State v. Meadows

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF NORTH CAROLINA
No. COA16-1207
Filed: 17 October 2017
Madison County, No. 13 CRS 000248
STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA
v.
PATTY MEADOWS
Appeal by Defendant from judgments entered 7 April 2016 and judgment
entered 8 April 2016 by Judge Gary M. Gavenus in Superior Court, Madison County,
after a jury trial before Judge R. Gregory Horne on 4 and 5 April 2016. Heard in the
Court of Appeals 25 May 2017.
Attorney General Joshua H. Stein, by Special Deputy Attorney General Daniel
Snipes Johnson, for the State.
Michael E. Casterline for Defendant-Appellant.
McGEE, Chief Judge.
Patty Meadows (“Defendant”) was convicted on 7 April 2016 of one count each
of trafficking opium by sale, by delivery, and by possession. The events leading to
Defendant’s arrest and conviction occurred on 14 September 2011.
I. Factual and Procedural Basis
In early September 2011, multiple sources informed the Madison County
Sheriff’s Office that Defendant’s husband, Troy Meadows (“Troy”), was selling large
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Opinion of the Court
quantities of prescription pills. A confidential informant, Jeffrey Chandler
(“Chandler”) told officers that Troy would be obtaining pills on 14 September 2011,
pursuant to a prescription, for the purposes of illegal re-sale. Chandler informed
officers that he had obtained this information from Jason Shetley (“Shetley”) who, in
the past, had illegally purchased pills from Troy.
Sheriff’s officers planned a controlled buy for 14 September 2011. The plan
was for Chandler to ask Shetley to purchase pills from Troy, using bills provided by
the Sheriff’s Office, and thereby obtain probable cause to search Troy’s and
Defendant’s house (“the Meadows home” or “the house”) on Rollins Road. Officers
gave Chandler $420.00 (“the buy money”) on 14 September 2011 for the purchase.
The buy money had been photocopied so that individual serial numbers were
recorded. Chandler contacted Shetley to set up the purchase. Shetley was to make
the purchase with the buy money provided by Chandler, and purchase twenty-five
oxycodone pills for himself and fifty for Chandler. At trial, Shetley testified he called
Troy about 9:00 a.m. on 14 September 2011 to tell him he wanted to purchase seventy-
five oxycodone pills. Chandler then met with Shetley and Shetley’s girlfriend,
Catherine Davis (“Davis”). Chandler used approximately $20.00 of the buy money to
purchase gas for Shetley’s car (“the car”). Chandler, Shetley, and Davis then drove
to the Meadows home.
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Madison County Sheriff’s Detective Coy Phillips, now a captain (“Capt.
Phillips”), was watching the house that morning. Shetley entered the Meadows home
at approximately 9:45 a.m., while Chandler and Davis waited in Shetley’s car. At
trial, Shetley further testified that he never saw Troy that morning – that he “just
pulled up, went and knocked on the door, and [Defendant] was in the kitchen and
told me to come in. She had the pills out [on the table]. I bought the pills from her.”
According to Shetley, Defendant told him she had already counted out the seventy-
five pills, and he then counted out twenty-five pills, which he put in a pill bottle he
had brought with him. He then counted out an additional fifty pills, which he put in
a plastic baggie provided by Defendant. Shetley testified that he gave Defendant
payment, which she counted. Shetley then left the house.
About five minutes after Shetley entered the house, Capt. Phillips observed
him exit the house and return to the car. Shetley, Chandler and Davis then drove
away from the Meadows home. Capt. Phillips continued to watch the house until a
deputy arrived “to secure [the house] because we were going to execute a search
warrant at [the house].” Shortly after the car left the house, it was stopped by officers,
including Madison County Chief Deputy Michael Garrison (“Chief Garrison”),1 and
the occupants were searched. Shetley testified that, when he saw police approaching,
he threw his bottle of twenty-five pills out the car window, but that Chandler held
1 Chief Garrison was serving as the Mars Hill Chief of Police at the time of Defendant’s trial.
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onto the plastic baggie that contained the fifty pills. Officers recovered a plastic
baggie containing fifty oxycodone pills from Chandler, and recovered a bottle
containing twenty-five oxycodone pills from the side of the road in the vicinity of the
car. Officers had maintained constant visual contact with Chandler from the time he
was given the $420.00 until the time they stopped and searched the car and its
occupants. One of the photocopied twenty dollar bills was found in Shetley’s sock,
but the remainder of the buy money was not recovered from the car or its occupants.
Shetley and Davis were arrested, and taken to the Sheriff’s Office.
Chief Garrison testified he secured the house immediately after arresting
Shetley and Davis and, at that time, Defendant was the only person at the house.
Chief Garrison left the house at approximately 10:00 a.m., while deputies remained
to keep the house and Defendant secure. Troy and Defendant’s daughter arrived
sometime after 10:00 a.m., though the exact times they were at the house are unclear.
Chief Garrison further testified he returned to the house just after 4:00 p.m. to
execute a search warrant he had obtained, and that the house and its occupants were
continuously monitored until the search of the house was completed, after 7:00 p.m.
According to Chief Garrison, Troy “did show up there [at the house] and then we
transported him back to the [S]heriff’s [O]ffice.” Troy was also arrested that day.
Chief Garrison testified that “to the best of [his] recollection,” Troy did not return to
the house after being transported to the Sheriff’s Office. Capt. Phillips testified that
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he interviewed Troy at the Sheriff’s Office from 4:29 p.m. until 7:16 p.m., and then
returned to the Meadows home. Capt. Phillips did not indicate in his testimony that
he brought Troy with him when he returned to the Meadows home, and Defendant’s
counsel did not ask Capt. Phillips that question.
Chief Garrison testified that, after serving the search warrant, he “identified
a large quantity of narcotics and medications on the dining room table.” Items
recovered included “other pill bottles, empty pill bottles, white pills and pink pills[,]”
and plastic baggies similar to the one recovered from Chandler that contained the
fifty pills Shetley had purchased for him. Chief Garrison testified that, after officers
had searched the house for more than three hours in an unsuccessful attempt to
locate the remainder of the buy money, he confronted Defendant directly. Chief
Garrison testified that he told Defendant: “I knew my buy money was in the house
and I wanted to get it.” According to Chief Garrison, Defendant “told me it was in a
pocket, a jacket pocket in the, I believe it was the bedroom closet.” Chief Garrison
testified that officers recovered $380.00 from “a blue jacket hanging in a closet” that
was later identified as the remaining buy money.
