State v. LenoirÂ

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF NORTH CAROLINA
No. COA17-943
Filed: 5 June 2018
Rutherford County, No. 13 CRS 2557
STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA
v.
JESSE JAMES LENOIR
Appeal by defendant from judgment entered 16 March 2016 by Judge Robert
G. Horne in Rutherford County Superior Court. Heard in the Court of Appeals 21
February 2018.
Attorney General Joshua H. Stein, by Assistant Attorney General Kimberly
Grande, for the State.
W. Michael Spivey for defendant-appellant.
DAVIS, Judge.
In this appeal, we revisit the issue of how much factual information a law
enforcement officer’s affidavit must contain in order to establish probable cause for
the issuance of a search warrant. Because we conclude that the affidavit at issue in
this case lacked sufficient detail, we reverse the trial court’s denial of the defendant’s
motion to suppress and vacate his conviction.
Factual and Procedural Background
STATE V. LENOIR
Opinion of the Court
On 29 July 2013 at 1:45 p.m., Sergeant Chadd Murray of the Rutherford
County Sheriff’s Office — along with several other law enforcement officers — went
to the home of Jesse James Lenoir (“Defendant”) in Forest City, North Carolina to
conduct a knock and talk. Defendant’s brother, David Lenoir (“David”), answered the
door and invited the officers into the residence.
Sergeant Murray asked David if there was anyone else in the house, and David
responded that no one else was present. Sergeant Murray noticed that a light was
on in a back bedroom and asked David if he could “check and make sure nobody was
there” for the safety of the officers. David gave his consent, and Sergeant Murray
walked to the back bedroom where he saw a woman lying on a bed. Sergeant Murray
also observed a “glass smoke pipe” on a dresser in the bedroom.
That same day, Sergeant Murray applied for a search warrant for the residence
and submitted a supporting affidavit that stated, in its entirety, as follows:
On July 29, 2013 I went to 652 Byers Road Lot 10 Forest
City, N.C. for a knock and talk. Once at the residence I
spoke with the tenant at the residence David Lenoir.
Lenoir stated he and his brother Jesse Lenoir both lived
there. David consented to a search of the residence and
stated no one was inside the residence. In a back bedroom
was Dawn Bradley sleeping and I could see a smoke pipe
used for methamphetamine in plain view. The bedroom
she was in belonged to Jessie [sic] Lenoir. Jessie [sic] was
unable to be reached. Dawn would not admit to the smoke
pipe being hers but she did stated [sic] Jessie [sic] and
Rebecca Simmons stayed in that bedroom as well.
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Opinion of the Court
Based upon this affidavit, a search warrant was issued.1 The officers then
conducted a search of the home and discovered a shotgun in the same bedroom where
Sergeant Murray had observed the glass pipe. The weapon was hidden from view
behind a “speaker box.”
On 31 July 2013, Sergeant Murray questioned Defendant about the shotgun,
and Defendant admitted that the gun belonged to him. Defendant was subsequently
indicted by a grand jury on 4 November 2013 for possession of a firearm by a felon.
A jury trial was held on 16 March 2016 before the Honorable Robert G. Horne in
Rutherford County Superior Court. Before the trial began, a hearing was held to
address an oral motion to suppress made by Defendant. Despite the fact that the
motion was not in writing, the State did not object on procedural grounds to its
consideration by the trial court, and the court agreed to hear Defendant’s motion.
Following the arguments of counsel, the trial court orally denied the motion to
suppress.
At trial, counsel for Defendant failed to object to the admission of evidence as
to the shotgun being found in the residence during the officers’ search. On 16 March
2016, the jury found Defendant guilty of possession of a firearm by a felon. The trial
1 Approximately three hours after obtaining and executing this search warrant, Sergeant
Murray obtained a second search warrant for the residence. However, the State did not offer at
Defendant’s trial any evidence that was seized by the officers while they were executing the second
warrant. Therefore, we confine our review to the first search warrant obtained by Sergeant Murray.
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Opinion of the Court
court sentenced him to a term of 19 to 32 months imprisonment, suspended the
sentence, and placed Defendant on supervised probation for 36 months.
Defendant filed an untimely notice of appeal on 8 April 2018. However, he
filed a petition for writ of certiorari on 12 September 2016, and this Court granted
the petition on 22 September 2016.
