State v. MartinezÂ

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF NORTH CAROLINA
No. COA16-650
Filed: 20 December 2016
Forsyth County, No. 14 CRS 59542
STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA
v.
LUIS MIGUEL MARTINEZ
Appeal by defendant from judgment entered 5 October 2015 by Judge David L.
Hall in Forsyth County Superior Court. Heard in the Court of Appeals 1 December
2016.
Attorney General Roy Cooper, by Assistant Attorney General Michael E. Bulleri,
for the State.
Appellate Defender Glenn Gerding, by Assistant Appellant Defender Daniel L.
Spiegel, for defendant-appellant.
TYSON, Judge.
Luis Miguel Martinez (“Defendant”) appeals from judgment entered after a
jury found him guilty of possession of a firearm by a felon. We find no error.
I. Background
The State’s evidence tended to show on 27 September 2014, at approximately
12:30 a.m., Winston-Salem Police Officer M.H. Saintsing observed a Chevrolet pick-
up truck speeding 48 mph in a 35 mph zone near the intersection of Thomasville Road
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and Louise Road. Officer Saintsing performed a U-turn and followed the truck into
a gas station parking lot, where it had just pulled in.
Officer Saintsing observed Defendant exit from the driver’s side of the truck.
A male passenger also exited from the truck, and both began walking toward the
convenience store when Officer Saintsing activated his blue lights. Officer Saintsing
approached Defendant and instructed him to get back into the vehicle. Defendant
refused the officer’s command, and continued toward the convenience store. After at
least one subsequent command, Defendant returned to the location of the vehicle and
threw the keys underneath the vehicle. The passenger attempted to re-enter the
vehicle pursuant to the officer’s commands, but was unable to because the door was
locked.
Defendant denied being the driver of the truck, and stated he did not know
who owned the truck. Officer Saintsing asked Defendant why the truck was not
parked within a marked parking space, and Defendant stated “he just kind of pulled
in.” Officer Saintsing detected a strong odor of alcohol on Defendant, and contacted
other officers to request assistance. Officers Gardner and Willey arrived, conducted
a driving while impaired investigation, and formed the opinion that Defendant was
impaired.
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Defendant was unable to produce a driver’s license. Officer Saintsing
conducted a mobile computer search and learned Defendant’s license had been
suspended for a prior conviction of driving while impaired.
Defendant was arrested for driving while impaired. He was handcuffed and
placed in the rear seat of one of the patrol cars, at least thirty feet away from his
vehicle. Officer Gardner instructed Officer Willey to search the interior of
Defendant’s vehicle, incident to the arrest. Officer Gardner testified he had
conducted between twenty and thirty driving while impaired investigations. At least
fifty percent of these cases involved the discovery of evidence associated with driving
while impaired inside the vehicle, such as open containers of alcohol. Officer Gardner
stated he had been trained to search the vehicle under these circumstances.
Defendant did not admit to drinking alcohol inside the vehicle.
Officer Willey discovered six beer bottles in the rear seat area of the vehicle.
Some of the bottles were opened and some were not. A loaded .22 caliber rifle was
discovered, in a cocked position, halfway underneath the rear seat. The barrel of the
rifle was pointed towards the passenger seat.
During routine booking questions, Defendant told officers he had stolen the
truck from his father, the registered owner of the vehicle. No usable forensic
evidence, such as fingerprints or DNA, was obtained from the rifle.
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Prior to trial, Defendant filed a motion to suppress the search. The trial court
concluded the search of the vehicle after Defendant’s arrest was lawful based upon
the officers’ reasonable belief the vehicle could contain evidence of the offense of
driving while impaired. The matter proceeded to trial. Defendant stipulated he had
been convicted of felonious assault with a deadly weapon with intent to kill on 24
August 2010. The jury convicted Defendant of possession of a firearm by a felon, and
Defendant was sentenced to an active prison term of 17 to 30 months. Defendant
appeals.
II. Jurisdiction
Jurisdiction of right by timely appeal lies in this Court from final judgment of
the superior court following a jury’s verdict pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7A-27(b)(1)
(2015). Defendant is entitled to appeal the denial of his motion to suppress pursuant
to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-979(b) (2015).