Chief Garrison then identified State’s exhibit 12 as an envelope containing the
$380.00 of buy money recovered from the Meadows home. Chief Garrison read from
the log sheet attached to State’s exhibit 12, and testified that the log sheet “has [the]
suspect[’s] name, which is Troy Meadows, the date and time recovered which is
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9/14/11 at . . . 7:01 p.m. It has Detective Matt Davis was the recovering deputy. The
description, it says, $380 U.S. currency recovered from back bedroom, blue jacket
pocket.”
Although both Chief Garrison and Capt. Phillips testified they believed
Defendant was involved in the 14 September 2011 transaction, Defendant was not
arrested until 22 July 2013.2 Defendant testified at trial, contradicting the testimony
of Chief Garrison and Shetley. Defendant testified she had no knowledge of the drug
transaction, that she never saw Shetley that morning, and that she did not know
where the $380.00 was hidden until Troy told her sometime after 6:30 p.m. The two
containers of pills were sent to the State Bureau of Investigation (“S.B.I.”) lab to be
analyzed by Colin Andrews, who determined the pills were oxycodone, and described
them in his report as “a pill bottle containing 25 pink tablets [and] a plastic bag
containing 50 pink tablets.” Defendant was found guilty of all three trafficking
charges on 7 April 2016. Defendant appeals.
II. Analysis
A. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
Defendant argues she was denied effective assistance of counsel because her
defense counsel “elicited damaging testimony from [Capt.] Phillips that Shetley was
2 This testimony is the subject of one of Defendant’s arguments on appeal.
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‘honest[,]’” and also failed to object to Chief Garrison’s testimony that “[Defendant]
was as guilty as Troy was.” We disagree.
“A defendant’s right to counsel includes the right to the effective assistance of
counsel. When a defendant attacks his conviction on the basis that counsel was
ineffective, he must show that his counsel’s conduct fell below an objective standard
of reasonableness.” State v. Braswell, 312 N.C. 553, 561–62, 324 S.E.2d 241, 247–48
(1985) (citations omitted). However,
if a reviewing court can determine at the outset that there
is no reasonable probability that in the absence of counsel’s
alleged errors the result of the proceeding would have been
different, then the court need not determine whether
counsel’s performance was actually deficient.
Id. at 563, 324 S.E.2d at 248–49. Because we hold “there is no reasonable probability
that in the absence of counsel’s alleged errors the result of the proceeding would have
been different,” we reject Defendant’s ineffective assistance of counsel (“IAC”)
arguments without making any determination concerning whether Defendant’s
counsel was actually deficient. Id. at 563, 324 S.E.2d at 249.
1. Vouching for Shetley’s Credibility
Concerning Defendant’s first argument, her counsel questioned Capt. Phillips
concerning two interviews he conducted with Shetley after Shetley’s arrest:
Q. My question was, when you conducted that first
interview [on 14 September 2011], did you feel, leaving that
interview did you feel or form an opinion as to whether or
not [Shetley] was being honest with you?
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A. Yes, sir, I did.
Q. So you felt after that first interview he was telling you
the truth?
A. No, sir.
....
Q. So at that time you had an idea, hey, this isn’t, this
doesn’t make sense.
A. Yes, sir.
....
Q. Did you during that first interview ask [Shetley] about
his drug use at the time?
A. Yes, sir, I did.
Q. And what was his response to, to whether or not he used
drugs?
A. He said he didn’t use drugs.
....
Q. And [Shetley] gave you another statement [on 16
September 2011], did he not?
A. He did, yes, sir.
Q. Did he at that time admit or deny having a drug
problem?
A. At this point he admitted it, yes, sir.
....
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Q. And again, [Shetley] admitted to you that he had a very
bad drug problem.
A. Yes, sir, he stated he had a pill problem.
Q. And based on your knowledge and experience as a law
enforcement officer, do people with drug problems typically
break into other people’s houses to supply their habit?
A. Sometimes.
Q. Did Mr. Shetley admit that to you?
A. Yes, sir.
....
Q. And you filled out this Officers Investigation Report as
lead detective.
A. Yes, sir.
Q. And part 10, you stated that . . . Davis was honest and
cooperative.
A. Yes, sir.
Q. And that Troy . . . and . . . Shetley were also honest with
Detective . . . Phillips.
A. Yes, sir.
Q. And you signed that form on 9/19.
A. Yes, sir.
....
Q. And at that time the statements, the follow-up
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statements, at least with Shetley, and the other statements
you got, you felt that the witnesses were honest and
cooperative.
A. Yes, sir.
Based upon the testimony above, Defendant argues that her counsel’s
representation was deficient because he “elicited damaging testimony from [Capt.]
Phillips that Shetley was ‘honest.’” However, because we do not believe Defendant
can show the necessary prejudice to sustain her IAC claim, as we will discuss in
greater detail below, we do not need to consider whether Defendant’s counsel’s
representation of Defendant was actually deficient. Braswell, 312 N.C. at 563, 324
S.E.2d at 248–49.
2. Chief Garrison’s Opinion of Defendant’s Guilt
Defendant next argues that her counsel committed IAC by failing to object
when Chief Garrison testified: “I felt like [Defendant] should be charged at that time;
she was as guilty as Troy was.” We disagree.
Law enforcement officers may not express any opinion that they believe a
defendant to be guilty of the crimes for which the defendant is on trial. State v.
Carrillo, 164 N.C. App. 204, 211, 595 S.E.2d 219, 224 (2004). However, although the
admission of the statement by Chief Garrison constituted error, as in Carrillo, we
hold that Defendant fails to show that the error was so prejudicial, on the facts before
us, as to require a new trial. Id.
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Initially, during direct questioning by the State concerning why Defendant was
not arrested on 14 September 2011, Chief Garrison testified to the following, without
objection:
Q. Chief Garrison, was there some – I’m going to follow up
on a couple of [Defendant’s counsel’s] questions. Was there
some discussion of [Defendant] being charged back in
September of 2011?
A. There was. Initially I felt that [Defendant] had direct
involvement in the drug transaction, and based on that that
she should have been charged accordingly. There was a
discussion and based on that discussion we made a
determination not to charge her at that time.
Subsequently, uh, I’m trying to think, it was probably a
little over a year and four months later we submitted the
evidence to the SBI and the SBI labs came back as far as
what the quantities and the product were as far as the pills.
