Kolczak v. Johnson

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF NORTH CAROLINA
No. COA17-329
Filed: 3 July 2018
Mecklenburg County, No. 12 CVD 18697 (KBS)
JULIE MICHELLE KOLCZAK (formerly Johnson), Plaintiff,
v.
ERIC FRANCIS JOHNSON, Defendant.
Appeal by plaintiff from order entered on or about 13 October 2016 by Judge
Kimberly Best-Staton in District Court, Mecklenburg County. Heard in the Court of
Appeals 18 October 2017.
Lynna P. Moen, for plaintiff-appellant.
Horack Talley Pharr & Lowndes, P.A., by K. Mitchell Kelling and Elizabeth J.
James, for defendant-appellee.
STROUD, Judge.
For the want of a nail the shoe was lost.
For the want of a shoe the horse was lost.
For the want of a horse the rider was lost.
For the want of a rider the battle was lost.
For the want of a battle the kingdom was lost,
And all for the want of a horseshoe-nail.
Benjamin Franklin, Poor Richard’s Almanack (1758). No kingdoms were lost in this
appeal, but this opinion is much longer than it should have been for the want of a few
words in the district court’s order and in defendant-father’s motions.
KOLCZAK V. JOHNSON
Opinion of the Court
Courts strive mightily to rule based upon the substance of pleadings and
orders, but there is a reason certain specific words are important in these legal
documents as the correct words make orders clear and can avoid unnecessary
appeals. The presence of “magic words” lets the appellate court know that the trial
court has used the correct legal standard. While the absence of “magic words” may
not result in reversal of an order, it often creates issues on appeal that could be easily
avoided.
Plaintiff-mother appeals a trial court order modifying child custody, finding
her in contempt, and ordering her to pay defendant-father’s attorney fees. The trial
court’s order regarding civil contempt did not include any “purge” conditions, so we
must reverse the portion of the order holding Mother in civil contempt. The trial
court’s order regarding modification of custody lacked a conclusion of law with the
simple phrase “substantial change of circumstances,” but after detailed analysis of
the trial court’s vague conclusion of Father’s “entitlement” to modification in
conjunction with the findings of fact, we affirm. Finally, the absence of the words
“insufficient means to defray the expense of the suit” in defendant-father’s motion for
modification of custody created plaintiff-mother’s entire argument on the award of
attorney fees, but again, after a detailed analysis, we affirm because plaintiff-mother
raised her objection to attorney fees too late. In summary, we affirm the order as to
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Opinion of the Court
custody and attorney fees for the custody modification and reverse the order as to
civil contempt.
I. Background
Plaintiff (“Mother”) and defendant (“Father”) were married in 2000, had one
child in 2003, one child in 2007, and separated in 2012. In 2012, Mother filed a
complaint against Father seeking child custody, child support, post-separation
support, alimony, attorney fees, equitable distribution, interim distribution, and an
injunction to prevent Father from diverting funds. In February 2013, Father
answered Mother’s complaint alleging marital misconduct and counterclaiming for
child custody, child support, and equitable distribution. From these original
pleadings, only child custody is at issue on appeal.
On 6 January 2014, the parties entered into a Consent Order regarding
permanent child custody and child support with the parents sharing joint physical
custody – Mother having the children Saturday through Wednesday and Father
Wednesday through Saturday. On 16 April 2015, Father filed to modify custody
alleging in part that Mother had married Mr. Dayton Kolczak in January of 2014.1
The motion made detailed allegations about Mr. Kolczak’s criminal activities. For
1 The allegation does not include the actual date of Mother’s marriage to Mr. Kolczak. Even
the trial court’s finding of fact in the order on appeal simply notes the marriage occurred in January
of 2014. Mother also admits in her brief that she married Mr. Kolczak in January of 2014. The
Consent Order did not include any finding of fact about Mother’s marital status other than her
marriage to and separation from Father.
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Opinion of the Court
example, the motion alleges both Mother and Mr. Kolczak were arrested at Mother’s
home when the children were present in January 2014 and the police had to call
Father to pick up the children. Father sought sole legal and physical custody and
also attorney fees.
In June of 2015, Father filed a motion for emergency custody and for a
temporary parenting agreement (“TPA”) again based on the criminal conduct of Mr.
Kolczak and the negative effects it was having on the children. On 24 July 2015, the
trial court entered an order granting Father’s request for emergency custody and a
separate order for a TPA which modified the custodial schedule; the orders did not
suspend Mother’s visitation but imposed additional requirements:
2. Mother’s visitation with the children shall not
be suspended but shall be conditioned upon the following:
a. Dayton Kolczak shall not be at Mother’s
residence at any time when the minor children are
present. The minor children shall have absolutely no
contact with Dayton Kolczak at any time during
their visitation with Mother. “No contact” shall
include but is not limited to, no contact at Mother’s
residence, in a car driven by Mother or anyone else,
in a public place or anywhere else Dayton Kolczak
might be present. Additionally, “no contact” shall be
no communication via telephone, email, text or any
other means of communicating with the boys.
