Graham v. Lambert

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF NORTH CAROLINA
2022-NCCOA-161
No. COA21-15
Filed 15 March 2022
Cumberland County, No. 19 CVS 3596
ESTATE OF GREGORY GRAHAM, Plaintiff,
v.
ASHTON LAMBERT, individual and official capacity, FAYETTEVILLE POLICE
DEPARTMENT and CITY OF FAYETTEVILLE, Defendants.
Appeal by defendants from order entered 16 July 2020 by Judge Mary Ann
Tally in Cumberland County Superior Court. Heard in the Court of Appeals 21
September 2021.
Kevin Vidunas for plaintiff-appellee.
Steven A. Bader for defendants-appellants.
GORE, Judge.
¶1 We review an order from the trial court that denied the motion for summary
judgment filed by defendants Officer Ashton Lambert and the City of Fayetteville
(collectively defendants). Therefore, the following recitation of facts presents the
evidence in the light most favorable to plaintiff. See Peter v. Vullo, 234 N.C. App. 150,
153, 758 S.E.2d 431, 434 (2014).
¶2 On 24 July 2018, Officer Lambert was on-duty as a police officer with the City
of Fayetteville Police Department. At approximately 11:53 p.m., Officer Lambert was
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dispatched to a domestic violence incident involving a firearm. In responding to the
call, Officer Lambert traveled westbound in the middle straight lane along Raeford
Road in a marked police cruiser. Officer Lambert traveled at a speed of 58 miles per
hour, the speed limit on Raeford Road is 45 miles per hour. Officer Lambert did not
activate his emergency siren or blue lights.
¶3 At approximately the same time on 24 July 2018, Gregory Graham walked
across Raeford Road, between the intersections of Raeford Road and Sandalwood
Drive and Eucalyptus Road in Fayetteville, North Carolina. Mr. Graham crossed
three eastbound lanes, stopped on the median, looked to ensure traffic was clear, and
then proceeded to cross the westbound lanes of Raeford Road. Mr. Graham crossed at
a portion of road that did not have a pedestrian crosswalk, but was well lit.
¶4 While Mr. Graham was crossing Raeford Road he was struck and killed by
Officer Lambert’s police cruiser. At the point of impact Officer Lambert had slowed
his vehicle to 53 miles per hour. Footage from Officer Lambert’s body camera shows
that while he was traveling down Raeford Road, Officer Lambert looked at and
touched his laptop computer. Additionally, twice, in the moments before impact,
Officer Lambert’s vehicle slightly deviated from the lane it was traveling in. At the
time of the accident, traffic was light, but there were a few other cars on the road.
Raeford Road is straight and flat with no curves and the weather was clear with no
rain the night of the accident. Additionally, at the time of the accident Mr. Graham’s
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blood alcohol content was 0.31.
¶5 On 13 June 2019, the Estate of Mr. Graham (“plaintiff”) filed a complaint
against Officer Lambert, in his individual and official capacity, the City of
Fayetteville, and the Fayetteville Police Department. Plaintiff alleged claims of
negligence, gross negligence, and wrongful death. On 19 August 2020, defendants
filed an answer to plaintiff’s complaint. In their answer, defendants moved to dismiss
the claims against defendant Fayetteville Police Department as an improper party,
moved to dismiss plaintiff’s complaint pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) of the North Carolina
Rules of Civil Procedure, and asserted defenses of sovereign and governmental
immunity, and public official immunity. Defendants also asserted that plaintiff’s
claims are barred by contributory negligence and gross contributory negligence. On
11 September 2019, plaintiff responded to defendants’ answer.
¶6 Defendants filed a motion for summary judgment on 6 March 2020. Defendants
reasserted that the claims against the Fayetteville Police Department should be
dismissed as an improper party. Defendants also asserted that the claims against the
City of Fayetteville and Officer Lambert, in his official capacity, are barred by
governmental immunity and that the claims against Officer Lambert, in his
individual capacity, are barred by public official immunity. Defendants also argued
they are entitled to summary judgment because there is no evidence Officer Lambert
acted in a grossly negligent manner, plaintiff’s claims are barred by plaintiff’s own
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contributory negligence, plaintiff’s claims are barred by the doctrine of sudden
emergency, and that punitive damages are not available against a municipality or
officers in their official capacity.