Determination was made at that time to pursue a grand
jury indictment, which we did, and the grand jury found
probable cause to have her indicted, and that’s what
brought her here today. (Emphasis added).
Defendant does not argue on appeal that failure to object to this testimony
constituted IAC. Therefore, any such argument has been abandoned, and we must
evaluate the prejudice of the contested testimony in light of this uncontested
testimony. See N.C. R. App. P. 28(b)(6); State v. Evans, __ N.C. App. __, __, 795
S.E.2d 444, 455 (2017).
Immediately following the above exchange, the State continued:
Q. So you [Chief Garrison] said that the conversation that
you had [with other officers] back in September 2011 was
not to never charge [Defendant], it was just not to charge
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Opinion of the Court
her at the time?
A. The conversation was I felt like [Defendant] should be
charged at that time; she was as guilty as Troy was.
However, after we had a discussion about it and we made
a determination collectively not to pursue that at that time.
Defendant’s counsel also failed to object to this testimony, which is not
substantially different from the unchallenged prior testimony. Chief Garrison’s prior
testimony clearly indicated he believed, from the beginning, that Defendant was
“direct[ly] involve[ed] in the drug transaction, and based on that that she should have
been charged accordingly.” Chief Garrison’s later testimony — that he believed
Defendant “was as guilty as Troy was[,]” — does not contribute significantly to any
prejudice already suffered by Defendant from the unchallenged statement.
Further, we find that the evidence against Defendant was substantial.
Comparing the facts before us with those in Carrillo, supra, we find the evidence
against Defendant at least as compelling as that in Carrillo. In Carrillo, two officers
testified, without objection, in ways that strongly indicated their opinion that the
defendant was guilty of trafficking in cocaine. Although this Court held that
admission of testimony indicating the officers believed the defendant was guilty
constituted error, we concluded, in light of the following evidence, that the defendant
failed to demonstrate the improper testimony was sufficiently prejudicial to warrant
a new trial pursuant to either plain error analysis or IAC:
Evidence at trial showed that the package was intercepted
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Opinion of the Court
by the U.S. Customs agents and contained three ceramic
turtles with a substantial amount of cocaine concealed
inside. The package was mailed from a location in Mexico
that U.S. Customs agents had identified as a mail
origination point for cocaine sent to the United States. The
package was addressed to defendant at his residence.
Defendant accepted the package. It was found inside his
residence minutes after he had taken possession of it.
Broken pieces of similar turtles containing traces of cocaine
were also found inside his apartment.
Carrillo, 164 N.C. App.at 210–11, 595 S.E.2d at 224. This Court held in Carrillo that
the defendant had failed to prove plain error, then summarily overruled the
defendant’s argument that his counsel’s failure to object to the officers’ testimonies
constituted IAC:
If we were to conclude there was a reasonable probability
that the outcome would have been different, this Court
[would have to] consider whether counsel’s actions were in
fact deficient. As we have already determined, defendant
has failed to show [plain error –] that a different outcome
at trial would have occurred if defense counsel had objected
to this testimony. This [argument] is overruled.
Id. at 211, 595 S.E.2d at 224.
In the present case, the relevant evidence presented at trial, discussed in part
above, is sufficient to defeat Defendant’s claim of IAC. Defendant testified she was
in a back bedroom at the time Shetley entered the house because her back was
bothering her and she could not move. In addition, Defendant initially testified that
Troy was gone from the house from some time before 9:30 a.m. until he returned at
approximately 11:30 a.m., and that Troy was accompanied by officers when he
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Opinion of the Court
entered the house. She further testified she did not see or hear anyone in the house
until Troy returned at 11:30 a.m. After Troy returned to the house, he was
subsequently taken to the Sheriff’s Office and arrested.
Defendant further testified that, though she knew the officers were searching
for money, she had no knowledge whatsoever of any cash that might have been used
in a drug transaction until after 6:30 p.m. Defendant testified that Officer Davis
questioned her on her front porch, and “showed me four or five . . . pink . . . pills . . .,
and . . . he said, does [Troy] sell his medicine every month? I said, I wouldn’t worry,
there’s so many. And he said, does he take these? And I said, I’ve never seen those
[pink pills] in my home[,]” that the oxycodone that Troy was prescribed were white
pills. However, the pink pills recovered from Chandler and Shetley were determined
to be oxycodone by the SBI, and additional pink pills were recovered from the dining
table when the house was searched.
According to Defendant, after Troy was taken to the Sheriff’s Office the first
time, he was returned by Sheriff Buddy Harwood (“Sheriff Harwood”) and Capt.
Phillips at approximately 6:30 p.m. Defendant testified that she first learned about
the hidden money during a conversation with Troy, at around 6:30 p.m., in which
Sheriff Harwood participated. Defendant further testified that she never told Chief
Garrison about the location of the money – that it was only Sheriff Harwood who was
informed of the location of the $380.00. Defendant testified that Troy was present at
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the house when the money was recovered and that, once she and her daughter
recovered the money, they handed it to Capt. Phillips.
However, after reviewing his report, Capt. Phillips testified that he began
interviewing Troy at the Sheriff’s Office at 4:29 p.m. on 14 September 2011, and did
not conclude the interview until 7:16 p.m. It was only after concluding that interview
with Troy at 7:16 p.m. that Capt. Phillips returned to the Meadows home. There was
no testimony from anyone other than Defendant that Troy returned to the house after
he was interviewed at the Sheriff’s Office. The log sheet that accompanied an
evidence bag that contained the $380.00, indicated that the money was recovered
from the Meadows home at 7:01 p.m. by Detective Davis. According to those two
documents, Defendant could not have discussed the whereabouts of the buy money
with Troy at approximately 6:30 p.m., because Troy was at the Sheriff’s Office in the
middle of an approximately three-hour interview with Capt. Phillips. More
importantly, Troy was still at the Sheriff’s Office being interviewed by Capt. Phillips
at the time the $380.00 was recovered from a jacket pocket in a back bedroom closet
of the Meadows home.