Analysis
Defendant’s sole argument on appeal is that the trial court erred by denying
his motion to suppress. Specifically, he contends that the search warrant issued for
his residence was not supported by probable cause based on the insufficiency of
Sergeant Murray’s supporting affidavit.
As an initial matter, we must determine whether this issue was properly
preserved for appeal. Defendant acknowledges that although he made a motion to
suppress the evidence of the shotgun found in his home, he failed to object when the
State sought to admit that evidence at trial. Our Supreme Court has explained that
[t]o preserve an issue for appeal, the defendant must make
an objection at the point during the trial when the State
attempts to introduce the evidence. A defendant cannot
rely on his pretrial motion to suppress to preserve an issue
for appeal. His objection must be renewed at trial.
[Defendant’s] failure to object at trial waived his right to
have this issue reviewed on appeal.
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STATE V. LENOIR
Opinion of the Court
State v. Golphin, 352 N.C. 364, 463, 533 S.E.2d 168, 232 (2000) (internal citations
omitted), cert. denied, 532 U.S. 931, 149 L. Ed. 2d 305 (2001). Accordingly, Defendant
has not properly preserved this issue for appellate review.
However, in cases where a defendant fails to preserve for appellate review an
issue relating to the suppression of evidence we conduct plain error review if the
defendant specifically and clearly makes a plain error argument on appeal. State v.
Waring, 364 N.C. 443, 467-68, 701 S.E.2d 615, 631-32 (2010), cert. denied, 565 U.S.
832, 181 L. Ed. 2d 53 (2011). Because Defendant expressly seeks such review in his
appellate brief, we review for plain error the issue of whether probable cause existed
to support the issuance of the search warrant obtained by Sergeant Murray.
For error to constitute plain error, a defendant must
demonstrate that a fundamental error occurred at trial. To
show that an error was fundamental, a defendant must
establish prejudice — that, after examination of the entire
record, the error had a probable impact on the jury’s
finding that the defendant was guilty. Moreover, because
plain error is to be applied cautiously and only in the
exceptional case, the error will often be one that seriously
affects the fairness, integrity or public reputation of
judicial proceedings.
State v. Lawrence, 365 N.C. 506, 518, 723 S.E.2d 326, 334 (2012) (internal citations,
quotation marks, and brackets omitted).
In conducting plain error review, we must first determine whether the trial
court did, in fact, err in denying Defendant’s motion to suppress. See State v.
Oxendine, __ N.C. App. __, __, 783 S.E.2d 286, 292, disc. review denied, __ N.C. __,
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787 S.E.2d 24 (2016) (“The first step under plain error review is . . . to determine
whether any error occurred at all.”).
Normally, “[t]he standard of review in evaluating the denial of a motion to
suppress is whether competent evidence supports the trial court’s findings of fact and
whether the findings of fact support the conclusions of law.” State v. Jackson, 368
N.C. 75, 78, 772 S.E.2d 847, 849 (2015) (citation and quotation marks omitted). Here,
however, the trial court summarily denied Defendant’s motion to suppress without
making any findings of fact or conclusions of law. Our Supreme Court has held that
“only a material conflict in the evidence — one that potentially affects the outcome of
the suppression motion — must be resolved by explicit factual findings that show the
basis for the trial court’s ruling. When there is no conflict in the evidence, the trial
court’s findings can be inferred from its decision.” State v. Bartlett, 368 N.C. 309,
312, 776 S.E.2d 672, 674 (2015) (internal citations omitted).
“N.C. [Gen. Stat.] § 15A-244 requires that an application for a search warrant
must contain (1) a probable cause statement that the items will be found in the place
described, and (2) factual allegations supporting the probable cause statement.”
State v. Taylor, 191 N.C. App. 587, 589, 664 S.E.2d 421, 423 (2008) (citation omitted).
Furthermore, “the statements must be supported by one or more affidavits
particularly setting forth the circumstances establishing probable cause to believe
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Opinion of the Court
that the items are in the places or in the possession of the individuals to be searched.”
Id. (citation, quotation marks, and brackets omitted).