III. Issues
Defendant argues the trial court erred by: (1) denying Defendant’s motion to
suppress; and (2) failing to intervene during the prosecutor’s closing argument.
IV. Denial of Defendant’s Motion to Suppress
Defendant argues his motion to suppress should have been granted, because
the officers lacked particularized reasons to believe evidence of impaired driving
would be found inside the vehicle. We disagree.
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A. Standard of Review
The trial court’s findings of fact on a defendant’s motion to suppress are
conclusive and binding upon appeal if supported by competent evidence. State v.
Cooke, 306 N.C. 132, 134, 291 S.E.2d 618, 619 (1982). This Court determines whether
the trial court’s findings of fact support its conclusions of law. Id.We review the trial court’s conclusions of law on a motion to suppress de novo.
State v. Edwards, 185 N.C. App. 701, 702, 649 S.E.2d 646, 648, disc. review denied,
362 N.C. 89, 656 S.E.2d 281 (2007). “Under a de novo review, the court considers the
matter anew and freely substitutes its own judgment for that of the lower tribunal.”
State v. Williams, 362 N.C. 628, 632-33, 669 S.E.2d 290, 294 (2008) (citation and
quotation marks omitted).
Where, as here, a defendant fails to challenge the trial court’s findings of fact,
they are deemed to be supported by competent evidence and are binding on appeal.
State v. Roberson, 163 N.C. App. 129, 132, 592 S.E.2d 733, 735-36, disc. review denied,
358 N.C. 240, 594 S.E.2d 199 (2004).
B. Search Incident to Arrest
It is a “basic constitutional rule” that “searches conducted outside the judicial
process, without prior approval by [a] judge or magistrate, are per se unreasonable
under the Fourth Amendment—subject only to a few specifically established and well
delineated exceptions.” Coolidge v. New Hampshire, 403 U.S. 443, 454-55, 29 L. Ed.
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2d 564, 576 (1971). “Among the exceptions to the warrant requirement is a search
incident to a lawful arrest,” which “derives from interests in officer safety and
evidence preservation that are typically implicated in arrest situations.” Arizona v.
Gant, 556 U.S. 332, 338, 173 L. Ed. 2d 485, 493 (2009) (citations omitted).
In Arizona v. Gant, the Supreme Court of the United States addressed the
Fourth Amendment implications of a vehicle search following the driver’s arrest. Id.
at 335, 173 S.E.2d at 491. The Court warned of the danger of “giving police officers
unbridled discretion to rummage at will among a person’s private effects.” Id. at 345,
173 L. Ed. 2d at 497. “A rule that gives police the power to conduct such a search
whenever an individual is caught committing a traffic offense, when there is no basis
for believing evidence of the offense might be found in the vehicle, creates a serious
and recurring threat to the privacy of countless individuals.” Id. (emphasis supplied).
The Court established a rule designed to balance the individual’s Fourth
Amendment privacy interests with both officer safety and the need to collect evidence
of the crime at issue.
Police may search a vehicle incident to a recent occupant’s
arrest only if the arrestee is within reaching distance of the
passenger compartment at the time of the search or it is
reasonable to believe the vehicle contains evidence of the
offense of arrest. When these justifications are absent, a
search of an arrestee’s vehicle will be unreasonable unless
police obtain a warrant or show that another exception to
the warrant requirement applies.
Id. at 351, 173 S.E.2d at 501 (emphasis supplied).
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The Court in Gant cited to Justice Scalia’s concurrence in Thornton v. United
States, 541 U.S. 615, 158 L. Ed. 2d 905 (2004) (Scalia, J., concurring), to explain its
rationale. Id. at 343-49, 173 L. Ed. 2d at 496-99. In Thornton, Justice Scalia noted,
“the fact of prior lawful arrest distinguishes the arrestee from society at large, and
distinguishes a search for evidence of his crime from general rummaging.” 541 U.S.
at 630, 158 L. Ed. 2d at 919 (emphasis in original).
