State v. Lancaster

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF NORTH CAROLINA
2022-NCCOA-495
No. COA21-231
Filed 19 July 2022
Craven County, Nos. 19CRS053214; 19CRS053215; 19CRS053216; 19CRS053217
STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA
v.
DARREN OBRIEN LANCASTER, Defendant.
Appeal by Defendant from judgments entered 14 September 2020 by Judge
Joshua Willey, Jr., in Craven County Superior Court. Heard in the Court of Appeals
23 February 2022.
Attorney General Joshua H. Stein, by Special Deputy Attorney General Melissa
H. Taylor, for the State.
Cooley Law Office, by Craig M. Cooley, for the Defendant.
DILLON, Judge.
¶1 Defendant Darren O. Lancaster was found guilty of possession of a firearm by
a felon; resisting a public officer; injury to personal property; and going armed to the
terror of the public for acts committed in the parking lot of an apartment complex.
¶2 Defense counsel, finding no errors in the record, asks this Court to conduct its
own review for possible meritorious issues. Defense counsel has demonstrated to the
satisfaction of this Court compliance with the requirements of Anders v. California,
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2022-NCCOA-495
Opinion of the Court
386 U.S. 738 (1967) and State v. Kinch, 314 N.C. 99, 331 S.E.2d 665 (1985), by
advising Defendant of his right to file written arguments with this Court and
providing him with the necessary documents.1
¶3 In our review of the record, we have found one error. Based on our Court’s
holding in State v. Staten, 32 N.C. App. 495, 232 S.E.2d 488 (1977), we are compelled
to conclude that the trial court lacked jurisdiction to enter its judgment on the charge
of going armed to the terror of the public (a crime that is sometimes described as
going armed to the terror of the people). Specifically, the indictment charging that
offense was fatally defective in that it failed to allege that Defendant committed his
act on a “public highway.” We, therefore, vacate the judgment convicting Defendant
of this charge and remand the matter for resentencing.
I. Analysis
¶4 Our state constitution provides that “[e]xcept in misdemeanor cases initiated
in the District Court Division, no person shall be put to answer any criminal charge
but by indictment., presentment, or impeachment.” N.C. Const. art. I, § 22. In
compliance with our constitution, a common method in which a criminal case is
initiated in superior court is by indictment, where a grand jury of twelve has first
1 It is not apparent from the record that Defendant properly noticed his appeal. To
the extent we do not have jurisdiction, in our discretion we issue a writ of certiorari “in aid
of [our] jurisdiction.” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7A-32(c).
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2022-NCCOA-495
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determined that probable cause exists that the defendant committed the crime. State
v. Barker, 107 N.C. 913, 918, 12 S.E. 115, 117 (1890) (stating that every defendant
“charged with a criminal offense [by indictment] has the right to the decision of
twenty-four of his fellow-citizens upon the question of his guilt: first, by a grand jury
[of twelve], and secondly, by a petit jury [of twelve]”). The superior court, therefore,
does not obtain jurisdiction to try a defendant by way of grand jury indictment unless
the indictment “asserts facts supporting every element of the criminal offense” being
charged. State v. Oldroyd, 2022-NCSC-27, ¶8. And “[w]hether or not a trial court
possesses subject-matter jurisdiction is a question of law that is reviewed de novo.”
In re A.L.L., 376 N.C. 99, 101, 852 S.E.2d 1, 4 (2020).
¶5 Though indictments are typically used to charge felonies, the principles
concerning indictments apply equally to misdemeanor charges initiated in superior
court. See State v. Thomas, 236 N.C. 454, 459, 73 S.E.2d 283, 286-87 (1952)
(instructing that “[a]s a general rule, a person charged with the commission of a
misdemeanor in any case other than that [provided for by our General Assembly]
must be prosecuted in the Superior Court on an indictment by a grand jury”).
¶6 In this matter, the prosecutor chose to have Defendant tried in superior court
in the first instance by way of indictment for the common law crime of “going armed
to the terror of the public,” a misdemeanor. The grand jury alleged in its indictment
that Defendant committed this crime while in the parking lot of a private apartment
STATE V. LANCASTER
2022-NCCOA-495
Opinion of the Court
complex, specifically that he “unlawfully, willfully and feloniously did go armed to the
terror of the public by causing a disturbance and waving a firearm around in the
parking lot of 326 McCotter Blvd Apartment, Havelock[.]”
