Wyldes ex rel. McLaughlin v. Patterson

Bruce, J.

(after stating the facts as above). The facts in this case as disclosed upon the second trial are not materially different from those disclosed upon the former hearing. (See Wyldes v. Patterson, 24 N. D. 218, 139 N. W. 577.) The only material difference seems to be that the height of the building is more definitely fixed, and is now, excluding the scroll work of the cornice, which was put on after the accident, put at 78 feet, 2-J inches, instead of at 70 feet, as upon the former trial, and in the former appeal. The distance of the west wall of the engine house from the base of the building is more accurately measured, but is practically the same as was assumed at the former hearing, that is tó say, 20 feet from the base line of the building. The size of the frame building is the same as before, namely, 12 or 14 feet in width and 16 or 18 feet in length; and as the evidence shows that the engineer must have stood somewhere in the northeast corner of the engine house, and the engine house was lengthwise and parallel with the hotel building on Fifth street, such engineer must have stood somewhere within this distance of 14 feet, that is to say, at the most 34 feet from the base of the building, and probably from 30 to 32 feet therefrom. The length of the engine is shown to have been 10 or 12 feet. The'fire box was on the south side of the house, and the drum was north of the engine. It was 10 feet from the top of the engine to the top of the boiler. The engine was placed in the southeast corner of the building, and 25 or 30 feet from the east end of the building line. The levers which operated the brake were on the west side of the engineer, “right in front of him,” as he was facing west. The engineer was about 5 feet, 10 inches, tall. In operating the levers he would face the main building, as a general rule. The gangway or runway leading from the elevator back onto the roof of the building was about 3 feet in width, and projected over the edge of the cornice about 6 or 8 inches, so that when the elevator was brought up to the roof, its edge connected closely with, the projecting end. It seems to have been level from the elevator platform back onto the roof for some 4 feet, 8 inches, or 4 feet, 10 inches.

Defendant bases his argument as to the insufficiency of the evidence largely upon the proposition that the evidence shows that the plaintiff could have been easily seen upon the platform of the elevator, and, in turn, could have easily seen the engine house. Much confusion, however, has been interjected into the case by counsel for appellant failing to distinguish between the inability to see the platform of the elevator and the landing or top of the roof of the building. When the words “landing” or “platform” are spoken of, they cannot possibly be the few inches of boarding which extended between the roof and the elevator, for that in'no sense was a “landing.” The evidence of the witness O’Connor directly supports the theory of the plaintiff in this case, for he positively states that, standing even a little further away from the building than the engineer must have stood, he could see a man on the elevator or standing on the roof waiting for the elevator, but could not see a man while about to push a wheelbarrow upon the elevator. This fact is borne out also, conclusively, by the testimony of the witness Bliss, and by the established rules of optics and mathematics, which counsel for appellant seeks to ridicule in his brief and in his argument, but which, after all, constitute the only sure and certain method of proof. All the witnesses and photographs in the world, indeed, cannot change mathematical truths. As a matter of fact, no testimony was necessary at all, as to the distance back upon the roof-top that the plaintiff could have been seen. The height of the building, and the height of the plaintiff, and the distance of the engineer from the building, are established factors in the case, and the court could have taken judicial notice of the established truths of mathematics, and could have instructed the jury upon the proposition. It would really have been better for counsel to have sought to prove an error in the mathematical computations, if such he could have done, rather than to have wasted his efforts in sarcasm and in the introduction of testimony which was necessarily inaccurate. The witness Bliss, an experienced civil engineer, and the state engineer of the state of North Dakota, testified as follows;

Q. Now, if you are given a height, the height of say a building, and the distance from that building a man is standing on the ground, and given the height of the man, and you are further given the distance back from the roof line of the building, on the roof of which an object is placed, can you determine mathematically the height it is necessary that that object be before it can be seen by the man?

A. I can.

Q. Suppose, Mr. Bliss, that a man is standing on a building 79 feet and 5 inches high, and is standing back 2 feet from the roof line, and on the ground below him is standing another man exactly 20 feet out from this roof line, the man is 5 feet, 10 inches, high, giving him a line of vision of about 5 feet and 6 inches, how high would the object on the roof have to be before it would come within the range of his vision ?

A. Seven feet and 5 inches.

Q. If the man was standing out from that roof line 25 feet, how high would he have to be before he came within the range of vision of the man on the street ? How high would the man on the roof have to be ?

A. The conditions being the same, except that he was 25 feet out, the height would be 5 feet, 11 inches.

Q. As I understand it, in order to see the top of his head, he would have to be in one ease 7 feet and 5 inches, and in the other case 5 feet and 11 inches. Now, suppose that the man standing on the top of the roof stood 1 foot back of the roof line, instead of 2, and the man on the street was 20 feet out, how high would he have to be ?

A. Three feet, 8-J inches.

Q. So it would appear that whether the man stood 1 foot back or 2 feet back from the roof line would make a great deal of difference ?

A. It would.

Q. Make a difference of from 7 feet, 5, to 3 feet, 8-¿ ?

A. Yes.

<Q. Now, if the man on the roof stood 2J feet back from the edge of the roof line, and the man on the street stood 20 feet out from the roof line, how high would a man have to be?

A. Nine feet and 3 inches.

Q. Now, assume that the man on the street was 25 feet out from the roof line, and the man on top was back 2-J feet ?

A. Seven feet and 10 inches.

Q. Now assume that the man on the roof was 2 feet back from the roof line, and the man on the street was 30 feet out ?

A. Four feet, 11 inches.

Can you tell the jury, briefly, the process and method of determining the facts you have testified to ?

A. Could I refer to the chart ?

Q. Yes. I show you plaintiff’s exhibit E, and ask you to tell whát it is briefly. Tell what it is.

A. A diagram, drawn to scale, representing the line of vision of a man looking up the side of a building.

Q. And prepared, is it, mathematically, according to the rules of mathematics in which you determine proportions and angles ? By reference to that exhibit can you briefly illustrate to the jury the method and manner in which you arrived at the facts you have testified to?

A. I can.

Q. You may do so.

Objection by counsel. Sustained.

Cross-examination: Q. Assuming a building, the height that has been mentioned, 100 feet in length along the sides, and assume a line, drawn at a distance on the street or ground, of 20 feet, parallel with the building itself. Would it make any difference what part of that line the person on the ground should stand on, in making observations of any point on the top of the building?

A. The line is drawn parallel to the building, 20 feet out ?

A. So long as a person’s height of vision remains unchanged, the result is the same.

Q. So far as the location of the person on the ground is concerned, provided he is 20 feet out from the building itself, his line of vision would be precisely the same ?

A. His line of vision would change in a plane in this manner, but the height of the object will be absolutely the same.

Q. What difference, if any, would there be, so far as the man is concerned, what difference would there be in his powers of observation of the man on the roof ?

A. He might be farther away in one case than in the other.

Q. If he were standing directly out 20 feet, he would be nearer than if he stood on the same line 100 feet away ?

A. That is what I mean.

Q. But that is only limited to the power of observation, and not to the scope ? What I mean is, does it limit in any way the scope of the observation?

A. It does not.

Q. So what you mean is simply a limitation of the power of the eye ?

A. That is all.

Q. And if you take a building 100 feet in length, and draw this line parallel with the building, 20 feet out from the building line, the power of the eye would not be affected in viewing it from any angle along that line?

A. I should not think so — materially.

Q. It makes no appreciable difference, so you could fairly say that so .far as the location is concerned out from the building it makes no difference, say for a distance of 100 feet, whether you are viewing it 20 feet north or south of the given point, and assuming now that the building runs in a northerly and southerly direction ?

A. It would make no difference in the height of the man on the top.

Q. You work the problem by a system of angles, do you?

A. A system of proportion.

Q. In order to get the proportion, what do you do with your angles ?

A. I have similar angles, equal angles, I have the geometrical—

Q. What angles did you use in your computation ?

A. I have a straight line cut by two parallel lines giving me equal angles, right angles. Bight angled triangles having one angle equal are similar triangles.

Q. Now, in addition to what you have now stated, the explanation you made to the jury shows exactly how you arrived at.the figures that you gave us ?