This Court in State v. Foy, 208 N.C. App. 562, 563, 703 S.E.2d 741, 741 (2010)
applied the holding in Gant. In Foy, the defendant was stopped after his driving
caused the officer to believe he was intoxicated. Id. The officer discovered a revolver
inside the defendant’s truck, arrested the defendant for carrying a concealed weapon,
and then searched the truck. Id.This Court determined the search was valid as incident to arrest because the
discovery of one concealed weapon provided the officers reason to believe that further
evidence of this crime, such as another concealed weapon, ammunition, a receipt, or
a gun permit, could exist inside the truck. Id. at 565-66, 703 S.E.2d at 743. Further,
such evidence would be necessary and relevant to show ownership or possession,
could serve to rebut any defenses offered by defendant at trial, and would aid the
State in prosecuting the crime to its full potential. Id. This Court held, “[p]ermitting
a search incident to arrest to discover offense-related evidence for the crime of
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carrying a concealed weapon is consistent with the United States Supreme Court’s
holding in Gant.” Id. at 566, 703 S.E.2d at 743.
The question for the court on Defendant’s motion to suppress is not whether it
was reasonable for the officers to believe contraband may be found in the vehicle, but
whether “evidence of the crime was reasonably believed to be present based on the
nature of the suspected offense.” Id. at 566, 703 S.E.2d at 743 (citing Gant, 556 U.S.
at 351, 173 L. Ed. 2d at 501). Here, Defendant denied ownership, possession, and
operation of the vehicle both verbally and by throwing the keys under the vehicle.
Based upon the totality of the circumstances, including the strong odor of alcohol on
Defendant, Defendant’s effort to hide the keys and refusal to unlock the vehicle, and
the officers’ training and experience with regard to driving while impaired
investigations, the trial court properly concluded the officers reasonably believed the
vehicle could contain evidence of the offense. Id. Defendant’s argument is overruled.
V. State’s Closing Argument
Defendant argues the trial court abused its discretion by overruling
Defendant’s objections to the State’s closing argument. He also asserts the trial court
should have intervened ex mero motu at various points during the prosecutor’s closing
argument after Defendant failed to object or request curative instructions.
A. Standard of Review
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“Arguments of counsel are largely in the control and discretion of the trial
court. The appellate courts ordinarily will not review the exercise of that discretion
unless the impropriety of counsel’s remarks is extreme and is clearly calculated to
prejudice the jury.” State v. Huffstetler, 312 N.C. 92, 111, 322 S.E.2d 110, 122 (1984)
(citation omitted), cert denied, 471 U.S. 1009, 85 L. Ed. 2d 169 (1985). “[W]e will not
review the exercise of this discretion unless there be such gross impropriety in the
argument as would be likely to influence the verdict of the jury.” State v. Covington,
290 N.C. 313, 328, 226 S.E.2d 629, 640 (1976) (citations omitted). The reviewing court
examines the full context in which the statements were made. See, e.g., State v. Lloyd,
354 N.C. 76, 113-14, 552 S.E.2d 596, 622-23 (2001).
Where a prosecutor improperly comments on a defendant’s constitutional right
not to testify, a new trial is required unless the State can prove the error was
harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1443(b) (2015); State v.
Reid, 334 N.C. 557, 556, 434 S.E.2d 193, 198 (1993).
Where a defendant fails to object to statements made by the prosecutor during
closing argument, the standard of review is whether the remarks were so grossly
improper that the trial court committed reversible error by failing to intervene ex
mero motu. State v. Trull, 349 N.C. 428, 451, 509 S.E.2d 178, 193 (1998), cert. denied,
528 U.S. 835, 145 L. Ed. 2d 80 (1999). “[T]he impropriety of the argument must be
gross indeed in order for this Court to hold that a trial judge abused his discretion in
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not recognizing and correcting ex mero motu an argument which defense counsel
apparently did not believe was prejudicial when he heard it.” State v. Johnson, 298
N.C. 355, 369, 259 S.E.2d 752, 761 (1979) (citation omitted).