....
d. Mother shall notify Father if she and/or
Dayton Kolczak are arrested within 24 hours of said arrest.
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Opinion of the Court
e. There shall be no illegal drugs or drug
paraphernalia at Mother’s home.
The orders also included provisions for no contact between the children and associates
of Mr. Kolczak and required Mother to submit to a drug test and provide the results
to Father’s attorney.
In September 2015, Mother moved for a temporary restraining order (“TRO”)
and injunction against Father, alleging that he was contacting her “regularly and
relentlessly” “for the purposes of harassment and interference.” On 6 November
2015, Father filed a motion for contempt alleging Mother’s failure to comply with both
the Consent Order and the TPA order and requesting attorney fees. In October of
2015, the district court dismissed Mother’s motion for a TRO and injunction with
prejudice. In November of 2016, Father filed a second motion for contempt alleging
Mother’s additional failures to comply with both the Consent Order and the TPA
order and again requesting attorney fees.
Over the course of five days in March and August of 2016, the trial court held
a hearing on Father’s motion to modify custody, which included a request for attorney
fees, and both of his motions for contempt. In October of 2016, the district court
entered an order determining Mother was in civil contempt, awarding Father
primary custody with Mother having secondary custody, and awarding Father
attorney fees. Mother appeals only the October 2016 order.
II. Civil Contempt
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Opinion of the Court
Mother first challenges the district court’s determination that she was in
contempt.
The standard of review for contempt proceedings is
limited to determining whether there is competent
evidence to support the findings of fact and whether the
findings support the conclusions of law. Findings of fact
made by the judge in contempt proceedings are conclusive
on appeal when supported by any competent evidence and
are reviewable only for the purpose of passing upon their
sufficiency to warrant the judgment.
Watson v. Watson, 187 N.C. App. 55, 64, 652 S.E.2d 310, 317 (2007) (citations and
quotation marks omitted).
A. Findings of Fact
Mother contests eleven of the trial court’s findings of fact and argues “[t]here
are four major categories in which the trial court found Michelle in civil contempt and
they are as follows: (1) notification of arrests, (2) first right of refusal, (3) registration
in camps without consulting father, and (4) allowing Dayton at Michelle’s residence
when the minor children are present.” Mother has also challenged the contempt
portion of the order based upon the lack of any purge conditions, and as discussed
below, we are reversing the portion of the order finding her in contempt for that
reason, but because the challenged findings of fact support the portions of the order
addressing modification as well as contempt, we must address them.
1. Notification of Arrests
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Opinion of the Court
The TPA order required Mother to notify Father himself within 24 hours if she
or her husband was arrested. Mother did not identify the findings of fact regarding
notification of arrests as unsupported by the evidence. The relevant findings are:
25. Mother did not tell Father that her Husband,
Dayton Kolczak, had been arrested within twenty-four (24)
hours as required by the TPA Order.
26. Mother’s attorney did notify Father’s attorney
but the requirement was for Mother to notify Father within
twenty-four (24) hours and that did not happen.
Mother argues that though she “herself did not notify Father[,]” Father was in fact
notified. Mother contends she took “reasonable measures to comply with” the order
by her attorney notifying Father’s attorney. Thus Mother is not contending she
directly notified Father or that she was unable to directly notify Father, but rather
that having her attorney contact Father’s attorney was close enough and fulfilled the
spirit of the order.
The trial court was well within its discretion in finding that Mother willfully
violated the Consent Order and TPA order by having Father’s attorney notified
instead of directly notifying Father. The Consent Order specifically provided that
“[t]he parties shall use email or text as their primary method of communication and
all communication should be respectful.” The TPA order further required direct
notification, which has the advantage of generally being faster. If there was an arrest
on a weekend or holiday, contacting an attorney who must then contact another
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Opinion of the Court
attorney who then must contact a client may substantially delay getting the message
to Father. In addition, Mother’s choice likely caused Father to incur additional
attorney fees for a notification which could have been provided directly for free.
2. Right of First Refusal
The Consent Order contains a provision that “[t]he parties agree to offer the
other parent the first right of refusal to watch the children if they are going to be
more than 3 hours away before leaving them with a third party.” Mother argues that
the evidence does not support these findings regarding right of first refusal:
11. In December 2014, Mother violated the right
of first refusal when Mother did not let Father care for the
children. The children stayed with someone else instead of
the Father. No email was sent to the Father to see if he
could care for the children.
12. Mother violated the right of first refusal when
Mother left the children with Nicki St. Claire and did not
let Father care for the children.