According to Defendant’s testimony, after Sheriff Harwood was informed
where the money was located, Defendant “told [Sheriff Harwood] that [she would] tell
my daughter where the money was at and she could go get it.” Defendant testified
that neither Sheriff Harwood nor Capt. Phillips made any effort to have officers escort
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her to retrieve the money. Defendant’s own counsel asked Defendant: “So you’re
telling me that at some point in time you got off the couch and went in the back room
with no officer watching you?” Defendant answered that was correct, that she and
her daughter retrieved the money without escort of any kind. The $380.00 recovered
was later confirmed to be the remainder of the buy money. That Defendant would be
sent unescorted to retrieve the main evidence in the investigation defies logic,
protocol as testified to by Chief Garrison, and what actually occurred as testified to
by Chief Garrison. Chief Garrison testified that he “stood guard” with Defendant
during the search, and that Officer Davis was the officer who recovered the $380.00
from the jacket in the bedroom closet.
Defendant’s own testimony cannot explain how the $380.00 in buy money could
have been placed in a jacket pocket in a back room closet by anyone other than herself.
All the evidence shows that Shetley entered the Meadows home with $400.00 of the
buy money and left with only $20.00, which was recovered from Shetley when the car
was stopped. Therefore, the $380.00 of buy money recovered from the Meadows home
had to have been left in the home by Shetley between 9:45 a.m. and 9:50 a.m., at the
same time he acquired the seventy-five pills of oxycodone, and at a time Defendant
herself testified she was alone in the house. Shetley had no opportunity to give the
$380.00 to Troy, and when Troy returned to the house before his arrest, he was
accompanied by officers, and not allowed to freely roam the house. Assuming,
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arguendo, Troy did return to the house a second time, according to Capt. Phillips’
report and testimony, it would have to have been after the buy money was already
recovered.
On the facts before us, because we hold “that there is no reasonable probability
that in the absence of counsel’s alleged errors the result of the proceeding would have
been different,” we reject Defendant’s argument and need not “determine whether
counsel’s performance was actually deficient.” Braswell, 312 N.C. at 563, 324 S.E.2d
at 249. This argument is without merit.
B. Sentencing
Defendant argues four errors were committed at her sentencing hearing.
Defendant argues the trial court erred in Defendant’s sentencing because a judge —
different from the judge who presided over the trial — issued the sentence and
improperly “overruled” a prior order of the trial judge. Defendant also argues that
the trial court “abused [its] discretion by imposing consecutive sentences of 70 to 93
months on a 72-year-old first offender for a single drug transaction,” and that this
sentence violated Defendant’s Eighth Amendment right that her sentence be
proportional to her crime. We disagree.
Defendant did not object to any of these alleged errors at her sentencing
hearing. North Carolina Rule of Appellate Procedure Rule 10(a)(1) states:
In order to preserve an issue for appellate review, a party
must have presented to the trial court a timely request,
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objection, or motion, stating the specific grounds for the
ruling the party desired the court to make if the specific
grounds were not apparent from the context.
N.C. R. App. P. 10(a)(1) (2015).3 Despite her failure to object, Defendant makes no
argument in her brief indicating why we should address the first two alleged errors
– that a judge different from the judge who presided over the trial issued the sentence
and improperly “overruled” a prior order of the trial judge. Concerning Defendant’s
remaining arguments – that her long sentence constituted an abuse of discretion and
violated the Eighth Amendment – she contends: “An error at sentencing [including a
constitutional claim] may be reviewed on appeal, absent an objection in the court
below. State v. Pettigrew, 204 N.C. App. 248, 258, 693 S.E.2d 698, 704–05 (2010).”
1. Rule 10(a)(1) and State v. Canady
We assume, arguendo, that Defendant contends that all of her arguments are
preserved without objection because they allegedly occurred at sentencing. See Id.
Defendant is correct that this Court addressed the defendant’s argument in
Pettigrew, even though the defendant had not raised his objection at his sentencing
hearing. This Court reasoned:
The State argues that [the d]efendant has not preserved
this issue for appellate review because [the d]efendant did
not raise [his] constitutional issue at trial. However, in
3 Rule 10 was amended effective 1 October 2009, and certain provisions were changed and subsections
moved. Prior to the 2009 amendment, the language cited above from subsection (a)(1) was located in
subsection (b)(1). Therefore, all pre-amendment opinions refer to Rule 10(b)(1) when referring to what
is now Rule 10(a)(1). In an attempt to achieve agreement between citations in this opinion, we will
change (b) to (a) as needed, which will be indicated by brackets.
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State v. Curmon, 171 N.C. App. 697, 615 S.E.2d 417 (2005),
our Court held that “[a]n error at sentencing is not
considered an error at trial for the purpose of Rule
10[(a)](1) because this rule is directed to matters which
occur at trial and upon which the trial court must be given
an opportunity to rule in order to preserve the question for
appeal.” Accordingly, [the d]efendant was not required to
object at sentencing to preserve this issue on appeal.
Pettigrew, 204 N.C. App. at 258, 693 S.E.2d at 704–05 (citations omitted). Curmon
cited State v. Hargett, 157 N.C. App. 90, 93, 577 S.E.2d 703, 705 (2003), which in turn
cited our Supreme Court’s opinion in State v. Canady, 330 N.C. 398, 401, 410 S.E.2d
875, 878 (1991). Our research shows that Canady is the genesis of a line of opinions
from this Court that contend Rule 10(a)(1) does not apply in sentencing hearings.
However, this Court has also regularly held, post-Canady, that objection to
alleged errors at sentencing is required in order to preserve them for appellate review.
See, e.g., State v. Baldwin, 240 N.C. App. 413, 421–22, 770 S.E.2d 167, 173–74 (2015);
State v. Phillips, 227 N.C. App. 416, 422, 742 S.E.2d 338, 342–43 (2013); State v.
Facyson, 227 N.C. App. 576, 582, 743 S.E.2d 252, 256 (2013); and State v. Flaugher,
214 N.C. App. 370, 388, 713 S.E.2d 576, 590 (2011). In State v. Freeman, this Court’s
holding directly contradicts the Canady analysis in Pettigrew and Defendant’s Eighth
Amendment argument in the present case:
Defendant further argues that his sentence is grossly
disproportionate to the severity of the crime and violates
the Eighth Amendment prohibition against cruel and
unusual punishment. Defendant did not object at trial,
however, and “constitutional arguments will not be
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considered for the first time on appeal.” . . . . Defendant
has failed to preserve his Eighth Amendment argument,
and we dismiss defendant’s assignment of error.