A. Yes, sir.

Q. There is not anything that you have omitted?

A. No,' sir. I have omitted nothing.

It is true that this testimony is limited to a building of the height of 79 feet and 5 inches, while there is evidence that the scroll work, 1 foot, 2-J- inches in height, was not put on until after the accident, and the height was, therefore, probably then only 78 feet, 2-|- inches. It is also true that there is some evidence that the east wall of the engine house was 34 feet from the. base of the building, and that the engineer must have stood somewhere in the southeast comer of that building. It is, however, true, that the comice projected 3 feet from the building and out from the base thereof, and that therefore the east wall of the engine house could at the most have only been 31 feet from the line of the cornice, and the engineer, if standing as he said he did, in front of his engine, must have been at least 2 feet from that wall, and that therefore, at the very most, we have the problem of the range of vision of a man 5 feet, 10 inches, high, standing 29 feet from the base of the line of a building which is 78 feet, 2|- inches, in height; and as to the results of that problem, and as to its mathematical conclusions, both this and the trial court could and must take judicial notice. These conclusions point inevitably to the fact that the witnesses for the defendant were careless in their measurements and observations, and were radically mistaken, and that the photographs are absolutely unreliable. It seems hardly necessary, in this age of universal education, to go further into detail; but counsel for appellant appears to so strenuously favor guesswork as a right and rule of law, as opposed to mathematical truths, and to so scrupulously refuse to enter into any mathematical computation himself, that it seems necessary that the figures should be given. The problem is an easy one; and unless it be contended that one can look through a brick wall, its conclusions are irresistible.

Let us suppose first that the plaintiff, when bending down to his wheelbarrow, was standing 3 feet from the edge of the cornice.

The height of the building is' 78 feet, 2-J inches. The line of vision of a man 5 feet, 10 inches, tall upon the ground would be about 5 feet, 6 inches. C B therefore=78 feet, 2-J inches — 5 feet, 6 inches=72 feet, 8i- inches. C D=3 feet. A B=29 feet. The triangles ODE and A B 0 are similar.\ffJP-=Q-j*. •.72 ft D= CD A B 3 ft. 29 feet 3 ft.xg ^ m~-’.E D — 7 feet, inches. 29 feet

If we take the distance of the man from the edge of the roof as being 2 instead of 3 feet, and follow the. same method of computation, we find that E D (the height that such man must be in order to be seen) is 5 feet, á inches. If we take the distance at 1 foot, we find that the height must have been 2 feet, 6. inches. It goes without saying that; if the distance from the base of the building was less than 29 feet, the height of the man on the roof must have been correspondingly greater. It is also well to observe how much difference even a foot upon the roof makes in the result of the problem. Stewart v. St. Paul City R. Co. 78 Minn. 110, 80 N. W. 855, 7 Am. Neg. Rep. 80.

Counsel, we know, seeks to discredit these plain mathematical truths and the value of mathematical computation, by stating that there is a discrepancy between the results of the state engineer and those given in the former opinion. If this were so, it would have been an easy thing for counsel and the trial judge to have figured out the true solution. We think, however, that if he will allow 3 feet for the projecting cornice, which we did in our former opinion, and which the state engineer was not asked to allow for in the hypothetical questions put to him, he will find that no material discrepancy exists. We thus have an absolute mathematical demonstration of the fact that the down signal on which the engineer relied was entirely inadequate, and this for the simple reason that it could not be seen. It is also clear that the engineer relied upon this imagined signal, for he positively testifies that he lowered the elevator in response thereto. It is also clear that the plaintiff knew nothing of the signal, and that the foreman on the roof positively testified that it had been discontinued as the building rose in height. It, too, is clear, that this reliance of the engineer on the imagined down signal, and the confusion which resulted therefrom, was the fault of the master, in not providing a definite system of signals, and making them known to those concerned. These facts totally negative any defense which could have been based upon the doctrine of the assumption of the risk. It is well established that a servant only assumes those risks of which he is aware and appreciates. The plaintiff, indeed, had the right to believe that, no system of signals being provided, the engineer would give him plenty of time to get clear of the elevator, and would not lower the elevator until this opportunity had been afforded. The engineer, on the other hand, imagined that a system of signals was provided for, and naturally would take any real or imagined lowering of the hand as such signal. This risk and confusion the plaintiff did not assume.

We, no doubt, as has been argued by counsel for appellant, overstated the rule as to the assumption of the risk, when, in our former opinion (see Wyldes v. Patterson, 24 N. D. 218, 139 N. W. 577), we said that “the employee is not under any of the cases held to assume the risk of a breach of duty which is personal to the employer,” and should have qualified this statement by saying: “unless the servant knows, or in the exercise of due care should have known of the danger, and voluntarily encounters it.” It is no doubt true “that an employee must not rashly or deliberately expose himself to unnecessary and unreasonable risks, which he knows and appreciates” See Cook v. St. Paul, M. & M. R. Co. 34 Minn. 45, 24 N. W. 311, 16 Am. Neg. Cas. 247, But where is there any evidence in the record, that the plaintiff knew of the fact that the cable was defective and that the foreman had ordered the discontinuance of signals, which the engineer and the proprietor of the building still believed to be in operation, or that he in any way assumed the risk of the conflict and confusion ?

The evidence is clear, that it was the failure to provide for a system of signals, or to make it sufficiently understood that no system was provided for, that caused the plaintiff to fall upon the elevator. The engineer, Orcott, testified that he lowered the elevator in response to a down signal; while the evidence is also quite convincing that the man on the roof was justified in believing that no such signal was to be given, and that such engineer would wait until the barrow was completely placed upon the lift and he had stepped back therefrom, and that until then there was no danger of the elevator being lowered.

The engineer, Orcott, testifies:

Q. You may tell the jury in your own way what you know about the action, Mr. Orcott, coming down to the time of the accident.

A. Well, Mr. Larson went upon the building — up on the elevator— and as he stepped off the elevator and on to the runway and out of my sight, Mr. Wyldes hauled a wheelbarrow out on the . elevator and stepped back where I could see him. He gave me the signal to go down, and stepped back out of my sight; and as I started down the top was just about even with the cornice, and he came rushing out there. I did not know what he was doing, or anything else. Didn’t know whether he was going to jump off or not, and he grabbed around the corner of the elevator, and as he grabbed around the corner, he let go of that and grabbed on to the cable of the elevator, and, as he did that, I stepped on the brake. I stepped on the brake about the time his body struck the elevator.

Q. Did he fall?

A. Went over the cornice, right on to the elevator.

Q. That is the time you applied the brake ?

A. Yes, sir.

Q, You applied your lever also, as well asthe brake ?

A. Yes, sir.

Q. And I think you have already testified that you stopped suddenly ?

A. Yes, sir.

Q. You stopped the descent of the elevator?

A. Stopped the descent just the same as I would at any time.

Q. Then the break followed.

A. Yes.

Q. Now, did you plainly see the young man come with his wheelbarrow.

A. Yes, sir.

Q. Did you see him plainly — see him put it into the elevator?

A. Yes, sir.

Q. Did you plainly see him step back again?

A. Yes, sir.

Q. And give the signal ?

A. Yes, sir.

Q. And then you operated your engine, in response to the signal?

A. I did.

Q. And that is how the accident happened ?

A. Yes, sir.

We realize that counsel for appellant says that “considered from another point of view, it seems to us this court must be persuaded that the engineer could and did see the landing, and the man on the roof in attendance upon the elevator. . . . Is it believable,” he asks, “that the engineer was located in a position where he could not see the landing, or the men putting material or wheelbarrows into or taking them from the elevator, so that he must of necessity hoist and lower blindly, and by chance or guess, without a signal, regardless of the consequences ? Is not the mere statement of such an absurd proposition its best refutation? Can it be believed, that during the construction of the building the elevator was running amuck, without inflicting injury or death, hourly or daily, upon those who were called upon to use it ? The engineer had successfully and safely operated the elevator up to the time of the accident, and for three weeks after the cornice was constructed. The man on the roof was putting material or wheelbarrows into the elevator, passing from 6 to 8 inches out over the end' on each occasion. In taking the- wheelbarrows from the elevator, we-have seen that it was necessary to pass over the wheelbarrow to the-opposite side, in order to reach the handles and push it out, and these operations were performed every few minutes. If the engineer could not see the man place the wheelbarrow in the elevator, how could he-know when or how to hoist or lower ? If he was operating blindly, why did he not frequently lower the elevator when the man on the roof was in the act of stepping into or out of it? Was blind chance always-responsible for the safety of a man on the roof? What prevented daily or hourly accidents? How could he stop the elevator on a level with the runway, as the complaint alleges, and the proof shows ?”' We, however, are led to the serious conclusion that blind chance was relied upon; and the questions submitted by counsel both ignore important factors in the case, and emphasize those which are unimportant.