In determining whether to issue a warrant, the magistrate must “make a
practical, common sense decision whether, given all the circumstances set forth in
the affidavit before him . . . there is a fair probability that contraband or evidence of
a crime will be found in a particular place.” State v. Arrington, 311 N.C. 633, 638,
319 S.E.2d 254, 257-58 (1984) (citation omitted); see also State v. McCoy, 100 N.C.
App. 574, 576, 397 S.E.2d 355, 357 (1990) (“The standard for a court reviewing the
issuance of a search warrant is whether there is substantial evidence in the record
supporting the magistrate’s decision to issue the warrant.” (citation and quotation
marks omitted)).
Probable cause . . . means a reasonable ground to believe
that the proposed search will reveal the presence upon the
premises to be searched of the objects sought and that
those objects will aid in the apprehension or conviction of
the offender. Probable cause does not mean actual and
positive cause, nor does it import absolute certainty. . . . If
the apparent facts set out in an affidavit for a search
warrant are such that a reasonably discreet and prudent
man would be led to believe that there was a commission
of the offense charged, there is probable cause justifying
the issuance of a search warrant.
State v. Campbell, 282 N.C. 125, 128-29, 191 S.E.2d 752, 755 (1972) (internal citation
and quotation marks omitted). N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-245(a) provides that
“information other than that contained in the affidavit may not be considered by the
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STATE V. LENOIR
Opinion of the Court
issuing official in determining whether probable cause exists for the issuance of the
warrant unless the information is either recorded or contemporaneously summarized
in the record or on the face of the warrant[.]” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-245(a) (2017).
In assessing the sufficiency of Sergeant Murray’s affidavit, we find instructive
several decisions from our appellate courts. In State v. Benters, 367 N.C. 660, 766
S.E.2d 593 (2014), law enforcement officers with “extensive training and experience
with indoor marijuana growing investigations” received an anonymous tip regarding
the defendant’s involvement in an indoor marijuana growing operation. Id. at 661,
766 S.E.2d at 596. After visiting the address referenced in the tip, the officers
observed various gardening materials on the property including potting soil,
fertilizer, and seed starting trays. However, they did not see any gardens or potted
plants. Based upon their observations as set forth in an affidavit, a search warrant
was issued for the property located at that address. Id. at 662-63, 766 S.E.2d at 596-
97.
In ruling that the affidavit in support of the search warrant application was
insufficient to provide probable cause, our Supreme Court stated that it was “not
convinced that these officers’ training and experience are sufficient to balance the
quantitative and qualitative deficit left by an anonymous tip . . . , observations of
innocuous gardening supplies, and a compilation of conclusory allegations.” Id. at
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 STATE V. LENOIR
Opinion of the Court
673, 766 S.E.2d at 603 (citation omitted). With regard to the gardening items
observed by law enforcement, the Court specifically noted that
[n]othing [in the affidavit] indicates a fair probability that
contraband or evidence of a crime will be found in a
particular place beyond [the officer’s] wholly conclusory
allegations. The affidavit does not state whether or when
the gardening supplies were, or appeared to have been,
used, or whether the supplies appeared to be new, or old
and in disrepair. Thus, amid a field of speculative
possibilities, the affidavit impermissibly require[d] the
magistrate to make what otherwise might be reasonable
inferences based on conclusory allegations rather than
sufficient underlying circumstances. This we cannot abide.
Id. at 672, 766 S.E.2d at 602 (internal citations and quotation marks omitted).
State v. Beaver, 37 N.C. App. 513, 246 S.E.2d 535 (1978), involved the
warrantless seizure of a shot glass from the defendant’s vehicle by a law enforcement
officer during a routine traffic stop. Id. at 514-15, 246 S.E.2d at 537. The shot glass
contained a “film of a white substance appearing to be some type of white powder.”
Id. at 517, 246 S.E.2d at 539. This Court held that the seizure was unsupported by
probable cause, concluding as follows:
[W]e cannot say that a white powder residue in a glass
gives rise to facts of general knowledge or facts of a
particular science so notoriously true as to support a
reasonable belief on the part of the seizing officer that he
was seizing contraband or evidence of a crime. We think
that, absent specific testimony indicating particular
knowledge on the part of the officer . . . , a white powder
residue in a glass must be taken as equally indicative of
lawful substances and conduct as of contraband or
unlawful conduct. Such would give rise to a mere
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Opinion of the Court
suspicion, which will not support a finding of probable
cause.
Id. at 519, 246 S.E.2d at 539-40 (citation omitted).