State v. Freeman, 185 N.C. App. 408, 414, 648 S.E.2d 876, 881 (2007) (citations
omitted); see also State v. Lewis, 231 N.C. App. 438, 444, 752 S.E.2d 216, 220 (2013).
In light of this conflict between opinions of this Court concerning treatment of the
failure to object to errors during sentencing hearings in the wake of Canady, we must
attempt to determine the correct precedent to apply in the present case.4 Because it
is this Court’s occasional application of certain wording in Canady that has resulted
in a lack of uniformity in some of this Court’s opinions, we first analyze Canady. In
Canady, the defendant’s sole argument was “that it was error for the [trial] court to
rely on the statement of the prosecuting attorney in finding the aggravating factor.”
Canady, 330 N.C. at 399, 410 S.E.2d at 876. This was essentially an argument that
there was insufficient evidence to support the sole aggravating factor found by the
trial court. However, the defendant failed to object to this error at his sentencing
hearing. Id. at 400, 410 S.E.2d at 877.
For reasons we will discuss in greater detail below, a majority of our Supreme
Court held that the error had been properly preserved for appellate review despite
the defendant’s lack of objection at the sentencing hearing. Justice Meyer dissented
based upon, inter alia, his belief that, pursuant to Rule 10(a)(1), the defendant’s
4 In a dissent in Freeman, the dissenting judge acknowledged that she had applied Rule 10(a)(1)
inconsistently in her prior opinions. Freeman, 185 N.C. App. at 420, 648 S.E.2d at 885.
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failure to object at the sentencing hearing constituted a waiver of his right to
appellate review: “What the majority fails to recognize, however, is that Rule
10[(a)](1) . . . limits this Court’s appellate review to exceptions which have been
properly preserved for review.” Canady, 330 N.C. at 404, 410 S.E.2d at 879 (Justice
Meyer dissenting). Justice Meyer cautioned: “The majority today discards our
longstanding rules of appellate procedure.” Id. at 406, 410 S.E.2d at 880.
The majority in Canady then addressed and dismissed the concerns of Justice
Meyer on two different bases:
Assuming Rule 10 requires an exception to be made to the
finding of an aggravating factor, we hold the defendant has
complied with the Rule. At the time of sentencing the judge
said, “[f]or the record, the Court did take into consideration
two previous felony convictions, possession of marijuana
and LSD, and a charge of escape from the department of
corrections.” The defendant marked an exception to this
statement and made it the subject of an assignment of
error. This was sufficient to preserve the question for
appellate review.
Justice Meyer in his dissent relies on Rule 10[(a)](1) of the
Rules of Appellate Procedure and argues that an objection
to the finding of the aggravating factor should have been
made at the time the factor was found.
....
[Rule 10(a)(1)] does not have any application to this case.
It is directed to matters which occur at trial and upon
which the trial court must be given an opportunity to rule
in order to preserve the question for appeal. The purpose
of the rule is to require a party to call the [trial] court’s
attention to a matter upon which he or she wants a ruling
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STATE V. MEADOWS
Opinion of the Court
before he or she can assign error to the matter on appeal.
If we did not have this rule, a party could allow evidence to
be introduced or other things to happen during a trial as a
matter of trial strategy and then assign error to them if the
strategy does not work. That is not present in this case.
The defendant did not want the [trial] court to find the
aggravating factor, and the [trial] court knew or should
have known it. This is sufficient to support an [argument
on appeal].
....
[W]e have held that Rule 10[(a)](1) does not apply to this
case. We base this holding on our knowledge of the way
our judicial system works. As we understand the dissent
by Justice Meyer, he would require a party to object to any
finding of fact in a judgment at the time the finding of fact
is made. This would be a near impossibility in many cases
in which the court renders a judgment at some time after
the trial is concluded. We do not believe it was the
intention of Rule 10[(a)](1) to impose such a requirement.
We shall not require that after a trial is completed and a
judge is preparing a judgment or making findings of
aggravating factors in a criminal case, that a party object
as each fact or factor is found in order to preserve the
question for appeal.
Id. at 401–02, 410 S.E.2d at 877–78 (citations omitted). Though we see how the
language used in Canady could lead to misapplication of its holding, in our reading,
the holding appears to be fairly limited. First, the Court held that, if Rule 10 applied
in that case, the defendant sufficiently complied with it. Second, and more relevant
to the present case, the Court did not state that Rule 10(a)(1) never applied to
sentencing hearings. The Court stated, “we have held that Rule 10[(a)](1) does not
apply to this case.” Id. at 402, 410 S.E.2d at 878 (emphasis added). This language
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STATE V. MEADOWS
Opinion of the Court
does not indicate that the Court did not consider sentencing hearings to be a part of
the trial – a fact that is further supported by the Court’s explanation of the purpose
of Rule 10(a)(1), which purpose is just as valid at a sentencing hearing as it is at the
guilt/innocence phase of the trial. The Court explained:
We do not believe it was the intention of Rule 10[(a)](1) to
impose . . . a requirement . . . . that after a trial is
completed and a judge is preparing a judgment or making
findings of aggravating factors in a criminal case, that a
party object as each fact or factor is found in order to
preserve the question for appeal.
Id. at 402, 410 S.E.2d at 878. This holding merely states that Rule 10(a)(1) does not
apply after the proceedings have concluded – including the sentencing hearing – and
the trial court is in the process of memorializing its judgment.5
However, this Court has read Canady much more broadly. The first opinion to
cite Canady for the proposition that Rule 10(a)(1) does not apply to sentencing
hearings was Hargett, in which this Court considered the defendant’s double jeopardy
argument even though he had failed to object at sentencing:
Defendant failed to object to the sentencing at trial. N.C.
Rule 10[(a)](1) requires an objection at trial for
preservation of an issue on appeal. Our Supreme Court
has held that an error at sentencing is not considered an
error at trial for the purpose of N.C. Rule 10[(a)](1) of the
North Carolina Rules of Appellate Procedure. State v.
Canady, 330 N.C. 398, 410 S.E.2d 875 (1991).
5 We also note that when Canady was decided, it was the judge acting as the trial court, and not the
trier of fact, who decided whether to find an aggravating factor.