The fact that in pushing a wheelbarrow off the elevator the plaintiff had to climb over it and on to the elevator, and in such a position would be clearly in view of the engineer, has nothing to do with the case at bar, or with the situation before us; though, on the other hand, this fact, and the half-security afforded thereby, might have furnished a reason for any alleged negligence and lack of precaution taken when the plaintiff was engaged in returning the empty wheelbarrow. Nor does the fact that the gangway protruded over the roof some 6 or 8 inches have any material effect on the case. The plaintiff was not. taking the wheelbarrow off, but was putting it on. When putting it on, as a mathematical certainty, he could not be seen until he was within 2 feet of the elevator, even if he was standing upright, and not bending-down as he must have been in pushing the wheelbarrow, and not until all of the wheelbarrow was fairly placed on the elevator. It is also-clear that every inch that the plaintiff approached the edge of the roof made a material difference in the problem of the height at whicíi he-could be seen. This is not merely borne out by the mathematical computations, but is exactly the testimony of the witness O’Connor. He could see a man standing on the edge of the roof waiting for the elevator. When the wheelbarrow was being pushed upon the elevator, and the-man was necessarily bending down and was necessarily standing some 2 or 3 feet at least back, as the evidence in this case shows that the-•elevator was dropped before tbe wheelbarrow was fully placed thereon, he could not see the man. In other words, that on account of the distance from the edge of the roof and his decreased height, on account of his bending down, the man was outside of the range of vision. The testimony of the witness O’Connor is as follows:

Q. What was your view — standing inside of the engine house and looking up at the elevator, the top of the elevator at the roof; I will ask you to describe the view of the men working up there with the wheelbarrows, as far as you could see ?

A. You mean the men putting the barrows on to send them down?

Q. The men who were putting them on and taking them off the elevator lift ?

A. You could see the barrow come out with the big flange and elevator •come down, and that is all you could see.

Q. Now, standing in that position, Mr. O’Connor, when a wheelbarrow was being placed on the lift, could you see the man placing it there ?

A. Well, you couldn’t, no; you could see it sometimes. You could see one waiting for the barrow to come up.

Q. I am speaking now of when a man came out and rolled an empty wheelbarrow, for instance, on the elevator, off the roof and on to the elevator and placed it there, could you see him placing the wheelbarrow on the elevator ?

A. Not from the engine house, you couldn’t.

Q. Now, you know the position occupied by the engineer in the •engine house?

A. I know about — I don’t know exactly, never was in there.

Q. Now, where you stood at the side of the building, in the position which you describe, how far were you at that time from where the •engineer stood?

A. I should judge about probably 3 or 4 feet. He stood there by -the drum, operating the levers. I was just outside. I used to look in at him once in a while.

Q. You were about 3 or 4 feet farther out from the main building ?

A. No, I was standing against the building, and he was inside.

Q. You were 3 or 4 feet farther away from the main building of the hotel than the position occupied by the engineer?

A. IVIore than that, probably.

This is also made perfectly clear by the testimony of the defendant’s witness, Fred- Swanson. He testifies that when he was standing on the roof and making the signals, he was only a foot from the edge of the cornice. He also testified that when he moved back another foot he could hardly see the camera; that he could barely see the top of it. This witness also testifies that no one but the engineer told him of the signals, and that the foreman said nothing about them. Nor is the evidence of the defendant Patterson in any way contradictory. Neither are the photographs themselves, if permitted in evidence, contradictory to the mathematical facts, or to the testimony of the witness O’Connor. Defendant testified as to what he could see from the street, but naturally could not testify as to the distance that Larson was standing back from the edge of the roof. All that he could say was, “I should judge about 2 or 3 feet,” and this is purely guesswork. As we have before shown, the distance of a few inches, makes a material difference in the line of vision. So, too, the photographs show a person standing up on the edge of the cornice, who is standing up, and not bending down, as the plaintiff must have been when he was placing the wheelbarrow in the elevator.

These facts disprove any presumption of error arising from refusing to admit in evidence the photographs which were offered by the defendant. The photographs could have served no other purpose than to illustrate the fact as to how far back the plaintiff could have been seen upon the roof. The mathematical demonstration that we have made absolutely establishes that fact. There was absolutely no necessity for the court and counsel to waste hours, in seeking to demonstrate that which could have been proved in five minutes by the use of a lead pencil, and that of which the court would have been justified in taking judicial notice. The photographs could have had no other purpose than to mislead the jury. They were certainly not accurate, and they were not taken at the time of the accident. The man on the roof was standing up instead of bending forward. The photograph of a man when standing 1 or 2 feet from the edge and in an upright position is not a photograph of a man bending forward and 3 feet from the edge, as the plaintiff must have been.; nor is a photograph of a man giving a signal a photograph of a man bending down and giving no signal; nor have we any assurance of the fact that the man on the roof when the photograph was taken actually maintained the position and distance from the edge which he was supposed to and should have maintained. Stewart v. St. Paul City R. Co. 78 Minn. 110, 80 N. W. 855, 7 Am. Neg. Rep. 80.

Not only is this so, but photographs are obviously secondary evidence. “Where an inspection of the object is proper, but impracticable, a photograph of it may be exhibited to the witnesses as an aid to identification, and may be admitted in evidence.” Thomp. Trials, § 869. “Where an inspection of the premises is proper, but impracticable or impossible, a photographic view of it is admissible.” Omaha Southern R. Co. v. Beeson, 36 Neb. 361, 51 N. W. 557. The rule announced is merely an announcement of one of the most elementary and fundamental rules of evidence. Surely a photograph of an object is not admissible, unless the object itself would be admissible, if available; nor should a jury be permitted to see a photograph of certain premises, unless it were proper for the jury to inspect the premises, if it were practicable and possible to do so. In the case at bar, the photographs offered were not taken at the time of the accident, but were taken only the day before they were offered in evidence. The building photographed was in the same city where the suit was being tried, and only two blocks from the courthouse, where the court was held. Obviously, if defendant desired to have the jury get a correct view of the building as it then existed, the very best evidence would have been the building itself, and no application was made to have the jury view the premises, and apparently this was not desired. IIow can it be said that the trial court erred in excluding the photographs, when the building itself, the best evidence, was situated within 800 or 900 feet of where the court was being held? It seems to us that the answer is obvious. Assuming that a photograph of the plaintiff taken during the trial had been offered to show his physical appearance at that time, would any one dare to assert that the exclusion of such photograph would have been error ? Here, however, it is asserted that the exclusion of a photograph of a building then in existence, and within sight of the court and jury every time they stepped out of the' courthouse, deprived the defendant of some substantial right. It seems to us that the contention is so wholly untenable as to be worthy of very little serious consideration.