¶7 Defendants’ motion for summary judgment was heard in Cumberland County
Superior Court on 13 July 2020. The trial court concluded that the Fayetteville Police
Department is not a proper party to the action and, thus, granted summary judgment
in favor of defendant Fayetteville Police Department. However, the trial court
concluded there are genuine issues of material fact as to the claims against
defendants Officer Lambert and the City of Fayetteville and denied their motions for
summary judgment. Defendants Officer Lambert and the City of Fayetteville gave
written notice of appeal on 7 August 2020.
¶8 On appeal, defendants argue the City of Fayetteville has not waived
governmental immunity, Officer Lambert is entitled to public official immunity,
plaintiff did not present evidence of gross negligence, and plaintiff’s contributory
negligence bars his suit. We conclude that plaintiff has failed to present evidence of
gross negligence and that defendants Officer Lambert and the City of Fayetteville are
entitled to summary judgment.
I. Standard of Review
¶9 “Our standard of review of an appeal from summary judgment is de novo; such
judgment is appropriate only when the record shows that ‘there is no genuine issue
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as to any material fact and that any party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of
law.” In re Will of Jones, 362 N.C. 569, 573, 669 S.E.2d 572, 576 (2008) (quoting Forbis
v. Neal, 361 N.C. 519, 523-24, 649 S.E.2d 382, 385 (2007)).
II. Discussion
A. Interlocutory Appeal
¶ 10 Defendants acknowledge that this appeal is interlocutory. However,
defendants assert that the order denying their motion for summary judgment affected
a substantial right and is immediately appealable. Typically, the denial of a motion
for summary judgment is not immediately appealable, as it is interlocutory. See
Sharpe v. Worland, 351 N.C. 159, 161-62, 522 S.E.2d 577, 579 (1999). However, denial
of a motion for summary judgment on the grounds of governmental immunity is
immediately appealable. Epps v. Duke Univ., 122 N.C. App. 198, 201, 468 S.E.2d 846,
849, rev. denied, 344 N.C. 436, 476 S.E.2d 115 (1996). Additionally, in the interest of
judicial economy we will consider the entirety of defendants’ appeal. See Block v.
Cnty. of Person, 141 N.C. App. 273, 277, 540 S.E.2d 415, 419 (2000); Houpe v. City of
Statesville, 128 N.C. App. 334, 340, 497 S.E.2d 82, 87 (1998).
B. Governmental Immunity
¶ 11 Defendants first argue that the City of Fayetteville has not waived its
governmental immunity. “[A] municipality may waive its immunity from tort liability
for governmental activities by purchasing liability insurance.” Anderson v. Town of
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Andrews, 127 N.C. App. 599, 602, 492 S.E.2d 385, 387 (1997); N.C. Gen. Stat. § 160A-
485(a) (2020). To state a claim against the municipality a plaintiff must allege “waiver
of immunity by the purchase of insurance.” Id. (citing Morrison-Tiffin v. Hampton,
117 N.C. App. 494, 504, 451 S.E.2d 650, 657, appeal dismissed and disc. review
denied, 339 N.C. 739, 454 S.E.2d 654 (1995)). Defendants argue that plaintiff’s
complaint failed to allege waiver of immunity, thus immunity was not waived.