The parties presented extensive and contradictory evidence regarding
Mother’s allowing the children to stay with third parties without notifying Father in
advance. Mother acknowledges that she had allowed the children to go on sleepovers
and day trips without notifying Father, but contends that “allowing a child to have
a sleepover and a daytrip is not competent evidence to find that [Mother]
willfully failed to comply with the first right of refusal requirement.” But Father
argues on appeal that Mother did not testify she was at home during the sleepover
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Opinion of the Court
with Ms. St. Claire; in other words, Mother was using the sleepover as a method of
childcare. The trial court considered and weighed the evidence; we cannot re-weigh
it. Mother does not deny that the children had a sleepover and her intent in allowing
that could be interpreted in different ways. Because there was sufficient evidence for
the trial court’s findings regarding the right of first refusal, they “are conclusive on
appeal[.]” Id. at 64, 652 S.E.2d at 317.
3. Registration in Camp without Consulting Father
The Consent Order contains a provision that the parties “cannot make plans
or schedule activities for the children during the other parent’s designated time
without the prior consent of the other parent.” Regarding Mother registering the
children at camp without consulting Father, Mother argues these findings of fact are
not supported by the evidence:
13. Mother registered the children for camp
without consulting with Father first.
....
15. No option was given to Father to make-up the
days that he missed.2
Mother does not contest finding of fact 14 which found that her decision to enroll the
children in camp “resulted in Father not seeing the children for 18 – 21 days.”
Mother’s entire argument on the challenged findings regarding camp is that
2The order mistakenly includes two findings of fact numbered as 15. Based upon Mother’s
argument, this is the finding of fact 15 she challenges.
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Opinion of the Court
“Father testified that ‘[w]e talked about camps’ in April 2015. T. Vol. 2, pp. 168.
The trial court erred in holding [Mother] in civil contempt when [Father’s] testimony
was that they did talk about camps in April 2015.” Father correctly points out there
was much testimony regarding the children’s camps and the parties’ communications
about them. Father did say the phrase quoted by Mother—“[w]e talked about camps”
-- but talking about camps in general is very different than notification of specific
camps and the time periods for them. The trial court again weighed the evidence,
determined credibility, and made findings based upon the evidence.
4. Mr. Kolczak’s Presence at Mother’s Residence
The TPA order specifically ordered that Mr. “Kolczak shall not be at Mother’s
residence at any time when the minor children are present.” Mother challenges
these findings about Mr. Kolczak’s presence in violation of the TPA order:
16. On or about August 21, 2015, Dayton Kolczak
was in the driveway of Mother’s home while the children
were present despite the Order stating he was not to be at
the home.
....
46. Despite Mother’s agreement with Father that
Mr. Kolczak would not have contact with the children, the
children have been exposed to Mr. Kolczak and Mr.
Kolczak has had contact with the children.
Mother argues that the evidence shows Father
drove the children to [Mother’s] home as [Mr. Kolczak] was
leaving the home and was in the driveway. T. Vol. 2, pp.
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Opinion of the Court
96. [Mother] had no control over when [Father] was
bringing the children to her home. The children were
never present at the residence when [Mr. Kolczak] was
present, in fact according to [Father] they were in his
vehicle the entire time that as [Mr. Kolczak] was
leaving. T. Vol. 2, pp. 96.
But Mother herself testified:
Q: And can you please describe for the Court
your recollection of that day when [Mr. Kolczak] was there?
A: Yes.
He was heading out for work, [Father] had
texted me that he was on the way with the boys and [Mr.
Kolczak] left the house, but forgot his eyeglasses and ran
in to get 'em.
He was walking out the door when [Father]
pulled up. So he stayed around the back and then came
out the front.
(Emphasis added.)
Once again, Mother asks us to make a different interpretation of the evidence
than the trial court. Based on Mother’s own testimony, Mother knew that Father
would arrive at any moment but did not ensure that her husband was away from the
home before Father and the children arrived. The trial court could have found this
incident to be an innocent lapse or it could find otherwise, as it did. Furthermore, the
trial court was viewing this isolated incident in the context of criminal activity by
both Mother and her husband as there were other findings regarding Mr. Kolczak not
challenged on appeal:
40. Mr. Kolczak has a criminal history and past
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Opinion of the Court
as well as run-ins with the police for the past year.
41. Mr. Kolczak is associated with Jalen O'Shea
Cureton (herein after “Mr. Cureton”).
42. Mr. Cureton has been arrested and charged
with a financial crime as a result of Father’s financial
information being stolen and/or utilized.
43. Currently, Mr. Kolczak is incarcerated upon
information and belief in the State of Illinois for various
felony offenses but the Court finds he has been arrested on
various dates which the Court will not enumerate. In
January 2014, Mr. Kolczak as well as Mother were
arrested and charged with an offense. Father bailed
Mother out of jail after Mother was arrested.