The admission or rejection of photographs is largely within the discretion of the trial court.' Whether they are sufficiently verified, and whether they may be useful to the jury, are preliminary questions addressed to him. Jameson v. Weld, 93 Me. 345, 45 Atl. 299; Whaley v. Vidal, 27 S. D. 642, 132 N. W. 248; Everson v. Casualty Co. 208 Mass. 214, 94 N. E. 459; Carey v. Hubbardston, 172 Mass. 106, 51 N. E. 521; Verran v. Baird, 150 Mass. 141, 22 N. E. 630. The accident took place on November 15, 1910; the photographs were taken in June, 1913. At the time of the accident the building was in process of construction. When the photographs were taken, the building was completed; a sidewalk had been constructed, and the street graded. The atmospheric conditions were entirely different. . It seems clear to us that the photographs would have been of no aid to the jury, but rather would have misled them. Photographs are received in evidence, to aid the jury in applying the evidence. If they tend to confuse, rather than to aid, they should be excluded. . Photographs showing the building in the course of construction, — as it was at the time of the accident, — with the scaffolding still there, were already in evidence. The photographs offered by the defendant could have been of no aid to the jury in determining the facts with reference to the accident, and hence were properly excluded. Iroquois Furnace Co. v. McCree, 191 Ill. 340, 61 N. E. 79; 17 Cyc. 419; Elliott, Ev. § 1263. See also Baustian v. Young, 152 Mo. 317, 75 Am. St. Rep. 462, 53 S. W. 921; Goldsboro v. Central R. Co. 60 N. J. L. 49, 37 Atl. 433, 2 Am. Neg. Rep. 408.

The photographs, also, were clearly inadmissible for another reason. They show, not only the building as completed, but they also show-a man standing on the roof. The preliminary questions asked by defendant’s counsel show that these photographs were offered, not for the purpose of presenting a view of the premises, but rather for the purpose of illustrating a hypothetical situation, and to explain the theories of defendant’s attorney with reference to the matter in controversy. Among the preliminary questions asked of the photographer was':' “Q. You may state whether you took the view of a man standing back from tbe edge of tbe cornice with his hand outstretched or making signals ?” It is not contended that the person in the photograph or the photographer saw the accident, and even if they had, they would not be permitted to prepare photographs illustrating a hypothetical situation. The rule is well settled that such photographs are inadmissible under any and all circumstances. “Photographs are not admissible in evidence merely to illustrate a hypothetical situation, or to explain the theories of a party as to the matter in controversy.” 9 Enc. Ev. 779. As was said by the supreme court of Maine in the case of Babb v. Oxford Paper Co. 99 Me. 298, 302, 59 Atl. 290, 292: “To be admissible, photographs -should simply show conditions existing at the time in question. But photographs taken to show more than this, with men in various assumed postures, and things in various assumed situations, in order to illustrate the claims and contentions of the parties, should not he admitted. An examination of the excluded photographs shoius that they fall within the latter class. They would serve merely to illustrate certain theories of the defendant, as to how the accident happened. They were properly excluded as a matter of law.” See also Fore v. State, 75 Miss. 727, 23 So. 710; Buck v. McKeesport, 223 Pa. 211, 72 Atl. 514; People v. Maughs, 149 Cal. 253, 86 Pac. 187. And in the case of Field v. Gowdy, 199 Mass. 568, 19 L.R.A.(N.S.) 236, 85 N. E. 884, in considering a somewhat similar question, it was said: “The defendant, having offered to show that, since the accident to the plaintiff, there had been no change in any of the material facts on the face of the earth, proffered a photograph taken in the course of the trial during a rainstorm of much greater severity than any occurring near the time of the accident, for the purpose of showing the direction taken by water thrown from the spout, and after it reached the defendant’s walk, and that such water could not • and did not flow to the public walk. To the exclusion of this evidence the defendant excepted. The ground of this ruling is not stated. A photograph of the place, when there was no stoim, was admitted in evidence. That excluded was at best a photograph of an experiment. A photograph has no higher character as evidence than the experiment itself. Whether the conditions were sufficiently similar to make the observation of any value in aiding the jury to pass upon the issue submitted to them was primarily for the trial judge to determine as a matter of discretion. His decision in this respect will not be interfered with,, unless plainly wrong. Sucb observations and experiments, though sometimes admitted, have often been excluded, in the discretion of the-presiding judge.” In the case of Stewart v. St. Paul City R. Co. 18 Minn. 110, 80 N. W. 855, 1 Am. Neg. Rep. 80, the supreme court of Minnesota, in an opinion written by the distinguished jurist, Judge-Mitchell, in discussing the admissibility of a photograph, said: “In this case, not only had the hole been filled up, but the car had been removed, and the defendant attempted to reproduce the former condition of things. The value, if any, of the photograph, depended upon-the fact that the condition existing when it was taken was an exactly accurate reproduction of the condition existing when the accident occurred. An error of a single foot in the location of the car or of the hole might render the photograph very misleading to the jury. A photograph may be a correct representation of a place, and yet, from a variety of causes, be very misleading as to distances or to the relative size or location of objects. In this case, a photograph would have had no real value as demonstrative evidence. Given the exact location of the hole and of the car at the time of the accident:, the distance and direction of the one from the other was a mere mathematical problem, to be solved by a measurement on the face of the earth. The photograph could in on way aid in this matter. Its only effect would be to possibly mislead the jury, and give them an erroneous impression of distance, resulting either from the manner in which it was taken, or-from error in the evidence tending to show that the car and the crowbar •constituted an exact reproduction of the condition existing at the time of' the accident, — prone, as juries would naturally be, to accept any photograph as absolutely correct, not only as to the physical objects which it represents, but also as to the impressions which it conveys-as to size and distance.” We are clearly of the opinion that the trial court committed no reversible error in excluding the photographs offered by defendant.

We can see no reason why the judgment should be reversed on account .of the alleged fact that there was no evidence that the cable was • defective or that the accident was occasioned thereby. Nor do we think there was reversible error in refusing to instruct the jury, at the request of the defendant, that “some evidence has been introduced in connection -with the cable used in the hoisting and lowering of the elevator here in controversy, and of its breaking and permitting the elevator to descend. I charge you, as a matter of law, that the breaking of the cable is in no way connected with the accident and resulting injury in this case, and that, in determining the question of whether the defendant was negligent, you must entirely disregard the strength or weakness of the cable, and no verdict can be based in favor of the plaintiff on the breaking of the cable.”

How much of the injury, it is true, was occasioned by the breaking of the cable, is not clear; but it is clear that it did- break, and it is also clear, that even if the accident in the first instance, that is to say, the falling on to the elevator, was not due to the negligence of the defendant, it was certainly the duty of the defendant to furnish a cable which would enable the elevator to be stopped when an accident happened, and which would not necessitate its falling to the ground. Even if the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur would not have applied if the cable had been forthcoming, we are of the opinion that it was made to apply by the failure of that production. Any other holding would simply mean that, in the case of the breaking of a cable or other appliance, all' that the defendant has to do is to conceal the cable, and no relief can be obtained. Here we have a f inch steel cable, that is 300 feet in length, and of a weight which must be very great. Strangely enough, this cable is lost, and though a demand is made for its production on both trials, and action was brought within three months of the accident, it is nowhere forthcoming. It is true that counsel for appellant states that he “has not the pleasure of living in Bismarck,” and he, perhaps, could not have produced the cable. His client, however, should not be excused from producing this cable for that reason, nor for having lost or concealed it in the first instance. The accident happened in Bismarck, and the defendant lived in Bismarck, and a steel cable does not evaporate into the thin air in a few months or days.

Why, indeed, the breaking of the cable should not be held to be one of the operating causes, if not the proximate cause, of the injury, it is difficult for us to see; and it is clear to us that the plaintiff, Wyldes, could recover on this theory, if on no other, and that the instruction of the court was therefore not erroneous. Siegel, C. & Co. v. Trcka, 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 647, and note (218 Ill. 559, 109 Am. St. Rep. 302, 75 N. E. 1053, 19 Am. Neg. Rep. 166).

The testimony of the engineer, Oreott, is positive, that at the time the cable broke the. elevator had only been lowered about 4J feet, while one other witness gives even a lesser distance, and that he stopped the elevator at that point, and that the subsequent fall was due to the breaking of the cable. The testimony of the plaintiff shows that he was drawn on to the top of the elevator by the lowering of the elevator, he having his hands upon the handles of the wheelbarrow. It is true that much of the injury occasioned by the fall, therefore, must have occurred through the breaking of the cable. The engineer’s testimony also tends to show that the sudden stopping of the elevator was not such as to have broken an ordinarily sufficient cable. He testifies:

Q. If you did not see the plaintiff at the time of the accident, how did you know that it broke at that particular time ?