¶7 This issue before us is whether the indictment charging Defendant with going
armed to the terror of the public adequately asserted facts supporting every element
of that crime. For the reasoning below, we must conclude that the indictment is
fatally defective because it fails to allege that Defendant acted on a public highway.
Specifically, in 1977, our Court – construing a 1968 opinion from our Supreme Court
– held that “the four essential elements” of this common law crime are:
(1) armed with unusual and dangerous weapons, (2) for the
unlawful purpose of terrorizing the people of the named
county, (3) by going about the public highways of the
county, (4) in a manner to cause terror to the people.
State v. Staten, 32 N.C. App. 495, 497, 232 S.E.2d 488, 490 (1977) (relying on State v.
Dawson, 272 N.C. 535, 159 S.E. 2d 1 (1968)). Our Court held that the charging
document was “insufficient” because if failed to allege that the defendant committed
his act of terror while going about the public highways of the county[.]” Id.A. Staten is controlling.
¶8 For at least six and a half centuries, courts (including our Supreme Court)
understood that a defendant could commit the crime of “going armed to the terror of
the public” in any location that the public is likely to be exposed to his acts, even if
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Opinion of the Court
committed on privately-owned property. As explained by our Supreme Court in 1843,
“the offense of riding or going about armed with unusual and dangerous weapons, to
the terror of the people” was first recognized legislatively as a common law crime in
the Statute of Northampton adopted in 1328 during the reign of Edward III of
England, State v. Huntly, 25 N.C. 418, 420-21 (1843). See also State v. Dawson, 272
N.C. 535, 543, 159 S.E.2d 1, 7 (1968). This 1328 Statute stated that the common law
crime could be committed at “Fairs [and] Markets [or] elsewhere,” with no
mention that it could only be committed along a public highway or other public
property. Statute of Northampton 1328, 2 Edw. 3, ch. 3 (quoted in Rogers v. Grewal,
140 S. Ct. 1865, 1869 (2020) (Thomas dissenting)).
¶9 In its 1843 Huntly decision, our Supreme Court quotes Blackstone and other
early authorities which understood that the common law crime is committed when
the defendant carries weapons in a manner which “cause terror to the people” or “”to
the terror of others” or “affrighteth and maketh men afraid”, etc., without any
reference that the defendant must have acted while on a “public highway” to be
subject to criminal liability. Huntly, 25 N.C. at 421-22.
¶ 10 Our Supreme Court actually discussed this common law crime in 1824, 19
years prior to Huntly in a case that has never been cited by a North Carolina appellate
court (until today) but which was cited by the United States Supreme Court in its
landmark Second Amendment Heller decision. Dist. Of Columbia v. Heller, 554 U.S.
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570, 627 (2008) (citing State v. Langford, 10 N.C. 381 (1824)). In Langford, Chief
Justice John Louis Taylor, our State’s first Chief Justice, writing for the Court,
sustained a conviction where the defendant committed his act of terror while on
private property. Specifically, the indictment in that case alleged that the act of
terror occurred while the defendant was “at the house of one Sarah Rofile[.]”
Langford, 10 N.C. at 381. The Court based on its decision partly on its understanding
that “a man [who] arms himself . . . in such manner as will naturally cause a terror
to the people [commits] an offence at common law[.]” Id, at 383-84.
¶ 11 We point out that in both the 1824 Langford decision and the 1843 Huntly
decision, our Supreme Court noted that this common law crime was historically
viewed as a type of “affray”. Id. and Langford, 25 N.C. at 421. Our Supreme Court
though has recognized that technically the crime of causing an affray and the crime
of going armed to the terror of the public, though similar, are two distinct crimes.
That is, an affray technically only occurs when there are at least two bad actors who
engage in a fight to the terror of the public, In re May, 357 N.C. 423, 427, 584 S.E.2d
271, 274 (2003) (stating that “[a]n affray is defined at common law as a fight between
two or more persons in a public place as to cause terror to the public,” relying on State
v. Wilson, 61 N.C. 237 (1867)). Going armed to the terror of the public, however, can
occur when one bad actor acts alone. See State v. Rambert, 341 N.C. 173, 177, 513
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(holding that evidence showing that a defendant acting alone causing terror was
sufficient to sustain a conviction).