B. Comment Upon Defendant’s Right Not to Testify
The Constitution of the United States and North Carolina’s Constitution
preserve a criminal defendant’s right not to testify. U.S. Const. amend. V; N.C. Const.
art. I § 23. “[I]t is well-settled law that a defendant need not testify” and “that the
burden of proof remains with the State regardless of whether a defendant presents
any evidence.” State v. Williams, 341 N.C. 1, 13, 459 S.E.2d 208, 216 (1995) (citation
and quotation marks omitted), cert. denied, 516 U.S. 1128, 133 L. Ed. 2d 870 (1996).
The State “violates [this rule] if the language used [was] manifestly intended to be,
or was of such character that the jury would naturally and necessarily take it to be a
comment on the failure of the accused to testify.” State v. Parker, 185 N.C. App. 437,
444, 651 S.E.2d 377, 382 (citation and quotation marks omitted), disc. review denied,
362 N.C. 91, 657 S.E.2d 26 (2007).
During opening statements, defense counsel asserted Defendant distanced
himself from the truck and “acted nervous” because “he didn’t want to get popped for
driving while impaired.” The prosecutor asserted the following during the State’s
closing argument:
[PROSECUTOR]: First thing, you have the driver of the
vehicle trying to distance himself from the vehicle. Why
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would you do that? Probably because you don’t want the
police to associate you with that vehicle. Now, I know the
defense is going . . . to say “Well he did not want to get
popped for DWI,” I think is what they described it as in
their opening.
Well, think about this, and this will apply to all of the
defense argument, the only evidence you heard in this case
has been presented by the State. The State’s evidence is
uncontradicted so to the extent the defense makes any
arguments at all, if their [sic] not based off of the evidence
that the State has presented, they’re not in evidence at all.
See what I’m saying? If they’re saying “Well, he didn’t want
to get popped for DWI,” well, then they need to put on
evidence that he didn’t want to get popped for DWI,
otherwise it’s just an unsupported allegation floating out
there.
[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Objection, Your Honor.
[THE COURT]: Overruled.
[PROSECUTOR]: Do you see what I’m saying here? They
have an opportunity, the defense has an opportunity to put
on evidence to support their arguments. They didn’t take
that opportunity here, so you can’t assume the arguments
that they are making are correct because they are
unsupported. You see what I’m saying? So if you want to
come in here in this courtroom and tell 12 people, tell this
jury, that “my client left that vehicle because he didn’t want
to get a DWI, not because he didn’t want them to find the
firearm in there,” then you need to put on some evidence to
support that and they haven’t done that.
I make no comment on the defendant’s option or election not
to testify in his case. We all know that’s his constitutional
right. We have the right to remain silent. That’s a sacred
right under the Constitution but that is one thing that is
quite different from the defense’s failure to put on any
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exculpatory evidence or evidence of his innocence. Those
are two –
[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Objection.
[THE COURT]: Sustained.
[PROSECUTOR]: I want to make sure that I’m on sound
legal grounds here. I don't want to say anything
impermissible. This is what the Supreme Court of North
Carolina had to say: “In closing arguments a prosecutor
may not comment on the failure of the defendant to testify
at trial.” – I am not doing that – “However, it is permissible
for the prosecutor to bring to the jury’s attention a
defendant’s failure to produce exculpatory evidence or to
contradict the evidence presented by the State.”
[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Objection, Your Honor.
(emphases supplied).
At this point, the trial court excused the jury. Outside the presence of the jury,
the trial court warned the prosecutor he had “said enough about the defendant’s
election not to put on evidence” and directed the prosecutor to “move on to another
subject.” The prosecutor resumed his argument. Before concluding, he stated: “Once
again the only evidence presented has been presented by the State[.]” The prosecutor
further stated: “The defendant did not testify but you have heard him make some
statements. You heard him on video.”
Defendant argues his testimony would be the only plausible way to introduce
evidence of the reason he wished to distance himself from the truck, and the jury
naturally and necessarily understood the prosecutor’s argument as a comment on
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Defendant’s decision not to testify. Defendant further argues the prosecutor’s explicit
discussion of Defendant’s right not to testify, while simultaneously denying he was
commenting on that right, was itself improper and drew further attention to the
previous improper comments. See State v. Roberts, 243 N.C. 619, 621, 91 S.E.2d 589,
591 (1956) (prosecutor’s statement that he had “not said a word” about the
defendant’s failure to testify was improper and added emphasis to the previous
objectionable language).