A. Well, all I know, he was on the elevator when it broke. Yes, sir, he was on the elevator — on the top of the elevator, yes, sir. Yes, sir, I saw him. It was before the accident — before it broke.

Q. What distance had the elevator been lowered before it broke ?

A. The length of the elevator. The elevator from the platform was about four feet and a half. From the platform to the crosspiece where the cable hooked on. I stepped on my lever and stopped the elevator. He was on the top of the elevator, I stopped it as quick as I could.

Q. Would the stopping of the engine in the manner you did, and suddenly, cause a jerk upon the cable?

A. Not necessarily, I don’t think.

Q. It was a sudden stop ?

A. It probably was. I don’t know, I am not sure. In stepping on my lever there is a clutch there, and I knew it would stop it as quickly as it could stop. I had started to lower the elevator down in the usual way. I had lowered it some 4 feet. Saw him make a break for the elevator, and, as he grabbed at the elevator, I stopped it. He grabbed the corner of the elevator like that, and swung around the cable. After I suddenly stopped the elevator, after I had lowered it some four feet and-a half, or whatever distance it was, it was at that particular time that the cable broke. At that time Mr. Wyldes was on the elevator, on tlie crosspiece at the top of the elevator. lie was not on the platform, but on the crosspiece above it. When he was in that position I suddenly stopped the engine, and just as I made the sudden stop, the cable broke.

• We have, indeed, in The Luckenbach, 144 Fed. 980, a case which is very much in point on all of the questions involved, viz; the presumption that arises from the concealment of the cable, the duty to furnish a cable which will stand an ordinary strain such as the sudden stopping of the elevator, and the effect of the negligence of a fellow servant when coupled with a defective appliance. The court says: “The libellant sues to recover damages for the death of his intestate, who fell overboard and was drowned while engaged in arranging to cast anchor on the steamship Luckenbaeh, as she was coming into Hampton Roads, near the mouth of the Elizabeth river, preparatory to anchoring at Lamberts Point; the contention being that the accident occurred because of the defective condition of the ‘trip’ line attached to the block used in connection with the lowering of the anchor by the davit to the hawse pipe, as the block and tackle was being drawn back after lowering the anchor. The case turns upon the question of whether or not the respondent furnished to the libellant’s intestate a sound, safe, and suitable rope with which to perform the work required of him. The evidence for the libellant is clear and strong, that the attention of the ship’s representative had been called, prior to the accident, to the defective condition of the rope furnished, that gave way and caused the accident; and that it was unsuitable and unfit for the work. The respondent disputes the correctness of this position, and claims that the rope was new, and became unfastened, and that there was no defect in it. Upon the whole case, the conclusion reached is that whatever doubt there is on the question should be solved in favor of the libellant, since the ship failed to produce the rope, which was in her possession, that would have settled the question of its safe of unsafe condition, and whether it broke, or was new and inflexible and became untied, thus causing the accident. Respondent insists that, assuming that the rope may have parted as contended by libellant, nevertheless recovery should not be had, because the trip line was not intended to be used for hoisting purposes, and that the accident arose from the negligent manner in which the fellow servant of the libellant’s intestate performed the work, by improperly seizing hold of or catching the fish line which supported the block, thereby placing the strain and weight on the trip line, which was not intended to be used for such .purpose. The conclusion reached respecting this matter is that it was incumbent upon the ship to furnish such a rope as would provide against this contingency; that is to say, taking into account the manner in which it had been usually handled, they ought to have anticipated that in raising the block and fish line, the weight might be thrown upon this trip rope; and hence that the negligence of the fellow servant in bringing about this condition, if true, ivould not serve to relieve the ship from liability. The negligence of the fellow servant will not serve to relieve the master from liability, where the accident arises as the result of the negligence of such servant concurring with that of the master in failing to furnish proper appliances. Grand Trunk R. Co. v. Cummings, 106 U. S. 700-702, 27 L. ed. 266, 267, 1 Sup. Ct. Rep. 493; 10 Rose’s Notes, 438, 439. The Phœnix (D. C.) 34 Fed. 760; Clyde v. Richmond & D. R. Co. (C. C.) 59 Fed. 394; The Joseph B. Thomas, 46 L.R.A. 58, 30 C. C. A. 333, 56 U. S. App. 619, 86 Fed. 658, 664, 4 Am. Neg. Rep. 105; Richmond & D. R. Co. v. George, 88 Va. 223, 228, 13 S. E. 429; Norfolk & W. R. Co. v. Thomas, 90 Va. 209, 44 Am. St. Rep. 906, 17 S. E. 884; Norfolk & W. R. Co. v. Ampey, 93 Va. 108, 130, 25 S. E. 226.”

Generally speaking, too, we may say that the law is well settled that, “if the negligence of the master or of one for whose conduct the master is answerable mingles with that of one who stands in the relation of that of a fellow servant to the servant receiving the injury; and if the negligence of the master or his representative is a proximate or efficient cause of the injury, — the master will be liable, and will not be allowed to escape liability on the ground that the injury also proceeded from the negligence of one for whose conduct he was not answerable. A different statement of the doctrine is to say that, in order to relieve the master from liability for an injury to one of his servants, the negligence of a fellow servant must have been the sole cause of the injury, and not commingled or combined with the negligence of the master or of his representative.” Thomp. Neg. §§ 4856, 4863; Siegel, C. & Co. v. Trcka, 2 L.R.A.(N.S.) 647, and note (218 Ill. 559, 109, Am. St. Rep. 302, 75 N. E. 1053, 19 Am. Neg. Rep. 166); Kern v. De Castro & D. Sugar Ref. Co. 24 N. Y. S. R. 748, 5 N. Y. Supp. 548; Shearm. & Redf. Neg. 5th ed. § 188; 2 Labatt, Mast. & S. § 184. See also note to Lutz v. Atlantic & P. R. Co. 16 L.R.A. 819.

Mr. Jones, in § 19 of his work on Evidence, says: “The mere withholding or failing to produce evidence, which under the circumstances would be expected to be produced and which is available, gives rise to a presumption against .the party. It is a presumption less violent than that which attends the fabrication of testimony or the suppression of documents in which other parties have a legal interest; but the courts recognize and act upon the natural inference that the evidence is held back under such circumstances because it would be unfavorable. Said Lord Mansfield: ‘It is certainly a maxim that all evidence is to be weighed according to the proof which it was in the power of one side to have produced and in the power of the other to have contradicted.’ ”

It is undisputed that the cable broke, while it was being used for the purpose for which it was intended, and at a.timé when there was no load on the elevator. The only evidence in the record regarding the cable and its fitness for the work in question is that of the defendant, who testified that he purchased a 300-foot f inch cable for the elevator hoist from the manufacturer in St. Paul, Minnesota; that the cable arrived in Bismarck about the 15th of August. Certain correspondence was offered in evidence by defendant, showing that the defendant, before purchasing the cable, made inquiries as to .the price for which it could :be obtained. On cross-examination, the defendant admitted that he obtained quotations of prices on the cable from different houses, .and accepted the best terms, although he states that he can’t remember whether he accepted the cheapest possible terms or not. The record .also contains án invoice, showing that the price of the cable after deducting all discounts was $17.55. There is absolutely no testimony of any kind, aside from this, to show that the cable was of sufficient' strength or fitted for the work for which it was used, nor is there any evidence of any kind showing that .any inspection w.as eter made. . Appellant’s counsel seems to rely implicitly on the proposition that he has conclusively established the. sufficiency of this cable by showing that á new cable was purchased about August 15th, even though the accident did not occur until November 15th. There is absolutely no evidence of the condition of the cable on November 15th, or any time after August 15th, and the testimony as to its condition on that date is limited to the matters above specified. The testimony shows that the cable broke while it was being used for the purpose for which it was intended, and at a time when there was no load on the elevator. If the approximate cause of plaintiff’s fall in the first place was the failure on the part of the defendant to establish a system of signals, still, plaintiff’s injuries would probably not have been very great if the cable had not broken. So, clearly, the breaking of the cable was directly a contributory cause to the injuries sustained by the plaintiff. The testimony of the foreman, Larson, is to the effect that no signals had been provided, and that he had ordered a discontinuance of all signals. The testimony of the engineer is to the effect that he recognized a certain system of signals. The testimony of the engineer is also to the effect that he had operated a hoisting engine only during a part of the last two summers. Does this testimony conclusivély establish that the cable was free from defects, and that the engineer was sufficiently skilled to-perform his labor, under the circumstances as disclosed by the evidence in this case ?