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Opinion of the Court
Hargett, 157 N.C. App. at 92, 577 S.E.2d at 705 (emphasis added). Following the
precedent set in Hargett, Canady has continued to be interpreted by this Court,
intermittently, as including a blanket holding that any error at sentencing is
preserved for appellate review even absent objection because Rule 10(a)(1) does not
apply at sentencing. See State v. McNair, __ N.C. App. __, 797 S.E.2d 712 (2017)
(unpublished); State v. Dove, __ N.C. App. __, 790 S.E.2d 755 (2016) (unpublished);
State v. Allah, 231 N.C. App. 88, 97, 750 S.E.2d 903, 910 (2013) (citation omitted)
(“Admittedly, N.C. R. App. P. 10(a)(1) provides that, as a general proposition, a party
must have raised an issue before the trial court before presenting it to this Court for
appellate review. However, according to well-established North Carolina law, N.C.
R. App. P. 10(a)(1) does not apply to sentencing-related issues.”).
We do not believe Hargett correctly states the holding in Canady; at a
minimum, Canady does not include language similar to that ascribed to it in Hargett.
The next opinion to cite Canady summarized the Canady holding in a manner more
in line with the particular facts of Canady, and suggested that the defendant had
failed to preserve his argument for appellate review by failing to object at sentencing:
We note that the defendant cannot argue insufficient
evidence [to support amount of restitution ordered] when
there was no objection at trial, and no other way for the
court to be alerted to defendant’s position that the
determination was wrong. See State v. Canady, 330 N.C.
398, 410 S.E.2d 875 (1991) (court allowed argument on
appeal that aggravating factor was in error even without
objection when defendant had argued for the minimum
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STATE V. MEADOWS
Opinion of the Court
sentence, thus alerting the judge that he didn’t want the
aggravating factor).
State v. Dickens, 161 N.C. App. 742, 590 S.E.2d 24, 2003 WL 22952108, at *3 (2003)
(unpublished) (emphasis added). This Court applied a more limited holding from
Canady in subsequent opinions as well:
While it is true that defendant must normally make
specific objections to preserve issues on appeal, our
Supreme Court has stated “We shall not require that after
a trial is completed and a judge is preparing a judgment or
making findings of aggravating factors in a criminal case,
that a party object as each fact or factor is found in order
to preserve the question for appeal.” State v. Canady, 330
N.C. 398, 402, 410 S.E.2d 875, 878 (1991). The Canady
Court further held that when a defendant argues for
sentencing in the mitigated range, no further objection is
required to preserve the issue on appeal when the trial
judge sentences her in the aggravated range. Id. In the
case at bar, defendant argued for a sentence in the
mitigated range, but was sentenced from the aggravated
range. She properly preserved her right to appeal the trial
court’s determination of aggravating and mitigating
factors.
State v. Byrd, 164 N.C. App. 522, 526, 596 S.E.2d 860, 862–63 (2004) (emphasis
added); see also State v. Borders, 164 N.C. App. 120, 124, 594 S.E.2d 813, 816 (2004)
(citation omitted) (Canady held that preserving review of the trial court’s finding of
non-statutory aggravating factors for appellate review by objecting “is unnecessary
because it is clear that a defendant does ‘not want the [trial] court to find [an]
aggravating factor and the [trial] court kn[ows] or should . . . know[ ] it’”). This Court
has also applied Rule 10(a)(1) requirements without mentioning Canady. See State
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Opinion of the Court
v. Jamison, 234 N.C. App. 231, 237, 758 S.E.2d 666, 671 (2014); State v. Martin, 222
N.C. App. 213, 218-19, 729 S.E.2d 717, 722 (2012); Freeman, 185 N.C. App. at 413-
14, 648 S.E.2d at 881. Finally, in State v. Pimental, 165 N.C. App. 547, 600 S.E.2d
898, 2004 WL 1622290, at *2 (2004) (unpublished), this Court actually cited Hargett
and Canady in support of its holding that the State could not challenge sentencing
issues that it had failed to object to at trial.
We acknowledge that in State v. Culross, this Court, in an unpublished opinion,
rejected a request to review the line of cases applying the Hargett interpretation of
Canady, holding that we were bound by this Court’s interpretation in Hargett:
[T]he State contends that the rule applied in Owens6
[which cites Hargett], i.e. that a Defendant need not
preserve errors during sentencing by objection or motion,
is based on this Court’s misinterpretation of our Supreme
Court’s opinion in Canady, supra. The State’s argument is
misplaced, however. Whether a misinterpretation or not,
this Court has “repeatedly applied Canady to reject
contentions that a challenge to a sentence on appeal is
precluded by a failure to object below.” “Where a panel of
the Court of Appeals has decided the same issue, albeit in
a different case, a subsequent panel of the same court is
bound by that precedent, unless it has been overturned by
a higher court.” In the Matter of Appeal from Civil Penalty,
324 N.C. 373, 384, 379 S.E.2d 30, 37 (1989). Further,
“[w]hile we recognize that a panel of the Court of Appeals
may disagree with, or even find error in, an opinion by a
prior panel . . . the panel is bound by that prior decision
until it is overturned by a higher court.”
6 State v. Owens, 205 N.C. App. 260, 266, 695 S.E.2d 823, 828 (2010), addressing a double jeopardy
argument despite the defendant’s failure to object during sentencing based on Hargett.
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Opinion of the Court
State v. Culross, 217 N.C. App. 400, 720 S.E.2d 30, 2011 WL 6046692, at *2 (2011)
(citations omitted) (unpublished). While Culross correctly states the law, it is an
incomplete statement of the law.
First, precisely because of In re Civil Penalty, when there are conflicting lines
of opinions from this Court, we generally look to our earliest relevant opinion in order
to resolve the conflict. As indicated above, Hargett is the earliest opinion of this Court
that we can locate holding that Rule 10(a)(1) does not apply in sentencing hearings.
However, we find multiple prior opinions of this Court, filed between Canady – which
was filed on 6 December 1991 – and Hargett – which was filed on 1 April 2003 – that
declined to review alleged errors at sentencing when the defendant had failed to object
as required by Rule 10 (a)(1). See, e.g., State v. Love, 156 N.C. App. 309, 317–18, 576
S.E.2d 709, 714 (2003); State v. Williams, 149 N.C. App. 795, 799, 561 S.E.2d 925,
927 (2002); State v. Hilbert, 145 N.C. App. 440, 445, 549 S.E.2d 882, 885 (2001); State
v. Clifton, 125 N.C. App. 471, 480, 481 S.E.2d 393, 398–99 (1997); State v. Evans, 125
N.C. App. 301, 304, 480 S.E.2d 435, 436–37 (1997) (“[The d]efendant lastly contends
that the trial court abused its discretion by finding certain mitigating factors in one
judgment but failing to do so in the other judgments. However, a party must present
to the trial court a timely request, objection or motion in order to preserve a question
for appellate review. N.C. R. App. P. 10[(a)](1).”). This Court, in Hargett and in
subsequent opinions relying on Hargett’s interpretation of Canady, was without
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STATE V. MEADOWS
Opinion of the Court
authority to “overrule” prior cases of this Court, filed after Canady, that consistently
held Rule 10(a)(1) applied during sentencing hearings. In re Civil Penalty, 324 N.C.
at 384, 379 S.E.2d at 37.