¶ 12 Like the crime at issue here, it has long been understood that the common law
crime of affray can occur in locations other than along a public highway. For instance,
in its 1993 May decision – decided 16 years after our Court held that the common law
crime of going armed to the terror of the people could only occur on a public highway
– our Supreme Court explained that a common law affray could occur in locations
“open to public traffic,” whether publicly or privately owned, such as “roads, streets,
highways, sidewalks, shopping malls, apartment complexes, parks, and commons.”
May, 357 N.C. at 427, 584 S.E.2d at 274 (emphasis added).
¶ 13 A panel of our Court, however, in our 1977 Staten decision, expressly cited and
relied on our Supreme Court’s 1968 Dawson decision to hold that the common law
crime of going armed to the terror of the public only occurs when one causes terror
while “going about the public highways of the county[.]” Staton, 32 N.C. App. at 497,
232 S.E.2d at 490 (explaining that “going about the public highways” is a “necessary
element[]” which must be alleged in the charging document to sustain a conviction).
¶ 14 The indictment at issue in the 1968 Dawson case does allege that the defendant
committed his act on a “public highway.” Likewise, the indictment in the 1843 Huntly
case alleged that the defendant acted while going along the public highways. While
we might not construe Dawson (or Huntly) as requiring the act to have occurred on a
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public highway to sustain a prosecution of this common law crime, we are bound by
the Staton panel’s interpretation of Dawson. See In re Civil Penalty, 324 N.C. 373,
384, 379 S.E.2d 30, 37 (1989). In re Civil Penalty requires that we follow a holding
from another panel of our Court which involves the “narrowing or distinguishing [of]
an earlier controlling precedent – even one from the Supreme Court[.]” State v.
Gonzalez, 263 N.C. App. 527, 531, 823 S.E.2d 886, 888 (2019).2
¶ 15 And while in 1993 our Supreme Court took the occasion in May to explain the
common law crime of affray need not occur on a public highway, that Court has never
addressed our 1977 Staten decision. In fact, our Supreme Court has only addressed
going armed to the terror of the public once since Staten, in its 1995 Rambert decision.
However, the “public highway” issue did not come up in Rambert, as the indictment
in that case (contained in the Onslow County Superior Court file - 92 CVS 13019)
alleged that “while thus armed [Mr. Rambert] went about the public highways of
Onslow County in a manner to cause terror to the people[.]” (Emphasis added.)
B. The parking lot of an apartment complex is not a “public highway”.
2 Had our panel in Staten not mentioned our Supreme Court’s 1966 Dawson decision
or other controlling Supreme Court precedent in reaching its decision, we could ignore Staten.
See Gonzalez, 263 N.C. App. at 531, 823 S.E.2d at 889; BB&T v. Smith, 239 N.C. App. 293,
298, 769 S.E.2d 638, 642 (2015) (following a 1938 Supreme Court case rather than more
recent Court of Appeals holdings which did not reference the earlier Supreme Court decision).
But such is not the case, as our panel in Staten expressly interprets the Dawson holding.
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Opinion of the Court
¶ 16 We conclude that the private parking lot of an apartment complex – the
location alleged in the indictment in this case – does not constitute a “public highway”
for purposes of charging Defendant with going armed to the terror of the public.
¶ 17 Though we found no North Carolina case defining “public highway” for
purposes of the common law crime before us, we are persuaded by decisions from our
Supreme Court in other contexts in reaching our conclusion. For instance, as
previously noted, that Court in May distinguished “highways” from “shopping malls,
apartment complexes, parks, and commons[.]” May, 357 N.C. at 427, 584 S.E.2d at
274 (emphasis added). Also, our Supreme Court has described a “cartway” as a
“quasi-public road”, but distinguished a “cartway” from a “public highway”, defining
the latter as a road “established and maintained by public authority for the traveling
public[.]” Waldroup v. Ferguson, 213 N.C. 198, 195 S.E.2d 615 (1938) (emphasis
added). See also Parsons v. Wright, 223 N.C. 520, 522, 27 S.E.2d 534, 537 (1943)
(describing cartways as “an auxiliary part of the public road system of the county
although they are distinguished from public highways proper”); State v. Purify, 86
N.C. 681, 682 (1882) (defining a “public highway” as “one established by a public
authority and kept in order by the public . . .”).
II. Conclusion
¶ 18 Irrespective of our view concerning our Court’s interpretation in Staton of our
Supreme Court’s 1967 Dawson opinion, we must follow Staton’s interpretation. As
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Opinion of the Court
such, we conclude the superior court lacked jurisdiction to enter judgment against
Defendant for going armed to the terror of the public; and, therefore, the judgment of
the superior court convicting Defendant of this crime must be vacated.