¶ 12 The plaintiff does not need to explicitly state the word “waiver” to allege a
waiver of immunity by purchase of insurance. See id. at 603, 492 S.E.2d at 387. Under
the requirements of notice pleading the complaint need only give notice to the
defendants so that they understand a waiver of immunity has been alleged. Id.¶ 13 Here, the complaint does not specifically mention waiver of immunity or
explicitly mention the applicable insurance policy. However, the complaint does state
multiple times that the action is “brought against the Defendant City pursuant to
N.C.G.S. § 160A-485” and that “Defendant City shall be held liable pursuant to . . .
N.C.G.S. § 160A-485.” Section 160A-485 is the statute that gives a municipality the
ability to purchase liability insurance and states that if the municipality does
purchase liability insurance governmental immunity is waived. N.C. Gen. Stat. §
160A-485. We hold that the complaint is sufficient to give notice to defendants that
plaintiff is alleging a waiver of immunity because it states the action is brought and
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that defendants are liable pursuant to § 160A-485. Therefore, governmental
immunity was waived.
C. Public Official Immunity
¶ 14 Defendants next argue that Officer Lambert has public official immunity for
the claims brought against him in his individual capacity. “As long as a public officer
lawfully exercises the judgment and discretion with which he is invested by virtue of
his office, keeps within the scope of his official authority, and acts without malice or
corruption, he is protected from liability.” Smith v. State, 289 N.C. 303, 331, 222
S.E.2d 412, 430 (1976) (citations omitted). Public official immunity “serves to protect
officials from individual liability for mere negligence, but not for malicious or corrupt
conduct, in the performance of their official duties.” Thompson v. Town of Dallas, 142
N.C. App. 651, 655, 543 S.E.2d 901, 904-05 (2001) (citation omitted) (emphasis in
original).
¶ 15 The capacity in which a defendant is sued dictates what immunity may be
available to them. See Est. of Long v. Fowler, 2021-NCSC-81, ¶ 13. A suit against a
defendant in their official capacity is subject to the doctrine of sovereign immunity,
while a suit against a defendant in their individual capacity is not subject to the
doctrine of sovereign immunity. Id. However, a suit against a defendant in their
individual capacity may be subject to the doctrine of public official immunity if she
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acts within the scope of her office and acts without malice or corruption. Smith, 289
N.C. at 331, 222 S.E.2d at 430.
¶ 16 “It is a simple matter for attorneys to clarify the capacity in which a defendant
is being sued. Pleadings should indicate in the caption the capacity in which a
plaintiff intends to hold a defendant liable.” Fowler, at ¶ 14 (quoting Mullis v.
Sechrest, 347 N.C. 548, 554, 495 S.E.2d 721, 724 (1998)). Here, the caption of the
complaint lists Officer Lambert in both his individual and official capacity. The
doctrine of governmental immunity is applicable to Officer Lambert in his official
capacity and, we acknowledge that public official immunity applies to law
enforcement officers acting within the scope of their duties. See Thompson, 142 N.C.
App. at 655, 543 S.E.2d at 904-05.
¶ 17 In the case sub judice, Officer Lambert was responding to an incident within
the scope of his official duties at the time of the accident and his conduct was neither
malicious nor corrupt. Further, plaintiff concedes that Officer Lambert is entitled to
public official immunity. Thus, we hold public official immunity applies and the trial
court erred by not granting summary judgment for the claims brought against Officer
Lambert in his individual capacity.
D. Gross Negligence
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¶ 18 Defendants next argue that plaintiff did not present evidence of gross
negligence. Plaintiff argues that Officer Lambert was grossly negligent in the
operation of his police cruiser.
¶ 19 Section 20-145 exempts police officers from speed laws when engaged in the
apprehension of a law violator. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 20-145. This Court has concluded
that the applicability of § 20-145 and the factors considered in its analysis are not
only applicable to the pursuit of a law violator, but are also applicable when an officer
is “emergency response driving” to the scene of an incident. Truhan v. Walston, 235
N.C. App. 406, 413, 762 S.E.2d 338, 343 (2014), review denied by, 368 N.C. 272, 772
S.E.2d 863 (2015). Here, Officer Lambert was responding to a domestic violence
incident involving a firearm, thus § 20-145 is applicable.
