State v. WalkerÂ

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF NORTH CAROLINA
No. COA16-109
Filed: 21 March 2017
Hoke County, Nos. 11 CRS 51608, 14 CRS 87, and 11 CRS 51647
THE STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA,
v.
MICHAEL TODD WALKER, Defendant.
Appeal by Defendant from judgments entered 19 June 2015 by Judge Gale M.
Adams in Hoke County Superior Court. Heard in the Court of Appeals 9 August
2016.
Attorney General Joshua H. Stein, by Assistant Attorney General Peter A.
Regulski, for the State.
Cooley Law Office, by Craig M. Cooley, for Defendant-Appellant.
INMAN, Judge.
Michael Todd Walker (“Defendant”) appeals from judgments entered on 19
June 2015 convicting him of, inter alia, two counts of assault with a deadly weapon
with intent to kill inflicting serious injury upon K.D.1, assault with a deadly weapon
with intent to kill inflicting serious injury upon D.C., and attempted first degree
murder of K.D. Defendant asserts that the State failed to present sufficient evidence
1 The victims are not identified by name to protect their identities pursuant to N.C. R. App. P.
4(e) (2015).
STATE V. WALKER
Opinion of the Court
to support the intent elements of each of these four convictions. After careful review,
we hold Defendant failed to preserve his arguments before the trial court, and affirm
his convictions, dismissing Defendant’s appeal.
Procedural History
Defendant was indicted on thirty-four counts, including three counts of assault
with a deadly weapon with intent to kill inflicting serious injury (“AWDWWIKISI”),
and one count of attempted first degree murder. After waiving his right to a jury
trial, Defendant was convicted on the above mentioned charges as well as twenty-six
of the remaining thirty charges. The trial court consolidated the convictions and
sentenced Defendant to three consecutive life terms without the possibility of parole.
Defendant timely appealed.
Analysis
As an initial matter, the State challenges Defendant’s preservation of his
arguments on appeal. Specifically, the State asserts that Defendant failed to
challenge the sufficiency of the evidence as to the intent elements of the four
challenged convictions before the trial court, and therefore did not preserve those
arguments for appellate review. We agree.
To preserve an issue for appellate review, “a party must have presented to the
trial court a timely request, objection, or motion, stating the specific grounds for the
ruling the party desired the court to make if the specific grounds were not apparent
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Opinion of the Court
from the context.” N.C. R. App. P. 10(a)(1) (2015). Rule 10(a)(3) of the North Carolina
Rules of Appellate Procedure provides further that
[i]n a criminal case, a defendant may not make
insufficiency of the evidence to prove the crime charged the
basis of an issue presented on appeal unless a motion to
dismiss the action, or for judgment as in case of nonsuit, is
made at trial. If a defendant makes such a motion after
the State has presented all its evidence and has rested its
case and that motion is denied and the defendant then
introduces evidence, defendant’s motion for dismissal or
judgment in case of nonsuit made at the close of State’s
evidence is waived. Such a waiver precludes the defendant
from urging the denial of such motion as a ground for
appeal.
A defendant may make a motion to dismiss the action, or
for judgment as in case of nonsuit, at the conclusion of all
the evidence, irrespective of whether defendant made an
earlier such motion. If the motion at the close of all the
evidence is denied, the defendant may urge as ground for
appeal the denial of the motion made at the conclusion of
all the evidence. However, if a defendant fails to move to
dismiss the action, or for judgment as in case of nonsuit, at
the close of all the evidence, defendant may not challenge
on appeal the sufficiency of the evidence to prove the crime
charged.
N.C. R. App. P. 10(a)(3).
Our courts have long held that “where a theory argued on appeal was not
raised before the trial court, the law does not permit parties to swap horses between
courts in order to get a better mount in the appellate courts.” State v. Holliman, 155
N.C. App. 120, 123, 573 S.E.2d 682, 685 (2002) (internal quotation marks and
citations omitted). This “swapping horses” argument historically has applied to
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Opinion of the Court
circumstances in which the arguments on appeal were grounded on separate and
distinct legal theories than those relied upon at the trial court, or when a sufficiency
of the evidence challenge on appeal concerns a conviction different from a charge
challenged before the trial court. See id., 155 N.C. App. at 123-24, 573 S.E.2d at 685-
86 (arguing before the trial court that the defendant’s confession was coerced, while
arguing on appeal that the defendant’s seizure was improper for lack of probable
cause); State v. Baldwin, 117 N.C. App. 713, 717, 453 S.E.2d 193, 195 (1995) (arguing
double jeopardy concerns at trial, while arguing on appeal a variance between the
indictment and the proof offered at trial); State v. Williams, 209 N.C. App. 757, 710
S.E.2d 707, 2011 WL 693281 *1, *3, 2011 N.C. App. LEXIS 339 *1, *7-9 (Mar. 1, 2011)
(unpublished) (holding the defendant did not preserve a challenge to the sufficiency
of the evidence for a possession of a firearm by a felon charge, when at trial the
defendant argued only that there was insufficient evidence for a first-degree
kidnapping charge).