44. Father and Mother reached an agreement
that the children would have no contact with Mr. Kolczak.
45. Mother’s criminal charges were dismissed
after she completed court-ordered directives.
....
47. Mr. Kolczak’s companions, including his
brother, Dustin Ko1czak, and his friend, Matthew Roe,
have had contact with the children.
48. Dustin Kolczak as well as Matthew Roe also have
criminal records.
There was competent evidence upon which the trial court could find Mother allowed
Mr. Kolczak to be present at the home when the children arrived.
B. Willfulness
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Opinion of the Court
The remaining challenged findings of fact are regarding willfulness and
Mother’s ability to comply with the Contempt Order and TPA order. Mother argues
that any violations of the Content Order and TPA order were misunderstandings or
simply out of her control.
Civil contempt is designed to coerce compliance with
a court order, and a party’s ability to satisfy that order is
essential. Because civil contempt is based on a willful
violation of a lawful court order, a person does not act
willfully if compliance is out of his or her power.
Willfulness constitutes: (1) an ability to comply with the
court order; and (2) a deliberate and intentional failure to
do so. Ability to comply has been interpreted as not only
the present means to comply, but also the ability to take
reasonable measures to comply.
Id. at 66, 652 S.E.2d at 318 (2007) (citations and quotation marks omitted).
We have determined the findings of fact upon which the trial court found
Mother in willful contempt are supported by the evidence. Once again, Mother is
asking this Court to adopt a different view of her credibility and actions than the
district court, but the district court was within its discretion in determining Mother’s
actions to be in willful violation of the orders in that Mother had the ability to comply
and intentionally chose not to do so. See generally id. This argument is overruled.
C. Purge Conditions
Mother argues that the “Civil Contempt Order should be vacated since the
court failed to specify how [she] might purge herself of contempt.” Although the order
specifically concluded that Mother “is in civil contempt of Court” for the violations of
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Opinion of the Court
the two orders, Mother is correct that the order has no purge conditions or
punishment for the contempt3. Father agrees with Mother that the order is deficient
since it has no purge conditions, but he disagrees on the relief. Father argues we
should remand to the trial court for entry of purge conditions and cites Lueallen v.
Lueallen, ___ N.C. App. ___, ___,790 S.E.2d 690, 708 (2016). But in Lueallen, the
contempt was failure to pay child support, and the order had required the obligor to
pay “an additional $75.00 per month” to be applied to arrears, where the order had
also required her to pay $100.00 per month toward arrears, and the order set no
ending date for the arrears payments. Id. at ___ n.9, 790 S.E.2d at 707 n.9. We
determined “that the purge conditions in the order are impermissibly vague” and
remanded for clarification. Id. at ___, 790 S.E.2d at 708-09. In Lueallen, the trial
court had determined that the obligor owed past-due child support and the question
was simply the correct amount and how that amount would be paid. See generally
id., ___ N.C. App. ___, 790 S.E.2d at 690.
But in this case, the contempt is primarily based upon communication and
visitation provisions of the orders, not child support. It is not apparent from the order
how an appropriate civil contempt purge condition could “coerce the defendant to
comply with a court order” as opposed to punishing her for a past violation. Wellons
3 Although Father specifically asked for Mother to be held in civil contempt, not criminal, and
the trial court found Mother in civil contempt, this situation may be better suited for criminal
contempt. But neither party has addressed the possibility of criminal contempt, and we will not
address this potential issue.
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Opinion of the Court
v. White, 229 N.C. App. 164, 181, 748 S.E.2d 709, 722 (2013). And here the trial court
did not order vague purge conditions; it ordered none at all.
We believe this case is more similar to Wellons than Lueallen. Compare
Lueallen, ___ N.C. App. ___,790 S.E.2d 690; Wellons, 229 N.C. App. 164, 748 S.E.2d
709. In Wellons, the Court addressed a father’s denial of the grandparent’s visitation
privileges established by a prior order. See Wellons, 229 N.C. App. at 165, 748 S.E.2d
at 711. In Wellons, the trial court held the father in civil contempt for denial of
visitation and ordered that he comply with the terms of the prior orders as a purge
condition, but this Court reversed the contempt order:
In the instant case, the district court erred by failing
to provide Mr. White a method to purge his contempt.
On 5 July 2012, the district court declared Mr. White
to be in direct and wilful [sic] civil contempt of the prior
Orders of the Court. It suspended Mr. White’s arrest based
on the following condition: Defendant can purge his
contempt by fully complying with the terms of the 30
March 2012 Interim Order, the prior Orders of 28
December 2007 and 27 July 2010, and this Order. The
order did not establish a date after which Mr. White’s
contempt was purged or provide any other means for Mr.
White to purge the contempt.