At the time of the trial, the plaintiff’s counsel demanded that the cable be produced. Defendant’s counsel stated in reply that he “did not have the pleasure of living in Bismarck,” and didn’t know where it. was. Clearly this was no sufficient explanation.

It is a well-settled rule of evidence, that the failure or refusal of a party to produce evidence particularly within his knowledge and control,' and which would have an important bearing upon the facts in dispute, warrants the inference that it would be unfavorable to his contention. See Chamberlain on Evidence, § 1081a. In this state, this rule has been made a part of our statutory law. Section 7936, Compiled Laws,, reads: “All other presumptions are satisfactory, if uncontradicted. They are denominational disputable presumptions, and may be contradicted by other evidence. The following are of that kind: . . „ 5. That evidence wilfully suppressed would be adverse if produced. 6. That higher evidence would be adverse from .inferior, being produced.” The very best evidence of the condition of the cable, and whether or not it was defective, was the cable itself. This was the property of the defendant. This action was commenced on February 11, 1911, or within three months after the accident occurred. The complaint charged the defective cable as one of the grounds of negligence. The defendant knew he would be called upon to answer this charge, and both he and his attorneys must have known that the cable itself would be evidence of the very highest degree, yet under those circumstances the cable is not produced, even upon demand of the plaintiff. Defendant could have been permitted to go on the stand as a witness and explain the absence of the cable, but this was not done. The only explanation offered was the statement of counsel, not under oath, and hence of absolutely no evidentiary value. Under the laws of this state, the failure to produce the cable, until rebutted by competent evidence, was of itself evidence of the fact that the cable was defective, and that if produced it would show such defect. It also seems to us that, under the facts in this case, the occurrence of the injury, in the-manner and under the circumstances shown to exist, is of itself sufficient evidence of the defect of the cable and the negligence of the defendant in using a defective cable. Or, in other words, that the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur applies. In Griffin v. Boston & A. R. Co. 148 Mass. 143, 1 L.R.A. 698, 12 Am. St. Rep. 526, 19 N. E. 166, the court reasoned as follows: “The separation of a train in consequence of the spreading of a link, where nothing further appears, is more naturally to be attributed to an imperfection or defect in the link than to any other cause. Ordinarily such separation would not háppen if the link was sound, and suitable for use. If the link was not sound, and suitable for use, the fact of its being used in that condition properly calls for explanation from the defendant; and if, under such circumstances, the defendant fails to put in any evidence, some inference against it may be drawn therefrom. The fact may be susceptible of an explanation sufficient to exonerate the defendant. But, in the absence of such explanation, we think the jury might properly infer negligence on the part of the defendant. Primarily, in such case, one may properly look to the railroad company itself, whose duty it is to use reasonable care to provide safe instruments and means for operating the railroad. In the absence of any explanation by the company, it is more probable that the separation of the train was from a cause for which it would be responsible, than that it was from a cause for which it would not be responsible.” And in Houston v. Brush, 66 Vt. 331, 29 Atl. 380, it appeared that, although a derrick which gave way owing to the working out of a pin was almost daily subjected to the strain of lifting heavy stones, it had not been inspected to see if it was safe in this respect, for about thirty days prior to the accident. The court said': “The working out of the pin was an accident which, in the ordinary course of things, does not occur if those who have the care and management of a derrick use proper care. The case standing thus, we think the jury had a right to consider the fact that the pin came out as it did, and from it draw the inference that the defendant had failed to exercise ordinary care.” In the same case, the court also said: “There was no evidence that either the plaintiff or the defendants had .any apprehension that an accident like this might happen, or knew that the tin was off. The case standing thus, the plaintiff clearly had the right to go to the jury on the questions whether the tackle block in the first instance was reasonably fit for the use to which it was to be put, and, if so, whether the defendants had properly inspected it, and kept it in reasonably good repair, so that the plaintiff’s injuries ivere not the result of a shortage of legal duty on their part. But the defendants insist that the negligence, if any, in respect to the block was the negligence of Bailey, who had charge of it, and that he was a fellow servant of the plaintiff, and consequently there can be no recovery by the plaintiff against them. The master is liable for the negligence of his servant while discharging a duty which the master owes to a general workman in his employ. If the tackle block was unsafe and unfit for use, in the respect complained of, when it came from the manufacturer and was put upon the derrick, or subsequently became so by reason of the failure of the defendants to properly inspect it and keep it in repair, they are liable, whether this condition resulted from their own negligence, or from the negligence of some servant to whom they delegated the performance of the duty which the law imposed upon them. Davis v. Central Vermont R. Co. 55 Vt. 84, 45 Am. Rep. 590; Deering, Neg. 198.” In Sullivan v. Reed Foundry Co. 207 Mass. 280, 93 N. E. 576, ¶ 2 of the syllabus reads: “The unexplained fact that a hook broke while holding a weight much less than a sound hook of the same size should hold is .evidence of the hook’s defective condition.” ' And in discussing this matter in the opinion, the court said: “It is strenuously urged, however, that there was no evidence that the hook was weak. So far as respects the testimony of the experts and of those who had made a personal examination of the hook, it must be said that there is a very strong case made out for the defendant on this point. But, after all, there was some conflict in this part of the evidence, and it was for the jury to say what credit they would give to Miller, the expert called by the plaintiff. Moreover, one salient fact must not be lost sight of. The hook broke while holding a weight much less than a hook of that size, if sound, should have held. Thai fact unexplained is of itself evidence of a defective condition. Doherty v. Booth, 200 Mass. 522, 86 N. E. 945, and cases cited. . . . The question of the soundness or suitableness 6f the hook was properly left to the jury. The defendant further says that, even if the hook was •defective, there is no evidence that the defendant was negligent in mot ascertaining that fact. The hook had been used several months. In view of the evidence as to the material of which the hook was made, ns to the length of time it had been used, and the kind of use, including its exposure to fire, as to the effect reasonably to be expected therefrom upon it by way of crystallization or otherwise, and as to the lack of inspection, the question of the negligence of the defendant was for the jury.”

It will be noted that in the case of Sullivan v. Reed Foundry Co. supra, defendant offered evidence to show that the hook was not defective. In the instant case, no evidence was offered by defendant to prove that the cable in the first instance was of sufficient strength, or that any inspection thereof was ever made; the cable was not produced. It is a far stronger case for the application of the maxim of res ipsa loquitur than the case cited above. The maxim of res ipsa loquitur is founded in justice and reason. As was said by the supreme court of Vermont in Houston v. Brush, 66 Vt. 331, 29 Atl. 380: “Without attempting to formulate a rule embracing every case to which the maxim is to be' applied, we think it is clear from the authorities cited, that when the defendant owes a duty to the plaintiff to use a certain degree of care in respect to the thing causing the accident, to prevent the occurrence of .such accident, and the thing is shown to be under the management of the defendant or his servants, and the accident is such as, in the ordinary course of things, does not occur if those who have the management use proper care, it affords evidence, in the absence of evidence showing that it happened without the fault of the defendant, that the accident arose from the lack of the requisite care. In such case the occurreneeitself, unexplained, shows prima facie a shortage of legal duty on the part of the defendant. This doctrine does not dispense with the rule that the party who alleges negligence must prove it; but, on the contrary, it only determines the mode of proving it, or what shall be prima facie evidence of negligence in a certain class of cases. In the case at bar the defendants owed the requisite duty to the plaintiff, to bring the-case within the rule. It is evident that the accident would not have occurred ij: the pin had not worked out so as to cause the wheel to fall.” In the instant case, how could plaintiff prove affirmatively by extrinsic evidence that the cable was defective or insufficient ? The plaintiff was not required to inspect the cable; and such inspection doubtless would have been unavailing, as plaintiff was not presumed to be an expert in matters of that kind — his duties were of a different character. The cable was removed after it was broken, and not produced for the jury’s inspection. It is obvious that plaintiff would be absolutely unable to-prove any defect, except such as would be inferred from the happening-of the accident itself. The defendant was in position to prove the fitness of the cable for its intended use, the inspection thereof from time to-time, and its freedom from defect at the time of the accident, if such were the case. These were matters peculiarly within his knowledge, and upon which he could have furnished proof if he desired. The maxim of res ipsa loquitur sprang into existence by reason of the vast increase in modern times of the use of powerful machinery, harmless in normal operation, but capable of serious human injury if not constructed or managed in á certain mode. Wigmore, Ev. § 2509. And it was intended to apply to cases such as the one at bar. It is self-evident that if the cable on November 15th had been of sufficient strength and free-from defect, it could not and would not have broken. That the breaking of the cable under these circumstances was of itself sufficient to-raise a presumption of negligence is sustained by the overwhelming-weight of authority. See also Jones on Evidence, § 19.

