported by competent evidence and is binding on appeal.”). We
are therefore bound by the trial court’s finding that “Plaintiff’s actual current income
exceeds his reasonable expenses by $2,853.20 per month.”
The trial court ordered specific performance of alimony reduced from $3,600.00
to $2,850.00 per month which, according to the trial court’s calculations, Plaintiff
could afford to pay entirely from his monthly income. Plaintiff argues that the trial
court should have considered his attorney’s fees and Defendant’s attorney’s fees as
part of his monthly expenses; and that the trial court erred in finding that “Plaintiff’s
household expenses should be split evenly between Plaintiff and his current wife[.]”
Plaintiff directs this Court to no authority supporting his claim that the attorney’s
fees he was required to pay due to his breach of the Separation Agreement should be
factored into his monthly expenses, nor that the trial court erred in determining that
Plaintiff’s current wife contributes to their joint expenses. It was Plaintiff’s duty,
and not the duty of this Court, to challenge findings and
conclusions, and make corresponding arguments on
appeal. It is not the job of this Court to “create an appeal
for” [Plaintiff]. . . . . “It is not the duty of this Court to
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Opinion of the Court
supplement an appellant’s brief with legal authority or
arguments not contained therein. Th[ese] [arguments are]
deemed abandoned by virtue of N.C. R. App. P. 28(b)(6).”
Sanchez v. Cobblestone Homeowners Ass’n., __ N.C. App. __, __, 791 S.E.2d 238, 245–
46 (2016) (citations omitted). Further, Plaintiff supports his arguments with
references to the transcript of the 10 and 11 May 2016 hearing. However, Plaintiff
did not include this transcript in the record, so we have no way of verifying Plaintiff’s
claims concerning whether there was evidence presented concerning the level of
contribution Plaintiff’s current wife made to their joint living expenses. This
argument is without merit.
E. Specific Performance of Attorney’s Fees
Plaintiff argues that, even if the trial court did not err in awarding Defendant
$10,905.00 in attorney’s fees, it erred in ordering him to pay those fees when “there
was no evidence before the [trial] court that Plaintiff had the ability to specifically
perform the payment of $10,905.00 with not even enough money in Plaintiff’s bank
account to pay his obligations for one month and his depleted retirement.” We
disagree.
Plaintiff contends the amount he had in his checking account at the time of
entry of the remand order, $7,425.94, was insufficient to pay Defendant’s attorney’s
fees, and that “Plaintiff still owed taxes on the withdrawals made in 2016” from his
retirement accounts, though Plaintiff does not indicate the amount of his tax liability.
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Opinion of the Court
Plaintiff includes no citations to authority in support of his argument and it is not
the duty of this Court to search for such authority. Sanchez, __ N.C. App. at __, 791
S.E.2d at 245–46.
Further, in the remand order the trial court found the following facts regarding
Plaintiff’s assets that could be used to pay attorney’s fees: Plaintiff (1) had at least
two IRA accounts that, combined, contained $68,458.87 on 31 March 2016; (2)
withdrew $25,000.00 “from his retirement” in early April 2016 “to pay taxes and his
attorney fees[;]” (3) “[a]s of 4/27/2016 [P]laintiff had a vested balance in his 401K with
his current employer in the sum of $8687.29[;]” (4) had approximately $7,725.94 in
checking and savings accounts in late April 2016, during the prior year Plaintiff
maintained an average monthly amount of $14,528.00 in these accounts – with a high
of $19,205.15 in December 2015, and the April 2016 amount of $7,725.94 representing
the lowest cash balance for the prior year period; (5) “engaged in a complicated lease
to own arrangement with respect to his home [“the home”] in which [Plaintiff] was
able to divest large sums of retirement savings and place any interest in the property
obtained in the name of another[:]” specifically, Plaintiff and his current wife,
respectively, contributed $70,000.00 and $35,000.00 toward the purchase of the home
on 18 December 2014, Plaintiff’s then employer, Frontline, financed the purchase of
the home, and the home was titled in the name of Frontline, the “contract price was
$290,161.00 plus $35,798.18 settlement charges to the borrower which primarily
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Opinion of the Court
consisted of a pool to be built after the closing[,]” Plaintiff and his wife executed “a
Lease Agreement with option to purchase” with Frontline, and Plaintiff and his wife
“executed a promissory note to [Frontline] in the principal sum of $321,932.64 on
12/18/2014[;]” (6) “has retained significant assets in the form of retirement savings
which will make it difficult for [D]efendant to collect a money judgment[;]” (7) and
“[i]n light of [P]laintiff’s maintenance of a large checking account balance he has the
ability to comply with an order for the payment of [D]efendant’s attorney’s fees.”