We have previously reversed similar contempt
orders. For instance, in Cox a contempt order stated the
defendant could purge her contempt by not:
placing either of the minor children in a
stressful situation or a situation detrimental
to their welfare. Specifically, the defendant is
ordered not to punish either of the minor
children in any manner that is stressful,
abusive, or detrimental to that child.
There, we reversed because the trial court failed to clearly
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Opinion of the Court
specify what the defendant can and cannot do to the minor
children in order to purge herself of the civil contempt.
Similarly, in Scott a contempt order stated:
Defendant may postpone his imprisonment
indefinitely by (1) enrolling in a Controlled
Anger Program approved by this Court on or
before August 1, 2001 and thereafter
successfully completing the Program; (2) by
not interfering with the Plaintiff’s custody of
the minor children and (3) by not threatening,
abusing, harassing or interfering with the
Plaintiff or the Plaintiff's custody of the minor
children.
There, although we indicated the requirement to attend a
Controlled Anger Program may comport with the ability of
civil [violators] to purge themselves, we reversed because
the other two requirements were impermissibly vague.
In the case at hand, the district court did not clearly
specify what Mr. White can and cannot do to purge himself
of contempt. Although the district court referenced
previous orders containing specific provisions, it did not: (i)
establish when Mr. White’s compliance purged his
contempt; or (ii) provide any other method for Mr. White to
purge his contempt. We will not allow the district court to
hold Mr. White indefinitely in contempt. Consequently, we
reverse the portion of the 5 July 2012 order holding Mr.
White in civil contempt.
Id. at 182–83, 748 S.E.2d 709, 722–23 (2013) (citations, quotation marks, ellipses,
and brackets omitted). We therefore reverse the conclusion of law and decree
provision holding Mother in civil contempt, specifically conclusion of law 4 and
paragraph 1 of the decree.
III. Modification of Custody
Mother raises two issues regarding the modification of custody.
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Opinion of the Court
A. Hearsay Evidence
Mother contends the trial court erred in modifying custody because some of the
critical findings of fact supporting modification were erroneously based upon hearsay.
Mother argues that during the hearing, Father’s counsel introduced evidence from
online searches and a newspaper article regarding Mr. Kolczak’s criminal record and
activities. Mother contends she objected to the evidence, but the trial court overruled
the objection and thus “erred relying on hearsay as a basis to change custody.”
(Original in all caps.).
The competency, admissibility, and sufficiency of the
evidence is a matter for the trial court to determine. We
review the trial court’s exclusion of documentary evidence
under the hearsay rule for abuse of discretion. A trial court
may be reversed for abuse of discretion only upon a
showing that its ruling was manifestly unsupported by
reason and could not have been the result of a reasoned
decision.
In re Lucks, 369 N.C. 222, 228, 794 S.E.2d 501, 506 (2016) (citations and quotation
marks omitted).
Mother’s husband, his criminal activities, and the risk to the children from
exposure to him and his associates were primary concerns in this hearing, since the
motion for modification was based in part upon Mother’s failure to comply with the
prior orders which required her not to have the children in Mr. Kolczak’s presence.
Father was not the only one to testify about Mr. Kolczak’s crimes. For example, the
first witness was Detective Kevin Jones, in the Financial Crimes Unit of the
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Opinion of the Court
Charlotte/Mecklenburg Police Department. Detective Jones testified about his
investigation of Father’s report of “credit card accounts being opened or account
takeovers as we call them, where his existing accounts had been compromised.” This
investigation revealed a connection between a man identified as Mr. Kolczak and Mr.
Jaylin Curatan, the individual making purchases at a Best Buy store with Father’s
Best Buy account. Detective Jones discovered the relationship between Mr. Kolczak
and Mr. Curatan because “Mr. Kolczak was actually arrested on September 1st, 2015,
and Mr. Curatan was with him at the time.”
In the TPA order, the district court found that Mr. Kolczak had been “arrested
on May 15, 2015 for (1) felony possession of Schedule I Controlled Substance; (2)
felony possession of cocaine; (3) resisting public officer; and (4)
possession/manufacturing false identification.” The district court further found in
the TPA order that “[i]n addition to these arrests, Mr. Kolczak was arrested in
Cabarrus County in August 2014, in Wake County in January 2015 and Dalton,
Georgia in April 2015.” Thus, even assuming arguendo the specific evidence Mother
challenges regarding her husband’s criminal activity was hearsay, it was not
prejudicial considering the extensive other similar evidence before the trial court. See
Williams v. Williams, 91 N.C. App. 469, 473, 372 S.E.2d 310, 312 (1988) (“While we
agree that the testimony has characteristics of hearsay under the North Carolina
Rules of Evidence, we hold that its admission was not prejudicial. The admission of
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Opinion of the Court
incompetent testimony will not be held prejudicial when its import is abundantly
established by other competent testimony, or the testimony is merely cumulative or
corroborative. Because both plaintiff and defendant presented a considerable amount
of conflicting evidence regarding the alleged sexual abuse, we conclude that the
admission of this testimony was not prejudicial.” (citations and quotation marks
omitted)). This argument is overruled.