Defendant relies on our Supreme Court’s holding in Reid, that “any direct
reference to [D]efendant’s failure to testify is error and requires curative measures
be taken by the trial court.” 334 N.C. at 554, 434 S.E.2d at 196, In Reid, the Supreme
Court awarded the defendant a new trial based upon the following statement of the
prosecutor during closing argument:
The defendant hasn’t taken the stand in this case. He has
that right. You’re not to hold that against him. But ladies
and gentlemen, we have to look at the other evidence to
look at intent in this case[.]
Id.“While it is true that the prosecution may not comment on defendant’s failure
to take the stand, ‘the defendant’s failure to produce exculpatory evidence or to
contradict evidence presented by the State may properly be brought to the jury’s
attention by the State in its closing argument.’” State v. Thompson, 110 N.C. App.
217, 225, 429 S.E.2d 590, 594-95 (1993) (quoting State v. Jordan, 305 N.C. 274, 287
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S.E.2d 827 (1982)). Moreover, “[w]hen defendant forecasts evidence in the opening
statement, the State is permitted to comment upon the lack of evidence supporting
such a forecast in closing argument.” State v. Anderson, 200 N.C. App. 216, 224, 684
S.E.2d 450, 456 (2009).
During opening statement, defense counsel stated Defendant’s reason for
distancing himself from the truck was due to not wanting “to get popped” for driving
while impaired. These comments and circumstances distinguish this case from the
facts present in Reid. The prosecutor’s statements, viewed as a whole and in context,
summarize the evidence put before the jury and assert no evidence was presented to
support defense counsel’s assertions in his opening statement. See id.Defense counsel presented a forecast of evidence explaining Defendant’s
actions and nervous behavior during the traffic stop were due to his fear of being
arrested for driving while impaired. Viewed as a whole, the prosecutor’s statements
pertain to Defendant’s failure to produce exculpatory evidence to contradict the
State’s theory of why Defendant attempted to distance himself from the truck.
Thompson, 110 N.C. App. at 225, 429 S.E.2d at 594-95.
Presuming arguendo the prosecutor’s statements constituted an impermissible
comment on Defendant’s right to remain silent and the trial court erred by failing to
intervene or give a curative instruction ex mero motu, “[c]omment on an accused’s
failure to testify does not call for an automatic reversal but requires the court to
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determine if the error is harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.” Reid, 334 N.C. at 557,
434 S.E.2d at 198.
Defendant was charged with and convicted of possession of a firearm by a felon
in violation of N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-415.1. The two elements of this offense are “that
the defendant has a prior felony conviction, and a firearm in his possession.” State v.
Hussey, 194 N.C. App. 516, 521, 669 S.E.2d 864, 867 (2008). Because Defendant
stipulated to his prior conviction for felonious assault with a deadly weapon with
intent to kill, the only question before the jury was whether he possessed a firearm.
Uncontroverted evidence showed Defendant was stopped while driving his
father’s truck, and exited the vehicle before the officer stopped. He attempted to
further distance himself from the vehicle by denying operation of the truck and
knowledge of ownership of the truck, and by throwing the keys under the truck. The
officers observed signs that Defendant had consumed alcohol. Upon searching the
vehicle, the officers recovered a loaded and cocked rifle located in the backseat area.
The rifle was discovered along with and on top of containers of alcohol, and had been
placed into the rear of the truck with the butt facing the driver’s door and the barrel
pointing to the passenger seat.
Furthermore, the trial court charged the jury on the presumption of innocence,
the State’s burden of proving defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt, and
Defendant’s failure to testify created no presumption against him. The jury is
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presumed to have followed the instructions of the trial court. State v. Thornton, 158
N.C. App. 645, 652, 582 S.E.2d 308, 312 (2003) (citations omitted). Any asserted error
was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. Defendant’s argument is overruled.