In State v. Chapman, this Court applied the “swapping horses” rule to a
scenario in which the defendant argued before the trial court that the State presented
insufficient evidence as to one element of a charged offense, and on appeal asserted
the State presented insufficient evidence as to a different element of the same
charged offense. __ N.C. App. __, __, 781 S.E.2d 320, 330 (2016) (holding the
defendant, who argued at trial that the State failed to present sufficient evidence to
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Opinion of the Court
support the “dangerous weapon” element of a charge of robbery with a dangerous
weapon, did not preserve for appeal an argument that the State failed to present
sufficient evidence that she “knowingly committed the crime as an actor in concert or
as an aider or abettor.”) (internal quotation marks omitted). The decision in
Chapman highlighted the defense counsel’s specific language at trial limiting the
basis for the motion to dismiss to the specific element challenged. Id. (quoting from
the trial transcript, “We contend there has been no evidence showing that the manner
in which it was used, in which the BB gun was used, rises to the level of being a
dangerous weapon. Based upon that, we would ask Your Honor to dismiss the charge
of robbery with a dangerous weapon.”) (emphasis added). The Court explained that
the specific reference to one element of the offense removed the other elements of the
offense from the trial court’s consideration, and therefore from this Court’s
consideration, because the consideration of the sufficiency of the evidence on those
other elements was no longer “apparent from the context.” N.C. R. App. P. 10(a)(1).
A specific reference to one element contrasts with cases in which a defense counsel
makes a more generalized motion to dismiss for insufficiency of the evidence. See,
e.g., State v. Glisson, COA16-426, __ N.C. App. __, __, __ S.E.2d __, __ (Feb. 7, 2017)
(holding that the defendant’s challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence was
preserved because the trial court referred to the challenge as a “global” and
“prophylactic” motion to dismiss, thereby making apparent that the trial court
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Opinion of the Court
considered the sufficiency of the evidence as to all elements of each charged offense);
State v. Pender, __ N.C. App. __, __, 776 S.E.2d 352, 360 (2015) (holding that while
the defense counsel presented a specific argument addressing only two elements of
two charges, counsel also asserted a general motion to dismiss which “preserved [the
defendant’s] insufficient evidence arguments with respect to all of his convictions”);
State v. Mueller, 184 N.C. App. 553, 559, 647 S.E.2d 440, 446 (2007) (holding that the
trial counsel’s presentation of a specific argument addressed only five charges, but
the general motion to dismiss preserved the arguments regarding the other charges
on appeal). A general motion to dismiss requires the trial court to consider the
sufficiency of the evidence on all elements of the challenged offenses, thereby
preserving the arguments for appellate review.
In this case, Defendant’s motion to dismiss addressed specific elements of the
charged offenses other than the intent element and did not present a general
challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence as to all elements of each offense. In his
initial motion to dismiss following the presentation of the State’s evidence, defense
counsel challenged the three AWDWWIKISI charges based solely on the severity of
the victims’ injuries. Regarding the charge of attempted first degree murder, defense
counsel stated: “I would move for a dismissal simply on the grounds that the attempt
wasn’t carried out and the circumstances as described by the witnesses would suggest
that the opportunity was there.” (emphasis added). Defense counsel failed to broaden
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Opinion of the Court
the scope of his motion when he renewed it following the close of all the evidence. He
explained: “Your Honor, at this time, we would move for dismissal at the close of all
of the evidence. I’ll just repeat the same arguments that I made previously. I believe
that there’s not sufficient evidence in all of the particulars that I repeated [sic] in my
initial argument.” (emphasis added). The trial court asked counsel to clarify the
basis for the motion to dismiss, further highlighting its narrow scope:
MR. HEDGPETH: . . . I would move for a dismissal simply
on the grounds that the attempt wasn’t carried out and the
circumstances as described by the witnesses would suggest
that the opportunity was there. Therefore, I would argue
that there was no attempt to do so.
THE COURT: Are you saying “no attempt” or “no intent”?
MR. HEDGPETH: Attempt, no attempt.
THE COURT: Attempt.
MR. HEDGPETH: That is my recollection of evidence and
my motion for a dismissal.
(emphasis added).
Because defense counsel argued before the trial court the sufficiency of the
evidence only as to specific elements of the charges and did not refer to a general
challenge regarding the sufficiency of the evidence to support each element of each
charge, we hold Defendant failed to preserve the issues of the sufficiency of the
evidence as to the other elements of the charged offenses on appeal.
Conclusion
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Opinion of the Court
For the above mentioned reasons, we dismiss Defendant’s arguments as to the
sufficiency of the evidence on the four challenged charges for failure to preserve the
issue below.
DISMISSED.
Judges BRYANT and TYSON concur.
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