B. Modification of Custody
Mother next contends the “trial court erred in modifying custody without
finding a change in circumstances.” (Original in all caps.) In her brief Mother
contends that if we “exclude” the findings of fact regarding her husband’s criminal
history, there are no findings of fact regarding a change of circumstances as required
for a modification of custody because “remarriage alone is not a change of
circumstances.” Mother argues “the trial court failed to articulate any substantial
change in circumstances since entry of the original orders” and how any changes
affect the welfare of the children.
Father’s brief seems to recognize that the order included no explicit conclusion
of a substantial change in circumstances affecting the best interests of the children.
Father argues “[f]indings of fact numbers 86 through 89 are, despite their label,
actually conclusions of law in that the trial court exercised its judgment and/or
applied legal principles to the specific facts of the immediate case.” These findings
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Opinion of the Court
provide:
86. Mother is not able to sever[] ties with Mr.
Kolczak.
87. It is necessary to ensure the children’s safety
to award Father primary custody.
88. Father is entitled to a modification of the
January 6, 2014 Consent Order.
89. Father is a fit and proper person to have the
care, custody and control of the minor children and it is in
the best interests of the minor children for Father to have
their care, custody and control.
Findings 86 and 87 are findings of fact, not conclusions of law, but Findings 88
and 89 are conclusions of law. “The labels ‘findings of fact’ and ‘conclusions of law’
employed by the trial court in a written order do not determine the nature of our
review.” Westmoreland v. High Point Healthcare Inc., 218 N.C. App. 76, 79, 721
S.E.2d 712, 716 (2012).
A trial court’s determination that there has been a substantial change of
circumstances affecting the best interest of the children is a conclusion of law:
With regard to the trial court’s conclusions of law, our case
law indicates that the trial court must determine whether
there has been a substantial change in circumstances and
whether that change affected the minor child. Upon
concluding that such a change affects the child’s welfare,
the trial court must then decide whether a modification of
custody was in the child’s best interests. If we determine
that the trial court has properly concluded that the facts
show that a substantial change of circumstances has
affected the welfare of the minor child and that
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Opinion of the Court
modification was in the child’s best interests, we will defer
to the trial court’s judgment and not disturb its decision to
modify an existing custody agreement.
Shipman v. Shipman, 357 N.C. 471, 475, 586 S.E.2d 250, 254 (2003). Furthermore,
“[w]e review conclusions of law de novo.” In re B.S.O., 234 N.C. App. 706, 708, 760
S.E.2d 59, 62 (2014).
We have already determined that the findings of fact Mother challenged above,
including those regarding Mr. Kolczak’s criminal history, are supported by competent
evidence, so we must now consider if those findings support the trial court’s conclusion
of law that “Father is entitled to a modification of the” prior order. See generally
Shipman, 357 N.C. at 475, 586 S.E.2d at 254. Mother is correct that the order includes
no specific conclusion of law – whether phrased as a finding of fact or as a conclusion
of law – that there had been a substantial change of circumstances affecting the
welfare of the children which justifies modification of custody. But finding 88 is a
conclusion that “Father is entitled to a modification” of custody, and Father could only
be “entitled” if the trial court concluded there has been a substantial change of
circumstances affecting the welfare of the children. See generally id. Mother does not
argue finding 88 could logically have any other meaning.
In the extensive findings of fact, the trial court detailed the substantial changes
since entry of the Consent Order, including the effect these changes had on the
children’s welfare. Along with many of the findings we have already discussed
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Opinion of the Court
regarding the contempt portion of the order, the order then addressed Mother’s
marriage to Mr. Kolczak within the same month as the Consent Order. The findings
went on to note Mr. Kolczak’s criminal history and “run-ins with the police for the
past year.” The order notes that some of his criminal associates, Mr. Cureton, Mr.
Roe, and his brother Dustin, also had criminal records, and the children were exposed
to them as well. The district court found specifically that at the time of the hearing
“Mr. Kolczak is incarcerated upon information and belief in the State of Illinois for
various felony offenses[.]” The district court then noted Mr. Kolczak had “various”
other arrests, including one in January where both he and Mother were arrested, and
Father bailed Mother out of jail. The district court then noted that Mother and
Father had agreed that the children would have no contact with Mr. Kolczak, but Mr.
Kolczak had contact with the children despite that agreement.