C. Assertion of Facts Not in Evidence
Defendant also argues the prosecutor improperly misled the jury during the
closing argument by asserting facts not in evidence. In discussing the difference
between actual and constructive possession, the prosecutor explained:
PROSECUTOR]: “Possession of an article may be either
actual or constructive. A person has actual possession of an
article if the person has it on his person, is aware of its
presence and either alone or together with others has both
the power and intent to control its disposition or use.” So
that is actual possession. Think about it his [sic] way, when
Mr. Martinez is placing the rifle in the truck and it is in his
hands, he has actual possession of it.
[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Objection, Your Honor.
[THE COURT]: Overruled.
[PROSECUTOR]: When he closes the door and walks away
from it a few steps now, he has constructive possession of it,
and I’ll explain . . . . (emphases supplied).
Defendant argues that under the guise of explaining the law, the prosecutor
was allowed to present a story to the jury in which Defendant, with the rifle “in his
hands,” placed it in the truck, closed the door and walked a few steps away. Though
the rifle was found inside the vehicle he was driving, Defendant asserts no evidence
established who placed the rifle in the vehicle.
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“Prosecutors may, in closing arguments, create a scenario of the crime
committed as long as the record contains sufficient evidence from which the scenario
is reasonably inferable.” State v. Frye, 341 N.C. 470, 498, 461 S.E.2d 664, 678 (1995),
cert. denied, 517 U.S. 1123, 134 L. Ed. 2d 526 (1996). The facts presented to the jury
showed in detail the location and placement of the rifle in the backseat of the vehicle
with the barrel pointed towards the passenger seat. Defendant has failed to show
“gross impropriety in the argument as would be likely to influence the verdict of the
jury.” Covington, 290 N.C. at 328, 226 S.E.2d at 640. Defendant has failed to show
the trial court abused its discretion in allowing the statement. This argument is
overruled.
D. Handling of the Rifle
Defendant also argues the prosecutor improperly inflamed the jurors’ emotions
and “caused them to make a decision based on fear” by pointing the rifle at himself.
To demonstrate that the “only [] logical way” the rifle could have been placed in the
vehicle was from the driver’s side, the prosecutor acted out what he believed it would
have looked like had the rifle been placed in the vehicle from the passenger’s side. In
doing so, the prosecutor pointed the barrel of the rifle at himself. He then stated, “I
can see some of you all just cringing when I was pointing that weapon towards myself
even knowing it is unloaded and safe.”
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Defendant did not object to the prosecutor’s handling of the rifle in front of the
jury and related statements. He has failed to show such gross impropriety “that the
trial court committed reversible error by failing to intervene ex mero motu.” Trull,
349 N.C. at 451, 509 S.E.2d at 193. This argument is overruled.
Notwithstanding our conclusions that Defendant has failed to object or to show
prejudice in the prosecutor’s statements and demonstrations to warrant a new trial,
we find the prosecutor’s words and actions troublesome. Without hesitation, the
prosecutor flew exceedingly close to the sun during his closing argument. Only
because of the unique circumstances of this case has he returned with wings intact.
See BERGEN EVANS, DICTIONARY OF MYTHOLOGY 62-63 (Centennial Press 1970). We
emphasize, “[a] prosecutor has the responsibility of a minister of justice and not
simply that of an advocate; the prosecutor’s duty is to seek justice, not merely to
convict.” Rev. R. Prof. Conduct N.C. St. B. 3.8 (Special Responsibilities of a
Prosecutor) cmt. [1] (2015).
VI. Conclusion
The trial court properly concluded it was “reasonable [for the officers] to believe
the vehicle contain[ed] evidence of the offense of arrest,” and properly denied
Defendant’s motion to suppress. Gant, 556 U.S. at 345, 173 L. Ed. 2d at 497.
Defendant has failed to show the prosecutor’s purported comments on Defendant’s
decision not to testify and other statements and actions made during closing
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argument warrant the trial court’s interventions ex mero motu or show prejudice for
us to award a new trial.
Defendant received a fair trial, free of prejudicial errors he preserved and
argued. We find no error in the trial court’s denial of Defendant’s motion to suppress,
the jury’s verdict, or the judgment entered thereon. It is so ordered.
NO ERROR.
Judges MCCULLOUGH and DILLON concur.
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