¶ 20 However, the exemption in § 20-145 “does not apply to protect the officer from
the consequence of a reckless disregard of the safety of others.” Norris v. Zambito,
135 N.C. App. 288, 293, 520 S.E.2d 113, 117 (1999) (quotations omitted). Our
Supreme Court has held that an officer’s liability in a civil action for injuries resulting
from the officer’s vehicular pursuit of a law violator is to be determined pursuant to
a gross negligence standard of care. Parish v. Hill, 350 N.C. 231, 238, 513 S.E.2d 547,
551, reh’g denied, 350 N.C. 600, 537 S.E.2d 215 (1999). “[G]ross negligence has been
defined as wanton conduct done with conscious or reckless disregard for the rights
and safety of others . . . an act is wanton when it is done of wicked purpose, or when
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done needlessly, manifesting a reckless indifference to the rights of others.” Id. at
239, 513 S.E.2d at 551-52 (internal quotations and citations omitted). “Whether an
officer’s behavior during pursuit amounted to gross negligence is an issue of law to be
determined from the evidence.” Greene v. City of Greenville, 225 N.C. App. 24, 26, 736
S.E.2d 833, 835, review denied, 367 N.C. 214, 747 S.E.2d 249 (2013). “Although issues
of negligence are generally not appropriately decided by way of summary judgment,
if there are no genuine issues of material fact, and an essential element of a
negligence claim cannot be established, summary judgment is proper.” Norris, 135
N.C. App. at 293, 250 S.E.2d at 116. “North Carolina’s standard of gross negligence,
with regard to police pursuits, is very high and rarely met.” Eckard v. Smith, 166
N.C. App. 312, 323, 603 S.E.2d 134, 142 (2004), aff’d, 360 N.C. 51, 619 S.E.2d 503(2005).
¶ 21 “When determining whether an officer’s actions constitute gross negligence, we
consider: (1) the reason for the pursuit, (2) the probability of injury to the public due
to the officer’s decision to begin and maintain pursuit, and (3) the officer’s conduct
during the pursuit.” Greene, 225 N.C. App. at 27, 736 S.E.2d at 836 (citation omitted).
¶ 22 “Relevant considerations under the first prong include whether the officer was
attempting to apprehend someone suspected of violating the law and whether the
suspect could be apprehended by means other than high speed chase.” Id. (cleaned
up). Here, Officer Lambert was responding to a domestic violence incident involving
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a firearm. Thus, Officer Lambert’s reason for driving at a speed above the speed limit
was valid and lawful.
¶ 23 “When assessing prong two, we look to the (1) time and location of the pursuit,
(2) the population of the area, (3) the terrain for the chase, (4) traffic conditions, (5)
the speed limit, (6) weather conditions, and (7) the length and duration of the
pursuit.” Id. (citation omitted). Here, the accident occurred just before midnight on a
seven-lane road surrounded by commercial buildings. Officer Lambert was driving on
a flat, straightaway portion of Raeford Road on a night where the weather was clear.
Officer Lambert’s vehicle slightly deviated from its lane of traffic twice, but there is
no evidence that he lost control of the vehicle. Video footage shows there were at least
five other vehicles on the road at the time of the accident. The speed limit on Raeford
Road is 45 miles per hour, and Officer Lambert was traveling at a speed of 58 miles
per hour. Finally, the record shows that less than two minutes passed from the time
Officer Lambert was dispatched to the time of the accident. Therefore, we conclude
that these facts are insufficient to establish gross negligence under prong two.