The district court also made findings about both parents’ participation in the
children’s educational, spiritual, and medical needs, noting that both parents had
been involved. The district court also found that outside of the contempt issues, the
parents worked “well together[,]” although sometimes Father’s text messages were
“condescending and critical[,]” and Mother failed to keep Father as well-informed as
she should. The district court found that Mother and Mr. Kolczak had signed a
Separation Agreement in December 2015, but Mother still remained in contact with
him while incarcerated; mother had taken the children to see Mr. Kolczak’s
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Opinion of the Court
grandmother; and though Mother had adequate warning and opportunity to ensure
her children were not around Mr. Kolczak, she had not done so.
It is apparent from the findings of fact that the trial court determined that
Mother’s marriage to a convicted felon, the arrest of Mother and Mr. Kolczak in the
home when the children were present, exposure to Mr. Kolczak and his criminal
associates, Mother’s refusal to ensure that Mr. Kolczak had no contact with the
children, and Mother’s continuing relationship with him, despite claiming to be
separated, were substantial changes since entry of the Consent Order. The criminal
activity endangered the children. At the time of entry of the Consent Order, Mother
had not informed Father she planned to marry Mr. Kolczak, had not been arrested,
and had never violated an order regarding custody or visitation.
Mothers seeks to compare this case to Davis v. Davis, but in that case, “the trial
court did not conclude that there was a substantial change in circumstances, let alone
that those changes affected the welfare of the children. Actually, the trial court found
just the opposite as to defendant’s motion and was silent as to plaintiff's motion.” 229
N.C. App. 494, 504, 748 S.E.2d 594, 601–02 (2013). Nor did the Davis findings of fact
make the reason for the modification “self-evident” but rather noted the issue for
concern arose from an “isolated incident.” Id. at 504, 748 S.E.2d at 602.
This case is more similar to those where the order was affirmed because it found
facts which show the substantial change of circumstances and how that change has
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Opinion of the Court
affected the children, even though the order did not use exactly the right phrases.
See, e.g., Carlton v. Carlton, 145 N.C. App. 252, 549 S.E.2d 916, rev’d per curiam, 354
N.C. 561, 557 S.E.2d 529 (2001). In Carlton, our Supreme Court reversed based upon
the dissent. See Carlton, 354 N.C. 561, 557 S.E.2d 529. In Carlton, the trial court
had awarded the father primary custody after it modified a joint custody order with
of alternating weeks with each parent after the mother had absconded with the child
for about two months, and the father had moved to Hawaii. See Carlton, 145 N.C.
App. at 252-54, 549 S.E.2d at 917-18. The trial court did not specifically conclude
there had been a substantial change in circumstances affecting welfare of the minor
child, and the majority of this Court vacated and remanded the case to the trial court
based upon the lack of the specific conclusion of law of a substantial “change of
circumstances affecting the well-being” of the child. Id. at 259-60, 549 S.E.2d at 921-
22.4 The dissenting judge, with whom the Supreme Court agreed, see Carlton, 354
N.C. 561, 557 S.E.2d 529, would have affirmed the order, since the extensive and
detailed findings clarified the reasons for the change and the effect upon the child,
4 The concurring judge pointed out the obvious change created by the father’s move to Hawaii: “The
majority correctly states that a mere change in residency is not enough to constitute a substantial
change of circumstances. However, on these facts I believe that the defendant has shown more than a
mere change in residency. The record reveals that the trial court's original order called for the child to
alternate her residence between parents at the end of every week. The court later altered this
arrangement to every two weeks. However, even the most well-to-do individuals could not sustain this
arrangement given that the defendant’s new residence is more than 4,000 miles from Catawba County,
North Carolina. The travel expenses alone for a transcontinental transfer every two weeks would be
beyond the means of most people. This case presents a situation where the original order is not
functional.” Carlton, 145 N.C. App. at 260-61, 549 S.E.2d at 922 (Eagles, Chief J., concurring).
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Opinion of the Court
stating that “I decline to read the order appealed from so narrowly as to disregard
the incorporated findings, or to constrain the trial court to use certain and specific
‘buzz’ words or phrases beyond that included in the order.” Id. at 261-63, 549 S.E.2d
at 924 (Tyson, J., dissenting). The Supreme Court did not find it necessary to remand
to the trial court for additional findings or conclusions of law but agreed with the
dissent that the basis for the modification of custody was clear from the detailed
findings of fact. See Carlton, 354 N.C. 561, 557 S.E.2d 529.
While Mother is correct in her argument that “remarriage alone” is not
necessarily a change of circumstances supporting a modification of custody,
remarriage can be an important factor supporting a justification for modification.
Here, the district court did not modify custody based on “remarriage alone” but on
the fact that the remarriage was to a convicted felon who brought criminal activity
and criminal associates into Mother’s home and into the presence of the children.