Second, and more definitively, any conflict between this Court and our
Supreme Court must be resolved in favor of our Supreme Court. Although this Court
has cited Canady at least forty times, many of which involve that opinion’s analysis
of Rule 10, our Supreme Court has only cited Canady three times, and two of those
citations did not involve Rule 10 whatsoever. The single Supreme Court opinion
citing Canady concerning Rule 10 is a civil case, which cites Canady for the general
proposition that the purpose of Rule 10(a)(1) is to preclude appeal from issues that
were not first brought to the attention of the trial court. Reep v. Beck, 360 N.C. 34,
36–37, 619 S.E.2d 497, 499–500 (2005).
Contrary to the Hargett line of cases from this Court, our Supreme Court has
continuously enforced the requirements of Rule 10(a)(1) with respect to sentencing
hearings post-Canady, and has never applied Canady in order to circumvent Rule
10(a)(1) in sentencing hearings. For example, in State v. Golphin, 352 N.C. 364, 533
S.E.2d 168 (2000), our Supreme Court held that multiple alleged errors at sentencing
had not been preserved for appellate review as required by Rule 10(a)(1). First, our
Supreme Court refused to review two defendants’ arguments that their sentencing
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STATE V. MEADOWS
Opinion of the Court
hearings should not have been joined because the defendants had not objected at trial.
The Court discussed one of the defendant’s failure to object in the following manner:
[Defendant] Tilmon never actually renewed his prior
motion to sever, nor did he object to joinder of the cases for
sentencing. Therefore, the trial court never ruled on this
issue. Tilmon’s purported efforts, during the sentencing
phase, to revive his previous motion to sever were
insufficient to satisfy N.C. R. App. P. 10 to preserve
appellate review of this issue.
Id. at 460–61, 533 S.E.2d at 231;7 Id. at 463, 533 S.E.2d at 232; Id. at 464, 533 S.E.2d
at 233; Id. at 465, 533 S.E.2d at 234; Id. at 481, 533 S.E.2d at 243; see also, e.g., State
v. Augustine, 359 N.C. 709, 731, 616 S.E.2d 515, 531 (2005); State v. Roache, 358 N.C.
243, 326, 595 S.E.2d 381, 433 (2004); State v. Walters, 357 N.C. 68, 91, 588 S.E.2d
344, 358 (2003); State v. Davis, 353 N.C. 1, 20, 539 S.E.2d 243, 257 (2000) (citation
omitted) (the “defendant failed to make an objection at [the sentencing hearing] on
constitutional grounds. This failure to preserve the issue results in waiver. N.C. R.
App. P. 10(b)(1)”); State v. Smith, 352 N.C. 531, 557–58, 532 S.E.2d 773, 790 (2000);
State v. McNeil, 350 N.C. 657, 681, 518 S.E.2d 486, 501 (1999); State v. Thomas, 350
N.C. 315, 363, 514 S.E.2d 486, 515 (1999); State v. Flippen, 349 N.C. 264, 276, 506
S.E.2d 702, 710 (1998).
7We note that our Supreme Court cited this section of Golphin in Reep, 360 N.C. at 37, 619 S.E.2d at
500, in the same analysis in which it cited Canady, further bolstering the argument that our Supreme
Court has never interpreted Canady in the same manner as Hargett.
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STATE V. MEADOWS
Opinion of the Court
This Court has declined to follow Hargett based upon that opinion’s conflict
with opinions of our Supreme Court in at least two prior occasions. In State v.
Williams, in declining to address a double jeopardy issue to which the defendant had
failed to object at sentencing, this Court recognized:
Hargett . . . is inconsistent with numerous Supreme Court
cases holding that a double jeopardy argument cannot be
raised for the first time on appeal. See, e.g., State v. Davis,
364 N.C. 297, 301, 698 S.E.2d 65, 67 (2010) (“To the extent
defendant relies on constitutional double jeopardy
principles, we agree that his argument is not preserved
because [c]onstitutional questions not raised and passed on
by the trial court will not ordinarily be considered on
appeal.”). Because we are bound to follow the Supreme
Court, we hold that defendant’s argument is not preserved.
State v. Williams, 215 N.C. App. 412, 425, 715 S.E.2d 553, 561 (2011) (citations
omitted); see also Flaugher, 214 N.C. App. at 388, 713 S.E.2d at 590 (Hargett is
inconsistent with Supreme Court cases holding that a defendant cannot raise a
sentencing-based constitutional argument for the first time on appeal – because the
defendant failed to raise double jeopardy issue at sentencing, issue was not preserved
for appellate review). “Because we are bound to follow the Supreme Court,” our
Supreme Court’s unabated application of Rule 10(a)(1) to sentencing hearings post-
Canady must control over opinions of this Court holding otherwise. Williams, 215
N.C. App. at 425, 715 S.E.2d at 561.8
8 We note that Supreme Court opinions filed subsequent to Canady call into question even the more
limited reading of its holding. State v. Thompson, 359 N.C. 77, 107, 604 S.E.2d 850, 871 (2004) (failure
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STATE V. MEADOWS
Opinion of the Court
2. Failure to Continue Sentencing
Defendant’s first two arguments – that the trial court erred in Defendant’s
sentencing because a judge different from the one who presided over the trial issued
the sentence, and the sentencing judge improperly “overruled” a prior order of the
trial judge – are essentially arguments that the trial court erred in failing to continue
sentencing until the original trial court judge was available to conduct the sentencing
hearing. We do not address Defendant’s arguments because they have not been
preserved for appellate review.