¶ 24 The third prong analyzes the officer’s conduct. Id. “Relevant factors include (1)
whether an officer made use of the lights or siren, (2) whether the pursuit resulted in
a collision, (3) whether an officer maintained control of the cruiser, (4) whether an
officer followed department policies for pursuits, and (5) the speed of the pursuit.” Id.
at 27-28, 736 S.E.2d at 836 (citation omitted). Courts have discussed facts where an
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officer failed to use emergency lights, sirens, and headlights, Young v. Woodall, 343
N.C. 459, 463, 471 S.E.2d 357, 360 (1996); Fowler v. N.C. Dep’t of Crime Control &
Pub. Safety, 92 N.C. App. 733, 736, 376 S.E.2d 11, 13, disc. rev. denied, 324 N.C. 577,
381 S.E.2d 773 (1989), violated generally accepted standards regarding high speed
driving and police chases, Clark v. Burke Cnty, 117 N.C. App. 85, 91, 450 S.E.2d 747,
750 (1994), and whether the officer was speeding during the pursuit, Fowler, 92 N.C.
App. at 736, 376 S.E.2d at 13. In these cases, our Courts have concluded that the
officers’ conduct at most amounted to negligent discretionary acts but did not rise to
the level of gross negligence.
¶ 25 In the present case, Officer Lambert did not utilize his lights or sirens, his
pursuit resulted in the accident involving Mr. Graham, and Officer Lambert was
traveling 13 miles per hour above the speed limit. Plaintiff presents arguments on
appeal that Fayetteville Police Department policy required Officer Lambert to utilize
his lights and sirens when responding to a scene. Plaintiff also argues that Officer
Lambert lost control of his vehicle, however the evidence shows his vehicle only
slightly deviated from its lane of travel. Additionally, Officer Lambert did look at his
laptop and touch the laptop’s trackpad while he was driving on Raeford Road. These
facts track closely to those in the above cited cases and demonstrates that Officer
Lambert’s conduct did not rise to the level of gross negligence. See Young, 343 N.C.
at 463, 471 S.E.2d at 360; Fowler, 92 N.C. App. at 736, 376 S.E.2d at 13; Clark, 117
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N.C. App. at 91, 450 S.E.2d at 750. We conclude that Officer Lambert’s actions were
acts of discretion on his part which may have been negligent but were not grossly
negligent.
¶ 26 Contrasting the facts in the case sub judice to those in Truhan further
demonstrates that Officer Lambert’s conduct did not rise to the level of gross
negligence. In Truhan, the officer was responding to the scene of a minor car accident
involving no injuries, to act as traffic control. Truhan, 235 N.C. App. at 413, 762
S.E.2d at 343. The officer began his high-speed response at approximately 7:19 a.m.,
and drove along a road where a school, a fire station, and multiple residential
driveways and side streets are located. Id. at 414-15, 762 S.E.2d at 344. The area was
not densely populated, but there was a mix of residential, commercial, and
governmental buildings along the highway. Id. at 415, 762 S.E.2d at 344. The officer
was driving along a mostly flat road with some turns and curves. Id. There was no
evidence of heavy traffic, but there were several automobiles in the area. Id. The
officer in Truhan was traveling at speeds in excess of 100 miles per hour in a 45 miles
per hour zone. Id. In Truhan, the officer also failed to activate his lights and sirens
when they should have been utilized. Id. at 416, 762 S.E.2d at 344. The Court in
Truhan concluded these facts did present a genuine issue of material fact as to gross
negligence and reversed the trial court’s grant of summary judgment. Id. at 421, 762
S.E.2d at 347.
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¶ 27 We believe the facts in Truhan are more egregious than those in the present
matter. For example, the officer in Truhan was traveling at speeds more than double
the speed limit and in excess of 100 miles per hour while Officer Lambert’s speed only
exceeded the speed limit by 13 miles per hour. Further, the officer in Truhan was
traveling on a road with turns and curves in a densely populated area at a time of
day when there were numerous other vehicles on the road. In contrast, Officer
Lambert was traveling on a multi-lane straightaway road, at night when traffic on
that road was sparse. We do not believe the facts in the present case rise to the level
of those in Truhan which created a genuine issue of material fact as to gross
negligence.