We hold that the remand order contains sufficient findings of fact to support
the order of specific performance of Defendant’s attorney’s fees in the amount of
$10,905.00. This argument is without merit.
F. Motions to Reopen Case and for Relief from Order
Plaintiff argues the trial court abused its discretion by denying his motion to
reopen the case in light of relevant new evidence, and by denying his Rule 60(b)
motion for relief from the 14 June 2016 order. We hold the trial court did not abuse
its discretion.
The trial court’s ruling on Plaintiff’s motion to reopen can only be overturned
upon a clear abuse of discretion. Maness v. Bullins, 33 N.C. App. 208, 211, 234 S.E.2d
465, 468 (1977). The same is true concerning the trial court’s denial of Plaintiff’s Rule
60(b) motion for relief. Wallis v. Cambron, 194 N.C. App. 190, 194, 670 S.E.2d 239,
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242 (2008) (citations omitted) (“a trial court’s decision to grant or deny relief pursuant
to Rule 60(b) will not be overturned absent an abuse of discretion”).
Plaintiff filed a motion on 26 May 2016 to reopen the case following the 10 and
11 May 2016 hearing on remand. In Plaintiff’s motion, he argued:
2. The hearing of this action began on May 10, 2016 and
testimony concluded on May 11, 2016, with both parties
resting.
3. [] Plaintiff at the time of the hearing was employed with
[Frontline] as Vice President of Sales earning $135,000
annually.
4. That on May 23, 2016 Plaintiff’s employment with
[Frontline] ended; and that as of the filing of this motion
Plaintiff is unemployed.
5. The [trial court] has not yet entered a ruling upon the
matters and issues before [it].
6. The hearing of this additional testimony would not in
any way prejudice [] Defendant’s contentions in this action.
7. That Plaintiff through this motion attempts to make []
Defendant and the [trial court] aware of his substantial
change in circumstances.
As noted in Plaintiff’s motion, at the time Plaintiff filed his motion the trial court had
not yet entered its order on remand in the matter, which it first entered on 14 June
2016.7
7
The trial court then entered an amended order on remand 13 July 2016, nunc pro tunc 14
June 2016.
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Plaintiff filed a motion for relief from the 14 June 2016 order on 20 June 2016,
arguing that “the filing of Plaintiff’s motion to allow additional testimony regarding
termination of employment prior to the entry of the [14 June 2016] order in this
matter and [] Plaintiff’s loss of employment since the trial in this matter justify relief
from the order entered June 14, 2016 pursuant to Rule 60(b)(6).” The trial court did
not hear Plaintiff’s motion to reopen until 11 July 2016, nearly a month after entering
the remand order, and it denied Plaintiff’s motion by order entered 13 July 2016. The
trial court simultaneously heard Plaintiff’s motion for relief from the 14 June 2016
order on 11 July 2016 and denied it in its 13 July 2016 order.
In its 13 July 2016 order, the trial court noted this Court’s language from
Lasecki I regarding the trial court’s denial of Plaintiff’s 23 July 2014 motion to reopen
following the July 2014 hearing. In Lasecki I, this Court stated:
We also note that on or about 21 July 2014, only three days
after the close of the 17 and 18 July 2014 hearing, Frontline
extended an offer to [P]laintiff to work as a salesman in
Arizona, and [P]laintiff immediately accepted. The salary
in Frontline’s offer was one percent of all of [P]laintiff’s
sales, with a yearly guaranteed draw of $110,000.00. The
trial court had taken the case under advisement at the
close of the hearing on 18 July 2014 and had not yet
announced a ruling. On 23 July 2014, [P]laintiff moved to
reopen the case to allow testimony regarding this new
employment and income, and although the trial court had
still not entered an order, on 14 August 2014, the trial court
denied plaintiff’s motion. On 28 August 2014, the trial
court entered the order which is on appeal, and on 3
September 2014, [P]laintiff moved for a new trial, again
seeking to present evidence of [P]laintiff’s actual income in
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Opinion of the Court
his new job; the trial court denied this motion as well.
Although [P]laintiff did not appeal from the orders on the
post-trial motions and has not challenged them on appeal,
we cannot help but note that if the trial court had allowed
the evidence of [P]laintiff’s actual income in his new job to
be presented and considered, most of the issues addressed
by this appeal would have been eliminated and there would
have been no need for remand on those issues. Plaintiff
accepted the new job only days after the hearing and even
before the trial court had announced its rulings, and with
newly available income information, the order could have
been based upon [P]laintiff’s actual income. We would also
imagine that [P]laintiff’s move to Arizona to begin the new
employment would affect his visitation schedule with the
children and travel costs associated with visitation, which
are additional factors the trial court may need to consider
when addressing the child support issue.