Mother’s marriage to Mr. Kolczak caused substantial negative changes to the lives of
the children, including Mother’s arrest and exposure to criminals which resulted in a
court order for no contact with Mr. Kolczak that Mother violated. Therefore, we
conclude the trial court did not err in concluding that Father was entitled to
modification of the custody order. This argument is overruled.
IV. Attorney Fees for Modification of Custody
Mother’s last argument is that “the court erred in awarding attorney fees.” We
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Opinion of the Court
first note that the order on appeal set forth two separate sections of findings of fact
for attorney fees, one for the contempt motions and one for the modification of
custody. Mother does not challenge any of the findings of fact related to the fees for
the contempt motions. Mother limits her argument regarding the award of attorney
fees to the fees for modification of custody motion only. For example, Mother
challenges only one finding of fact, No. 91, in the section for fees for modification of
custody which states, “Father is acting in good faith in bringing this Motion. Father
does have some means to defray the cost of his legal expenses but it does not appear
that he has the ability to defray all of the costs considering the care and provisions
made for the children.” Mother also challenges only one paragraph of the decree, No.
21, which addresses specifically attorney fees for the motion for modification of
custody. Therefore, we conclude Mother has not challenged the attorney fees in
relation to the contempt motion so we will not address that award of fees.
Mother’s only substantive argument regarding the award of attorney fees is
that the district court erred in awarding attorney fees because Father’s motion for
modification of custody “failed to allege that he has insufficient means to defray his
expense of the suit.” Father’s motion requested that “Mother be ordered to pay
Father’s costs and fees, including reasonable attorney’s fees” in its prayer for relief.
Mother first objected to an award of attorney fees based upon the lack of detail in the
motion to modify custody during the portion of the hearing held on 2 August 2016.
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Opinion of the Court
Mother did not cite to the trial court any case requiring specificity in a motion for
attorney fees nor does she cite such a case on appeal. Father argued to the trial court
that Mother had waived her objection to the sufficiency of the request for attorney
fees since she had not raised it earlier:
There was in-depth testimony in March about this
issue. We put on all the evidence about his inability to pay.
That he was acting in good faith.
Ms. Moen did not object then. All we’re doing is
filing a Supplemental Affidavit . . . . and the evidence has
been presented.
The district court overruled Mother’s objection because she failed to object to the
attorney fees based upon lack of specificity in the motion earlier in the hearing.
In Byrd v. Byrd, the plaintiff argued that the trial court erred by awarding
attorney fees to the defendant in a child support case because the “defendant’s
Answer and Counterclaim does not make the required allegations or pray for the
appropriate relief[.]” 62 N.C. App. 438, 442-43, 303 S.E.2d 205, 209 (1983). But the
defendant had offered evidence on attorney fees at the hearing, and thus this Court
determined,
[W]hen issues not raised in the pleadings are tried by the
express or implied consent of the parties, North Carolina
allows for the pleadings to be amended to conform to the
evidence. Where a party offers evidence at trial which
introduces a new issue and there is no objection by the
opposing party, the opposing party is viewed as having
consented to the admission of the evidence and the
pleadings are deemed amended to include the new issue.
Here, the required allegations and pleadings were
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Opinion of the Court
not made in defendant’s answer and counterclaim.
However, it was found from the evidence at the hearing
that the defendant was acting in good faith, that she had
insufficient means to defray the expense of the suit and
that plaintiff had refused a request to furnish adequate
support at the time the action was instituted. These
findings are supported by evidence in the record which was
introduced at the hearing without objection by plaintiff.
Since plaintiff did not object to the admission of this
evidence, the pleadings are deemed to be amended to
conform to the evidence and the trial court’s award of
attorney’s fees was therefore proper.
Id. (citations omitted).
This case differs from Byrd because Father did ask for attorney fees, contrast
id., although without specificity in the pleading. Here, also different, Mother did
object, but her objection came late in the hearing. Father testified regarding his
request for attorney fees and submitted his first attorney fee affidavit on 29 March
2016. Mother did not raise her objection until 2 August 2016, the third day of the
hearing, when Husband was submitting a supplemental attorney fee affidavit. We
express no opinion on whether Husband’s motion for attorney fees was required to be
more detailed since we need not reach that issue, but Mother waived any objection to
the sufficiency of Father’s motion requesting attorney fees by failing to object earlier.
See generally id.V. Conclusion
We affirm the order for modification of custody and the award of attorney fees
for modification of custody. We also affirm the award of attorney fees for contempt
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Opinion of the Court
because Mother did not challenge this portion of the award of attorney fees on appeal.
We affirm the findings of fact regarding Mother’s willful violations of the prior orders,
but because the trial court did not set any purge conditions, we reverse the trial
court’s determination of civil contempt, specifically conclusion of law 4 and paragraph
1 of the decree.
AFFIRMED in part, REVERSED in part.
Judge HUNTER concurs.
Judge TYSON concurs in the result only.
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