III. Conclusion
¶ 28 Our holding on the gross negligence issue is dispositive, thus we decline to
consider defendants’ contributory negligence argument. We hold there is no genuine
issue of material fact as to whether Officer Lambert was grossly negligent, thus
defendants are entitled to judgment as a matter of law and we reverse the trial court’s
order denying summary judgment.
REVERSED.
Judge TYSON concurs.
JACKSON concurs in part and dissents in part
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No. COA21-15 – Graham v. Lambert
JACKSON, Judge, concurring in part and dissenting in part.
¶ 29 I join the majority opinion except for the portion holding that the trial court
erred in denying Defendants’ motion for summary judgment on the basis that there
was no genuine issue of material fact whether Officer Lambert was grossly negligent
when he struck Mr. Graham with his police cruiser. In my view, the record evidence
presents a genuine question of whether Officer Lambert was grossly negligent as he
used his computer while speeding down Raeford Road in the middle of the night on
24 July 2018 before striking and killing Mr. Graham. The majority in essence holds
that Officer Lambert’s conduct cannot constitute gross negligence as a matter of law.
Because I would hold that there is a genuine issue of material fact regarding whether
Officer Lambert was grossly negligent, I respectfully dissent.
I. Governing Law
¶ 30 “[I]ssues of negligence are generally not appropriately decided by way of
summary judgment[.]” Norris v. Zambito, 135 N.C. App. 288, 293, 520 S.E.2d 113,
116 (1999). Summary judgment is only proper if
there is no genuine issue as to any material fact, and the
movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. In order
to prevail on a summary judgment motion, the moving
party must show either (1) an essential element of
plaintiff’s claim is nonexistent; (2) plaintiff cannot produce
evidence to support an essential element of his claim, or (3)
plaintiff cannot surmount an affirmative defense which
would bar the claim. The trial court must construe all
evidence in the light most favorable to the non-moving
party, allowing the non-moving party to be given all
favorable inferences as to the facts.
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JACKSON, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part
Gibson v. Mutual Life Ins. Co. of New York, 121 N.C. App. 284, 286, 465 S.E.2d 56,
58 (1996) (internal marks and citations omitted).
¶ 31 On appeal,
[w]e review a trial court order granting or denying a
summary judgment motion on a de novo basis, with our
examination of the trial court’s order focused on
determining whether there is a genuine issue of material
fact and whether either party is entitled to judgment as a
matter of law. As part of that process, we view the evidence
in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party.
Beeson v. Palombo, 220 N.C. App. 274, 277, 727 S.E.2d 343, 346-47 (2012) (internal
marks and citation omitted).
¶ 32 While N.C. Gen. Stat. § 20-145 “exempts police officers from speed laws when
engaged in the pursuit of a law violator[,] [t]he exemption . . . does not apply to protect
the officer from ‘the consequence of a reckless disregard of the safety of others.’”
Norris, 135 N.C. App. at 293, 520 S.E.2d at 117 (quoting N.C. Gen. Stat. § 20-145).
“Our Supreme Court has construed the statute as establishing a general standard of
care, as opposed to a simple exemption from speed laws, and has held that an officer’s
liability in a civil action for injuries resulting from the officer’s vehicular pursuit of a
law violator is to be determined pursuant to a gross negligence standard of care.” Id.(citing Parish v. Hill, 350 N.C. 231, 513 S.E.2d 547 (1999)). “‘Gross negligence’ occurs
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when an officer consciously or recklessly disregards an unreasonably high probability
of injury to the public despite the absence of significant countervailing law
enforcement benefits.” Eckard v. Smith, 166 N.C. App. 312, 319, 603 S.E.2d 134, 139
(2004). “Gross negligence is something less than willful and wanton conduct.” Smith
v. Step, 257 N.C. 422, 425, 125 S.E.2d 903, 905 (1962) (internal marks omitted).