It has been held that the maxim of res ipsa loquitur applied, and that the jury would be justified in finding the defendant negligent and the-plaintiff entitled to recovery, in the following cases:

Where a hook used to lift a smokestack straightened from the mere weight of the smokestack. El Paso Foundry & Mach. Co. v. De Guereque, 46 Tex. Civ. App. 86, 101 S. W. 814. Where a chain which was part of an elevator wholly under the control of the master fell. Konigsberg v. Davis, 57 Misc. 630, 108 N. Y. Supp. 595. Where an elevator fell. Fearington v. Blackwell Durham Tobacco Co. 141 N. C. 80, 53 S. E. 662. Where a safety clutch on an elevator failed to work. National Biscuit Co. v. Wilson, — Ind. App. —, 80 N. E. 33. Where .an elevator in charge of defendant’s engineer fell without fault on the part of the plaintiff, who was operating it. Dahlen v. New York L. Ins. Co. 109 Minn. 337, 123 N. W. 926. Where a belt creeps automatically from one pulley to another. Petrarca v. Quidnick Mfg. Co. 27 R. I. 265, 61 Atl. 648. Where a rope used to handle heavy timbers broke. Jefferys v. Nebraska Bridge Supply & Lumber Co. 157 Fed. 932.

Where a scaffold furnished by the master fell while being used in the manner intended. Cleary v. General Contracting Co. 53 Wash. 254, 101 Pac. 188.

Where a piece of timber fell during the construction of a building. Kain v. Roebling Constr. Co. 72 Misc. 34, 129 N. Y. Supp. 151.

Where a buffer iron fell off the bolt on which it was hung, because the split key holding it in place fell out. Sullivan v. Rowe, 194 Mass. 500, 80 N. E. 459.

Where a crowbar fell from upper story of a building where servants were at work, and fell upon the plaintiff, who was working below. Johnson v. Metropolitan Street R. Co. 104 Mo. App. 588, 78 S. W. 275.

Where a servant at her place of work is injured by the fall of a barrel from a platform above her. Armour v. Golkowska, 202 Ill. 144, 66 N. E. 1037, 14 Am. Neg. Rep. 13.

Where a brick falls from a portion of a building where only bricklayers employed by defendant are at work, and injures the plaintiff. Guldseth v. Carlin, 19 App. Div. 588, 46 N. Y. Supp. 357.

Where á brake chain broke, throwing a brakeman to the ground. Galveston, H. & S. A. R. Co. v. Harris, 48 Tex. Civ. App. 434, 107 S. W. 108.

Where a piece of timber, which has been left leaning against a post, falls. Sackewitz v. American Biscuit Mfg. Co. 78 Mo. App. 144.

Where a dumb-waiter, while unloaded, falls from the fifth floor of a. warehouse and injures an employee, who has inclined his head within the shaft to hear orders given from another floor, as was customary. Winkelmann & B. Drug Co. v. Colladay, 88 Md. 78, 40 Atl. 1078, 4 Am. Neg. Rep. 645.

Where the place which a miner was required to pass over gave way in a sudden and unexplained way. Lentino v. Port Henry Iron Ore Co. 71 App. Div. 466, 75 N. Y. Supp. 755.

Where a rock fell from the roof of a tunnel into which the servant had been ordered to take the train. Louisville & N. R. Co. v. Cason, — Ky. —, 116 S. W. 716.

Where a bucket in which the plaintiff was being hoisted from a mine-fell down the shaft because the cable ran off the drum. Texas & P. Coal Co. v. Daves, 41 Tex. Civ. App. 289, 92 S. W. 275.

Where an open window in the office of a railroad company falls on one who was presenting an order for payment, in accordance with a custom of the company to pay its employees through such window. Carroll v. Chicago, B. & N. R. Co. 99 Wis. 399, 67 Am. St. Rep. 872, 75 N. W. 176.

Where plaintiff, who was walking along a pathway outside of the-railroad company’s right of way, was struck by cross-ties, as they fell from a moving train. Howser v. Cumberland & P. R. Co. 80 Md. 146, 27 L.R.A. 154, 45 Am. St. Rep. 332, 30 Atl. 906.

Where an iron ear, which connected the trolley with a guy, broke, and fell on plaintiff’s head. Uggla v. West End Street R. Co. 160 Mass. 351, 39 Am. St. Rep. 481, 35 N. E. 1126.

It should also be remembered that at the time the cable broke, it was being used for the purpose for which it was intended, and was not being-subjected to any unusual strain. Under such circumstances the maxim of res ipsa, loquitur is especially applicable. Hannan v. American Steel & Wire Co. 193 Mass. 127, 78 N. E. 749; Folk v. Schaeffer, 186 Pa. 253, 40 Atl. 401; Cleary v. General Contracting Co. 53 Wash. 254, 101 Pac. 888; Stewart v. Ferguson, 164 N. Y. 553, 58 N. E. 662, 9 Am. Neg. Rep. 132.

Generally speaking, and in connection with this and the other portions-of the instructions which are complained of, we may add that the law of the -case has been established by our former opinion in Wyldes v. Patterson, 24 N. D. 218, 139 N. W. 577. We are still of the opinion that it was there correctly stated. That decision, at any rate, is controlling upon us here. See Hayne’s New Trial & Appeal, vol. 2, page 1658 and eases cited. So, too, the instructions with which we are concerned are those to which exceptions were taken — all the other portions of the instructions will be regarded as the law of the case. 2 Cyc. 724; see also Appeal & Error, 1 Decen. Dig, § 263. (1) The trial court in its instructions outlined the issues as formed by the pleadings. This was the proper method of outlining the issues, Sackett, Instructions, §155. The defendant did not ask the court to eliminate any question raised by the pleadings from the jury’s consideration, with the single exception of the strength or weakness of the cable. A party should not be heard to complain that an issue raised by the pleadings is improperly submitted to the jury, where no request is made for an instruction to take same away from the jury’s consideration. 2 Cyc. 701. Nor did the defendant except to that portion of the instructions outlining the issues; hence the correctness thereof is not before this court for determination, but they are the law of the case. The only instructions to which exceptions were taken are the following:

(a) “You will .take into consideration all of the evidence bearing upon the question of negligence, and in the light of it all determine whether the defendant was in fact negligent as charged, and whether the plaintiff was in fact negligent in such a manner as to contribute to the injury.”

(b) “The plaintiff must so establish the fact of the alleged injury, that such alleged injury was caused by and through the negligence of the defendant in some of the manners charged in the complaint.”

(c) “I charge you, gentlemen of the jury, that it was the direct, personal, and absolute obligation of the defendant in this case to provide reasonably safe and suitable machinery and appliances for the business then in hand. This includes the exercise of reasonable care in furnishing such appliances. An employer must furnish a safe place in which his employee is to work.”

(d) “I charge you that the plaintiff herein by his contract of employment with the defendant did not assume the risks arising from the want of sufficient and skilled labor, or from defective machinery, or other instruments with which he had to work.”