Lasecki I, __ N.C. App. at __, 786 S.E.2d at 300.
The trial court explained in its 13 July 2016 order its decision to deny Plaintiff’s
motions in part as follows:
22. On the date the [trial] court filed its order pursuant to
the hearings on 5/10/16 and 5/11/16, the [trial] court was
aware of the pleadings in the file at the time the order was
filed. By filing the order, the [trial] court did not intend to
deprive “[P]laintiff of the opportunity to have a meaningful
hearing on his pending motion to reopen” as alleged in
[Plaintiff’s] motion for relief. The [trial] court merely
intended to attempt to continue to comply with its
obligation under the code of judicial conduct to dispose
promptly of the business of the court.
23. Herein, the [trial] court will consider [P]laintiff’s
motions separately and in the sequence in which they were
filed now that [P]laintiff has had the opportunity to present
evidence upon his motions and to argue them. This court
will consider [P]laintiff’s first motion without regard to the
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Opinion of the Court
filing of the 6/14/2016 order.
....
25. On July 7, 2016 [P]laintiff filed an affidavit with the
[trial] court indicating that his only source of income was
from his current employer as an Uber Driver from which
he had earned just over $2,500.00 in 43 days. Counsel for
[D]efendant objected to the [trial] court considering the
affidavit for the reason that she was unable to cross
examine [P]laintiff regarding his assertions. Plaintiff’s
assertions are not particularly detailed indicating only that
his unemployment has ended, been lost, or terminated
without stating in his pleadings particular reasons for his
alleged change in circumstances. The [trial] court will give
this affidavit the same weight as [P]laintiff’s verified
motion to re-open the case. The [trial] court will consider
it only as an assertion by [P]laintiff as grounds upon which
he is making an application for relief.
26. For more than 200 years the North Carolina Supreme
Court has indicated that allowing additional evidence after
closing arguments is within the discretion of the trial court.
The Supreme Court notes that it is a departure from the
normal rules of procedure which ought not be done except
for good reasons shown to the [trial] court. [Citations
omitted].
27. In exercising its discretion in considering [P]laintiff’s
motion to reopen the case to allow additional testimony,
this court has weighed several factors. Allowing
[P]laintiff’s motion may allow the [trial] court to fashion an
order based upon facts existing at a time nearer to the
filing of the written order; however, in light of the work
load of the Civil District Court in Iredell County, it would
be difficult for a trial judge to be able to digest the
testimony and exhibits regularly presented by these
parties; decide the complicated issues raised by the
pleadings considering the guidelines, statutory mandates,
and case law presumptions; and dictate a decision in less
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Opinion of the Court
time that [P]laintiff has twice asserted a desire to reopen
his evidence: 5 days after a two day trial in 2014 and 14
days after a two day trial in 2016.8 This court appreciates
the Court of Appeals of North Carolina noting in this very
case that if the [trial] court had allowed a similar motion of
[P]laintiff in 2014 that most of the issues addressed in his
prior appeal would have been eliminated. However, the
current motion is not an invitation to avoid legal error in
imputing income when actual income is available, but
rather a request that the [trial] court consider assertions
regarding actual income at a time 14 days after the close of
the evidence and arguments rather than the evidence of
actual income offered during the two day trial in which the
parties indicated that they were ready to proceed and
presented evidence and critically questioned the evidence
of the other party. Plaintiff’s motion is not a request to
produce evidence that actually existed at the time of the
hearing which [P]laintiff merely wishes to introduce to
correct some technical defect in his case; but it is a request
to introduce additional evidence which could substantially
change the complexion of the case which did not even exist
until 12 days after the conclusion of a trial. The general
rules used in trials have been developed to secure fairness,
eliminate unjustifiable expense and delay, and to seek the
truth. These purposes can be found in N.C.G.S. § 8C-[1,
Rule] 102(a),9 Rule 1 of the General Rules of Practice for
the Superior and District Courts, and the 1813 decision of
the North Carolina Supreme Court cited above.10 Although
denying [P]laintiff’s motion may trigger an appeal, or
8 Although the meaning of this sentence is not entirely clear, we understand it to mean either
that it would have been difficult for the trial court to have entered its orders prior to the dates upon
which Plaintiff filed his 2014 and 2016 motions to reopen the case, or simply that allowing Plaintiff’s
motions to reopen the case would have caused delay more detrimental to the efficiency of the judicial
process than denial of these motions in fact caused. We appreciate the need for maximum efficiency
at the trial court level, but stress that ultimately it is the efficiency of the entire process that should
be paramount.