II. Application
¶ 33 A person’s use of a computer or handheld electronic device while operating an
automobile presents unique risks to public safety. Our General Assembly recognized
as much by enacting N.C. Gen. Stat. § 20-136.1, which prohibits private citizens from
“driving any motor vehicle . . . while viewing any television, computer, or video player
which is located in the motor vehicle at any point forward of the back of the driver’s
seat, and which is visible to the driver while operating the motor vehicle.” N.C. Gen.
Stat. § 20-136.1 (2019). Section 20-136.1 does not apply “to law enforcement or
emergency personnel while in the performance of their official duties[.]” Id. However,
it is a legislative recognition of the simple fact that driving and watching a screen at
the same time is dangerous.
¶ 34 Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to Mr. Graham’s estate, as we
must on review of the trial court’s denial of Defendants’ motion for summary
judgment, Beeson, 220 N.C. App. at 277, 727 S.E.2d at 346-47, I would hold that the
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evidence presents a genuine issue of material fact regarding whether Officer Lambert
was grossly negligent when he struck and killed Mr. Graham. On his first night on
patrol by himself while working for the Fayetteville Police Department or any other
law enforcement agency, Officer Lambert was one of three officers dispatched to a
domestic disturbance call on 24 July 2018. It was Officer Lambert’s first night shift,
and his first day working alone. He had joined the Fayetteville Police Department
the previous October. Both of the other officers responding to the call were closer to
where it originated, and Officer Lambert and the other officer responding were
backup. In an interview, Officer Lambert later recalled that the status of the
domestic disturbance at the time of the collision was that the disturbance was
ongoing, and that because he was the farthest away of the three responding officers,
he made a standard traffic response. Officer Lambert also admitted at his deposition
that the situation was not an emergency. Officer Lambert never activated his blue
lights or siren.
¶ 35 Upon initially responding to the call, Officer Lambert used his laptop computer
in the front seat of his cruiser to locate the address to which he had been dispatched.
He originally stated that he used the computer’s touchscreen; however, after
reviewing footage from his body-worn camera, he later admitted that he used the
computer’s track pad. This body-worn camera footage reflects that Officer Lambert
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found the address with the computer’s track pad 15 seconds before he struck and
killed Mr. Graham. Officer Lambert was driving with one hand on the steering wheel
and the other on his laptop for 18 of the 23 seconds before he collided with Mr.
Graham, and periodically glanced at his computer screen during this timeframe. The
body-worn camera footage and the dashcam footage from Officer Lambert’s cruiser
provides evidence of at least two lane violations by Officer Lambert in the moments
leading up to the accident. In each, Officer Lambert passes right on the outside line
of his lane or over it, and these lane violations appear to coincide with Officer Lambert
looking at his computer. Five seconds before colliding with Mr. Graham, Officer
Lambert places his second hand on the steering wheel. Three seconds before the
collision, Officer Lambert leans distinctively towards his computer.
¶ 36 From Officer Lambert’s body camera footage in the seconds following the
accident, it appears Mr. Graham was killed instantly by the impact.
¶ 37 The collision occurred next to a car dealership, and security footage from the
dealership highlights just how well-lit the area was even at such a late hour.
Enormous floodlights illuminated a large parking lot at the dealership and nearby
area, in addition to the lights along the road itself. The dealership security footage
shows Mr. Graham crossing the road while using a cane. Mr. Graham was not
stumbling as he crossed the road, and he successfully crossed five lanes of traffic
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before he was hit by Officer Lambert. The dealership footage also shows that Mr.
Graham stopped at the median and looked both ways before crossing the side of the
road where he was hit by Officer Lambert. From the dealership footage, as well as
video footage from Officer Lambert’s cruiser and his body camera, Officer Lambert
does not appear to brake at all before hitting Mr. Graham. There also were no skid
marks on the road after the accident. From the video footage, Officer Lambert does
not appear to attempt to avoid hitting Mr. Graham, although he states, in the body
camera footage, after hitting Mr. Graham, that he jerked left to try to avoid hitting
him—even though he struck Mr. Graham as Mr. Graham was crossing the road in
front of him from Officer Lambert’s left to his right. In the body-worn camera footage,
after the collision, Officer Lambert can also be heard to say, “I looked over, and . . . .”