In the present case, Sergeant Murray’s affidavit simply stated that he saw “a
smoke pipe used for methamphetamine” in a bedroom in Defendant’s house. It made
no mention at all of Sergeant Murray’s training and experience; nor did it present
any information explaining the basis for his belief that the pipe was being used to
smoke methamphetamine as opposed to tobacco. In addition, the affidavit did not
explain how Sergeant Murray was qualified to distinguish between a pipe being used
for lawful — as opposed to unlawful — purposes. Indeed, the affidavit did not even
purport to describe in any detail the appearance of the pipe or contain any indication
as to whether it appeared to have recently been used. It further lacked any indication
that information had been received by law enforcement officers connecting Defendant
or his home to drugs.
As with the gardening supplies in Benters and the white residue in Beaver, a
pipe — standing alone — is neither contraband nor evidence of a crime. Rather, the
pipe referenced in Sergeant Murray’s affidavit “must be taken as equally indicative
of lawful substances and conduct as of contraband or unlawful conduct.” Beaver, 37
N.C. App. at 519, 246 S.E.2d at 540.
While the State cites State v. Lowe, 369 N.C. 360, 794 S.E.2d 282 (2016), in
support of its contention that the warrant obtained by Sergeant Murray was properly
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Opinion of the Court
issued, that case is inapposite. In Lowe, our Supreme Court held that probable cause
supported the issuance of a search warrant where (1) the investigating officer
received an anonymous tip that the defendant was selling and storing narcotics at
his house; (2) the affidavit in support of the warrant listed the officer’s training and
experience; and (3) the officer discovered marijuana residue in a garbage bag outside
the defendant’s residence. Id. at 361-62, 246 S.E.2d at 284.
Noting that the affidavit “presented the magistrate with direct evidence of the
crime for which the officers sought to collect evidence[,]” the Court ruled that “under
the totality of the circumstances there was a substantial basis for the issuing
magistrate to conclude that probable cause existed.” Id. at 365-66, 794 S.E.2d at 286
(citation and quotation marks omitted). The Supreme Court distinguished its ruling
in Lowe from its prior decision in Benters by noting that “[a]lthough there were many
reasons the gardening equipment may have been outside the defendant’s house in
Benters, the presence of marijuana residue in defendant’s trash offers far fewer
innocent explanations.” Id. at 365, 794 S.E.2d at 286 (citation and quotation marks
omitted).
Here, given the absence of additional information in Sergeant Murray’s
affidavit to support his bare assertion that the pipe was “used for
methamphetamine,” we hold that the affidavit was insufficient to establish probable
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STATE V. LENOIR
Opinion of the Court
cause for the issuance of the search warrant. Accordingly, the trial court erred in
denying Defendant’s motion to suppress.
Having determined that the trial court erred, we now turn to the issue of
whether the error rose to the level of plain error. Defendant was convicted of
possession of a firearm by a felon. His conviction was based solely upon the discovery
of a shotgun in his home. There is no indication in the record that Sergeant Murray
saw the gun — which was hidden from view — prior to seeking the search warrant.
Rather, the gun was found only once the search warrant had been obtained and was
being executed by the officers.2
Thus, the trial court’s denial of Defendant’s motion to suppress necessarily had
a probable impact on his conviction because the jury could not have convicted
Defendant of possession of a firearm by a felon but for the admission of evidence
concerning the shotgun seized during the execution of the search warrant. See State
v. Canty, 224 N.C. App. 514, 521, 736 S.E.2d 532, 537 (2012) (“Without the search, no
weapons would have been found. Without the weapons, Defendant could not have
been convicted of . . . possession of a firearm by a convicted felon.”), disc. review
denied, 366 N.C. 578, 739 S.E.2d 850 (2013). Therefore, we hold that the trial court’s
denial of Defendant’s motion to suppress amounted to plain error.3
2 Indeed, the State makes no argument that the shotgun would have been discovered by law
enforcement officers even in the absence of the search warrant obtained by Sergeant Murray.
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Opinion of the Court
Conclusion
For the reasons stated above, we reverse the trial court’s denial of Defendant’s
motion to suppress and vacate his conviction for possession of a firearm by a felon.
REVERSED AND VACATED.
Judges STROUD and ARROWOOD concur.
3 Based on our holding, we need not reach Defendant’s additional argument that he received
ineffective assistance of counsel based on his trial counsel’s failure to object at trial to the evidence
obtained as a result of the search warrant.
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