¶ 19 The trial court consolidated this conviction into a single judgment with the
felony possession conviction. We, therefore, remand the consolidated judgment for
resentencing. See State v. Toney, 187 N.C. App. 465, 472, 653 S.E.2d 187, 191 (2007)
(relying on State v. Brown, 350 N.C. 193, 213, 513 S.E.2d 57, 70 (1999)).
¶ 20 We, otherwise, did not find any error with respect to the other judgments and,
therefore, leave those judgments undisturbed.
NO ERROR IN PART, VACATED IN PART, REMANDED FOR
RESENTENCING IN PART.
Judge DIETZ concurs.
Judge GRIFFIN concurs in part and dissents in part with separate opinion.
No. COA21-231 – State v. Lancaster
GRIFFIN, Judge, concurring in part and dissenting in part.
¶ 21 I agree with the majority that this Court’s decision in State v. Staten, 32 N.C.
App. 495, 232 S.E.2d 488 (1977), was likely decided incorrectly but that we are bound
by it. See In re Civil Penalty, 324 N.C. 373, 384, 379 S.E.2d 30, 37 (1989). I write
separately because our Supreme Court’s decision in State v. Rambert, 341 N.C. 173,
459 S.E.2d 510 (1995), decided eighteen years after Staten, supports holding that the
indictment in the case at bar is not fatally defective.
¶ 22 In Rambert, the defendant pulled his car up next to an acquaintance in the
parking lot of a Piggly Wiggly store. Id. at 176, 459 S.E.2d at 512. After exchanging
some words, the defendant pointed a gun at the acquaintance’s vehicle and fired a
shot through the vehicle’s windshield. Id. A chase ensued in the parking lot, and the
defendant fired additional shots at the vehicle. Id. at 176, 459 S.E.2d at 512–13. The
defendant was charged and convicted of several offenses, including the felony charge
of “going armed to the terror of the people.” Id. at 174, 459 S.E.2d at 511. As noted
by the majority, “the indictment in Rambert (found in the Onslow County Superior
Court file - 92 CVS 13019) alleged that ‘while thus armed [Mr. Rambert] went about
the public highways of Onslow County in a manner to cause terror to the people[.]’”
(Emphasis added).
¶ 23 On appeal, the Supreme Court did not take issue with the fact that the crime
was committed in a parking lot. Instead, the Court remanded the matter with
instructions for the trial court to enter a conviction on the charge of going armed to
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2022-NCCOA-495
GRIFFIN, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part.
the terror of the people as a misdemeanor, holding that the charge was “improperly
elevated to a felony.” Id. at 177, 459 S.E.2d at 513. If the Supreme Court did not
consider a parking lot to be a public highway or otherwise considered the indictment
fatally defective, it not only would have reversed the conviction entirely, it would have
been bound to do so for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. See Lemmerman v. A.T.
Williams Oil Co., 318 N.C. 577, 580, 350 S.E.2d 83, 86 (1986) (“When the record
clearly shows that subject matter jurisdiction is lacking, the Court will take notice
and dismiss the action ex mero motu.” (emphasis added) (citation omitted)); In re
Harts, 191 N.C. App. 807, 809, 664 S.E.2d 411, 413 (2008) (“Subject matter
jurisdiction may not be waived, and this Court has the power and the duty to
determine issues of jurisdiction ex mero motu, and to dismiss an appeal if we find it
lacking.” (emphasis added) (citation omitted)).
¶ 24 Based on Rambert, the indictment in this case sufficiently alleged that
Defendant committed his act on a “public highway.” The indictment states that
Defendant went “armed to the terror of the public by causing a disturbance and
waving a firearm around in the parking lot of 210 Shipman Road Apartments[.]”
(Emphasis added). Although the indictment does not use the phrase “public
highway,” “indictments need only allege the ultimate facts constituting each element
of the criminal offense[,]” and “a very detailed account is not necessary for legally
sufficient indictments[.]” Rambert, 341 N.C. at 176, 459 S.E.2d at 512 (citation
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GRIFFIN, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part.
omitted). By alleging that the act was committed in the parking lot of an apartment
complex, the indictment was legally sufficient. Id.¶ 25 For these reasons, I find no error in the trial court’s judgments.