But then the audio cuts out, and in a subsequent interview, Officer Lambert stated
that he could not recall what his next words were after “and.” Officer Lambert
consistently stated that he was going 50 miles an hour at the time of the collision, but
his cruiser’s black box showed that he was going 58 at one point and was traveling
about 53 when he struck Mr. Graham.
¶ 38 As the majority notes, Officer Lambert was speeding, his blue lights and siren
were not activated (in violation of Department policy), and the location of his collision
with Mr. Graham was well-lit despite the late hour. While no one fact is conclusive,
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JACKSON, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part
viewing the evidence before the trial court in its totality and in the light most
favorable to Mr. Graham’s estate, as we must, the evidence before the trial court
presented a genuine issue of material fact regarding whether Officer Lambert was
grossly negligent. While I cannot say that the evidence shows that Officer Lambert
was grossly negligent, it certainly shows that a jury could conclude that he was. I
conclude that this evidence, if believed by a jury, tended to show a “high probability
of injury to the public despite the absence of significant countervailing law
enforcement benefits[,]” and thus raises a genuine issue of material fact on the
question of gross negligence. Jones v. City of Durham, 168 N.C. App. 433, 444, 608
S.E.2d 387, 394 (2005) (Levinson, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part),
reversed for the reasons stated in the dissent, 361 N.C. 144, 638 S.E.2d 202 (2006).
Moreover, it is difficult, if not impossible, to square the majority’s holding that Officer
Lambert’s conduct could not have been grossly negligent with the video footage before
the trial court when ruling on Defendants’ motion for summary judgment. I believe
Mr. Graham’s estate is entitled to present this footage to a jury and for it to determine
whether Officer Lambert was grossly negligent on 24 July 2018—a task to which we
are ill-suited as an appellate court.
¶ 39 The majority distinguishes this case from our decision in Truhan v. Walston,
235 N.C. App. 406, 762 S.E.2d 338 (2014), in support of its holding that Officer
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JACKSON, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part
Lambert could not have been grossly negligent as a matter of law. In my view,
however, Truhan is not relevantly distinct from this case in any respect. Like the
present case, Truhan concerned an officer-involved collision, but in Truhan, the
officer brought an action against a motorist he struck while responding to a call and
the motorist then counter-claimed against the officer, alleging that the officer’s
negligence was the cause of her and the officer’s injuries, not her own. Id. at 410, 762
S.E.2d at 342. On cross motions for summary judgment filed by the officer and his
insurer and the defendant and her husband and their insurer, the trial court granted
summary judgment in favor of the officer and his insurer. Id. at 410-11, 762 S.E.2d
at 342.
¶ 40 While true that the officer in Truhan was driving considerably faster than
Officer Lambert, unlike in Truhan, in this case, viewing the evidence in the light most
favorable to Mr. Graham’s estate, the evidence shows that (1) the accident occurred
on Officer Lambert’s first night shift, and first day working alone; (2) Officer Lambert
did not have his blue lights activated at the time of the accident; (3) Officer Lambert
was using his computer to find an address in the moments leading up to the collision;
(4) Officer Lambert committed two lane violations because he was looking at his
computer instead of the road ahead of him in the moments before the crash; (5) Officer
Lambert leaned distinctively towards his computer three seconds before the accident;
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JACKSON, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part
and (6) Officer Lambert collided with Mr. Graham without attempting to avoid Mr.
Graham by turning or applying the cruiser’s brakes to slow his vehicle down. Because
I would hold that the evidence before the trial court presented a genuine issue of
material fact regarding Officer Lambert’s gross negligence, as in Truhan and Jones,
I respectfully dissent.
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