When Defendant presented for sentencing, her counsel indicated Defendant
was ready and prepared to proceed. Defendant did not request a continuance, nor
did she make any objection to the commencement of sentencing. When the trial court
asked at the conclusion of sentencing if Defendant’s counsel had any questions,
Defendant’s counsel responded: “None from the defense.” Our Supreme Court
rejected a similar argument in State v. Call, in which the “defendant contend[ed] the
trial court committed reversible error by failing to exercise its discretion when it
declined to continue defendant’s capital sentencing proceeding.” State v. Call, 353
to object to two of seven aggravating factors resulted in those two aggravating factors not being
preserved for appellate review pursuant to Rule 10(a)(1)); State v. Bell, 359 N.C. 1, 30–31, 603 S.E.2d
93, 113–14 (2004) (failure to object to submission of certain aggravating circumstances at sentencing
violated Rule 10(a)(1) and issue was not preserved for appellate review); State v. Tirado, 358 N.C. 551,
598–99, 599 S.E.2d 515, 546 (2004) (citations omitted) (the defendant “did not object, as required by
Rule 10[(a)](1) of the Rules of Appellate Procedure, to the trial court’s submission of any of these three
aggravating circumstances, either alone or in combination with one another. Under these
circumstances, we review for plain error”).
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Opinion of the Court
N.C. 400, 415, 545 S.E.2d 190, 200 (2001). Our Supreme Court refused to review the
defendant’s argument because
[t]he record . . . demonstrates that defendant neither
requested a continuance nor objected to the trial court’s
response to the prosecutor’s suggested course of action.9
Thus, the trial court was never called upon by defendant to
exercise its discretion, and defendant has failed to preserve
this issue for appellate review. See N.C. R. App. P.
10[(a)](1); State v. Smith, 352 N.C. 531, 557-58, 532 S.E.2d
773, 790 (2000). Accordingly, this [argument] is rejected.
Call, 353 N.C. at 415-16, 545 S.E.2d at 200-01.
We hold that Defendant has waived any argument that the sentencing hearing
should not have been conducted at that particular time, or in front of that particular
judge, by failing to either object to the commencement of the hearing, or request a
continuance thereof. Id. at 415-16, 545 S.E.2d at 200-01. This argument is without
merit.
3. Eighth Amendment
Defendant argues that imposition of “consecutive sentences of 70 to 93 months
on a 72-year-old first offender for a single drug transaction” violated Defendant’s
Eighth Amendment right that her sentence to be proportional to her crime.
Defendant argues that her failure to object to her sentence at the sentencing hearing
9 The prosecutor had suggested a continuance.
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STATE V. MEADOWS
Opinion of the Court
did not serve to waive her right to appellate review based upon the Hargett line of
cases interpreting Canady.
We have determined that the Hargett line of cases are in conflict with
controlling precedent, and cannot serve to mitigate Defendant’s failure to object at
trial as required by Rule 10(a)(1). Therefore, Defendant has waived appellate review
of the alleged constitutional violation by failing to object at sentencing. Davis, 353
N.C. at 20, 539 S.E.2d at 257; Flippen, 349 N.C. at 276, 506 S.E.2d at 710 (“Defendant
further waived review of any constitutional issue by failing to raise a constitutional
issue at the sentencing proceeding.”); Freeman, 185 N.C. App. at 413-14, 648 S.E.2d
at 881 (Eighth Amendment argument that sentence was grossly disproportionate to
the crime was abandoned because the defendant failed to object at trial).
4. Abuse of Discretion
Defendant argues that the trial court abused its discretion in sentencing her
to two consecutive sentences, and only consolidating the third conviction for
sentencing. Defendant argues that this issue was preserved, even absent objection,
pursuant to Hargett and its progeny. To the extent Defendant failed to preserve this
issue pursuant to Rule 10(a)(1), it has been waived.
Assuming, arguendo, this issue was preserved at trial, we reject Defendant’s
argument. At sentencing, Defendant argued for consolidated sentences in the
mitigated range. The mandated sentence for trafficking in more than four but less
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STATE V. MEADOWS
Opinion of the Court
than fourteen grams of opium is a minimum of seventy months and a maximum of
ninety-three months. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 90-95(h)(4)(a.) (2015). The trial court may
only deviate from N.C.G.S. § 90-95(h)(4)(a.) if the defendant to be sentenced has
provided law enforcement “substantial assistance” in identifying, arresting or
convicting others who have participated in the crime for which the defendant is
convicted. N.C.G.S. § 90-95(h)(5). Defendant was given the seventy months
minimum, ninety-three months maximum sentence required by statute for each of
her three trafficking convictions. However, although Defendant requested that each
sentence run concurrently, the trial court ordered that two of Defendant’s sentences
run concurrently, but that those two sentences run consecutive to the third
conviction.
“When multiple sentences of imprisonment are imposed on
a person at the same time . . . the sentences may run either
concurrently or consecutively, as determined by the court.”
N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A–1354(a) (2009). The trial court has
the discretion to determine whether to impose concurrent
or consecutive sentences.
State v. Nunez, 204 N.C. App. 164, 169–70, 693 S.E.2d 223, 227 (2010). A sentence
within the provided statutory range will be presumed correct unless “‘the record
discloses that the [trial] court considered irrelevant and improper matter in
determining the severity of the sentence[.]’” State v. Johnson, 320 N.C. 746, 753, 360
S.E.2d 676, 681 (1987) (citations omitted). In the present case, the trial court
sentenced Defendant to a minimum of 140 months, which is seventy months less than
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Opinion of the Court
the 210 months allowed by statute. Defendant has failed to show that the sentence
imposed constituted an abuse of discretion. This argument is without merit.
III. Conclusion
We hold that (1) Defendant was not denied effective assistance of counsel
because any errors made by Defendant’s counsel did not result in prejudice sufficient
to sustain an IAC claim; (2) the holdings in Hargett and its progeny that “[o]ur
Supreme Court [in Canady] has held that an error at sentencing is not considered an
error at trial for the purpose of N.C. Rule 10[(a)](1)[,]” Hargett, 157 N.C. App. at 92,
577 S.E.2d at 705, are contrary to prior opinions of this Court, and contrary to both
prior and subsequent holdings of our Supreme Court, and do not constitute binding
precedent; (3) Defendant has failed to preserve her sentencing arguments for
appellate review as required by Rule 10(a)(1); and (4) Defendant’s argument that the
trial court abused its discretion fails, even assuming it was preserved for appellate
review.
NO ERROR.
Judge STROUD concurs.
Judge MURPHY concurs in the result only.
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