9 It is unclear that denial of Plaintiff’s motions to reopen in the present case have served “to
secure fairness in administration, elimination of unjustifiable expense and delay, and promotion of
growth and development of the law of evidence to the end that the truth may be ascertained and
proceedings justly determined.” N.C. Gen. Stat. 8C-1, 102(a) (2017).
10 Par. v. Fite, 6 N.C. 258, 259 (1813).
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Opinion of the Court
motions to modify, or actions to enforce an order entered
without the benefit of [P]laintiff’s new evidence; the
granting of his motion will certainly create expense for the
parties and delay in the resolution of the issues before the
[trial] court. Furthermore, additional hearings would not
guarantee that the trial court would reach a better decision
or that the party perceiving defeat would not seek the
remedy of an appeal. After considering carefully
[P]laintiff’s motion the [trial] court fails to find good cause
to allow additional evidence to be presented after both
parties have rested and argued their cases.
28. The [trial] court now considers [P]laintiff’s motion for
relief from the [trial] court’s judgment. . . . . Plaintiff’s
counsel has indicated that a ruling in favor of [P]laintiff
may avert an appeal. Appeals delay the prompt
determination of the business before the courts, are costly
to the litigants, and place at risk the finality of judgments.
Plaintiff’s counsel also asserts that denying his motion will
place an inappropriate impediment on his right to appeal
by forcing him to choose between appealing or avoiding an
appeal in hopes of winning a motion to modify the
judgment based upon a change in circumstances. [This]
court puts little weight on this assertion. Legal decisions
are often based upon complicated analysis of risk and
return. Although the failure of a court to exercise a
discretionary equitable power of relief may complicate the
future decisions of a litigant, that complication is not
improper or inappropriate. Plaintiff also argues that
allowing his motion may avoid future hearings regarding
the collection of the sums mandated by the 6/14/2016 order.
Facts and circumstances may or may not align to prove his
assertion. On the other hand allowing [P]laintiff’s motion
will interfere with the finality of the trial court’s judgment
and cause certain and immediate hardship to [D]efendant.
She will have to continue to retain counsel and prepare for
and participate in yet another session in a trial on the
merits regarding claims filed nearly three years ago.
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Opinion of the Court
The trial court then concluded that Plaintiff “failed to show good cause to allow his
motion to re-open the case[,]” and “failed to show extraordinary circumstances and
failed to show that justice demands that relief be granted pursuant to N.C.G.S. § 1A-
1, Rule 60, and his motion [for relief from the 14 June 2016 order] should be denied.”
We recognize the difficulties inherent in cases such as the present case, in
which a substantial change in circumstances may occur at any time. However, “we
cannot help but note that if the trial court had allowed the evidence of [P]laintiff’s
actual income in his new job to be presented and considered, [many] of the issues
addressed by this appeal” might have become moot. Lasecki I, __ N.C. App. at __, 786
S.E.2d at 300. At a minimum, this Court would not have been required to go through
the process of deciding issues based upon relevant facts that were no longer accurate
at the time notice of appeal was filed. We agree with the trial court that “[a]llowing
[P]laintiff’s motion may [have] allow[ed] the [trial] court to fashion an order based
upon facts existing at a time nearer to the filing of the written order[,]” and add that
by so doing, the trial court’s order would have more likely reflected the current
financial situation of the parties, and our opinion would more likely address issues
and facts that had not lost much of their relevance.
Nonetheless, the trial court discussed its decision to deny Plaintiff’s motions in
some detail. In particular, the trial court found that Plaintiff’s affidavit in support of
his motion to reopen provided scant information concerning the conditions
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Opinion of the Court
surrounding Plaintiff’s loss of employment and, therefore, the trial court was not
provided with information relevant to its discretionary decision. In light of the great
discretion afforded the trial court in deciding whether to reopen the evidence in a
case, Plaintiff’s minimal effort in providing information relevant to the trial court’s
decision, and the trial court’s thorough explanation of its decision, we cannot find that
the decision to deny Plaintiff’s motion to reopen the case was “‘manifestly
unsupported by reason and so arbitrary that [it] could not have been the result of a
reasoned decision.’” Maldjian v. Bloomquist, __ N.C. App. __, __, 782 S.E.2d 80, 83–
84 (2016) (citations omitted). With regard to the trial court’s denial of Plaintiff’s Rule
60(b) motion, we similarly hold that Plaintiff has failed to meet his burden of showing
the trial court abused its discretion. In re L.C., 174 N.C. App. 622, 623, 621 S.E.2d
208, 209 (2005).
AFFIRMED.
Judges TYSON and INMAN concur.
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