(e) “I charge you that it was the duty of the defendant in this case to furnish the plaintiff with safe and suitable appliances with which •to perform the work required of him, and also to see that the same were kept in proper repair, and if this duty was negligently performed and the plaintiff sustained any injury thereby, the defendant was responsible in damages.”

The first instruction excepted to (a) is merely a portion of the instruction relative to the law of negligence. The entire instruction is as follows: “In determining the question of negligence, both on the part of the plaintiff and the defendant, you should consider all the circumstances under which the defendant caused the acts to be performed alleged in the complaint, and under which he failed to act, if you find that he did fail in such respect. You have a right to take into consideration the conditions surrounding the injury, — the situation of the parties, the character and location of the machinery and appliances and the building under construction, and their location with respect to each other, the fact that the employment of the plaintiff was •or was Uot a dangerous one, the fact that the plaintiff was or was not aware of the nature of such employment, the fact of whether or not it was necessary that a code of signals be promulgated and enforced in order to insure the reasonably safe carrying out of the operations then in hand, — in fact, all of the facts and circumstances and conditions existing at the time of the alleged accident. You will take into consideration all of the evidence bearing upon the question of negligence, and, in the light of it all, determine whether the defendant was in fact negligent as charged, and whether the plaintiff was in fact negligent in such manner as to contribute to the injury.” Will anyone seriously contend that this instruction, taken as a whole, is erroneous ? It seems to us ’that such contention would be untenable.

In the case of the second instruction (b) also, appellant has selected a part of an instruction — in fact, a mere clause out of a sentence. It seems to us that there might be a question if such exception presents anything for this court to review. The entire instruction is as follows: “Furthermore, gentlemen of the jury, I charge you that the plaintiff in this case having set up those facts which he relies upon as giving him the right to recover here, the burden is upon him to establish to your satisfaction by a fair preponderance of the evidence— that iá, by a greater weight of evidence — the existence and truth of those facts, and if the plaintiff fails to so establish those facts, then, and in that case, your verdict here must be for the defendant; that is, the plaintiff must so establish the fact of the alleged injury, that such alleged injury was caused by and through the negligence of the defendant in some of the manners charged in the complaint, and the amount of the damage that the plaintiff suffered by reason of such injury. And if he fails to establish any or all of those facts, then he has failed to make out his case, and you must find against him.” It will be observed this instruction relates to the burden of proof, and it is not contended that the law thus charged is erroneous. The only possible complaint relates to the reference made to the issues in the case. As already stated, no exception is taken to that part of the charge outlining the issues; hence the same will be regarded as the law of the case, and is not subject to review. The instruction was limited to the burden of proof, and clearly impressed upon the jury the fact that the plaintiff must prove his case before he could recover. This of itself was equivalent to an instruction to disregard allegations of negligence not proven, and this is especially so when taken in connection with the portion of the charge immediately following; which was as follows: “I charge you, as a matter of law, that you cannot infer that the defendant was negligent merely because of the happening of the accident. The plaintiff must prove hy a fair preponderance of the evidence that the accident was caused by some default or neglect on the part of the defendant, irrespective of, and independent of, the happening of the accident.”

In case of the third instruction (c) also, appellant merely selects a part of an instruction. The complete instruction was as follows: “I charge you, gentlemen of the jury, that it was the direct personal and absolute obligation of the defendant in this case to provide reasonably safe and suitable machinery and appliances for the business' then in hand. This includes the exercise of reasonable care in furnishing such .appliance. An employer must furnish a safe place in which his employee is to work. But the defendant was not an insurer of the plaintiff’s safety, nor of cmy of the appliances which the plaintiff was required to use, nor was he an insurer of the methods of the doing of the work, in which the plaintiff was engaged at the time of the accident, but the defendant was only required to exercise ordinary carej that is, such care as a man of ordinary prudence would exercise in. the like or similar circumstances. The plaintiff assumed the risks naturally and ordinarily incident to the work in which he was engaged at the time of the accident and in the course of his employment.” This is a correct statement of the law. As was said by this court in Cameron v. Great Northern R. Co. 8 N. D. 124, 130, 77 N. W. 1016, 5 Am. Neg. Rep. 454: “It is well settled that the master must furnish the servant with reasonably safe and suitable machinery and appliances, and if the master fails in this duty, and the servant is injured thereby while in the exercise of due care, the master will be liable for such injury. The master is bound to observe all the care which prudence and the exigency of the situation requires, with respect to furnishing instrumentalities adequately safe for the use of the servant, and when such instrumentalities are furnished, the master is required, further, to exercise due care in keeping the same safe cmd serviceable; and, with this end in view, the master is bound to make seasonable inspection of the condition of the instrumentalities furnished for the use of the servant. These rules are familiar, and are so frequently reiterated by the courts that authority in their support is unnecessary.” See also Sackett on Instructions, §§ 1495, 1496.

The fourth instruction excepted to (d) is not even a complete sentence, but merely a qualifying clause qualifying the remainder of the sentence. The complete instruction is as follows: “Furthermore, I charge you, that he likewise assumed such risks connected with the method of doing the work in the manner in which it was being done, at the time he was injured, as he knew and appreciated, or in the exercise of ordinary care should have known and appreciated. The plaintiff was required to use reasonable care for his own safety. The law will not permit him to say he did not see that which was obvious, and that he did not know or appreciate things which should be known and appreciated by persons of ordinary intelligence. The plaintiff cannot be permitted to shut his eyes and say he did not see, nor to close his ears and say he did not hear; but I charge you that .the plaintiff herein by his contract of employment with the defendant did not assume the risks arising from the want of sufficient and skilled labor, or from defective machinery or other instruments with which he had to work.”

It must be observed tbat this is a negative instruction, and is limited expressly to tbe question of tbe assumption of risk. It is conceded tbat it is a correct statement of tbe law as an abstract proposition. Appellant’s attack on tbis instruction is predicated on tbe erroneous assumption that tbis instruction authorizes the jury to return a verdict against tbe defendant on a ground of negligence not involved. This argument is wholly fallacious, and worthy of little consideration. Tbe court had already carefully instructed on the questions of negligence, and contributory negligence, and assumption of risk. The instruction challenged related solely to the assumption of risk. It must be presumed tbat tbe jury applied it in accordance with tbe directions of the court, and to the subject to which its application was limited, and, this being so, it seems clear that defendant was not prejudiced by it. The argument that jurors will take isolated phrases of a charge and apply the same to matters wholly foreign to the subject to which they relate is not one which appeals to reason. The jurors are presumed to be men of ordinary intelligence, and to have acted as such. It is obvious that if qualifying clauses are read by themselves, they will convey a meaning radically different from that intended to be conveyed, and actually conveyed by the sentence as a whole. If the same method employed by appellant’s counsel in this case be adopted in construing the state Constitution, some rather startling results will be obtained. Thus, the first clause of § 8 of tbe Constitution reads: “Until otherwise provided by law, no persons shall, for a felony, be proceeded against criminally.” And tbe first clause of § 64 reads': “No bill shall be revised or amended,” and tbe first clause of § 18 reads: “No person shall be eligible to the office of governor or lieutenant governor.” Of course, the clauses so selected are no indication of the meaning conveyed by the respective sections from which they are quoted, but it demonstrates the unfairness of appellant’s counsel in the exceptions taken to the charge to the jury in this case. He has adopted the method utilized by the atheist who invoked the aid of the Bible in proving that there was no God. He quoted tbe clause, “There is no God,” from the 14th Psalm, when the complete sentence reads: “Tbe fool bath said in bis heart, there is no God” So in this case appellant’s counsel has selected, not complete instructions, nor even complete sentences, but isolated clauses. The unfairness of tbis seems to us to be entirely obvious.

' The burden of establishing the defenses, not only of contributory negligence, but also of assumption of risk, was upon the defendant. Shebeck v. National Cracker Co. 120 Iowa, 414, 94 N. W. 930, 931; Nicholaus v. Chicago, R. I. & P. R. Co. 90 Iowa, 85, 57 N. W. 694; Thompson v. Great Northern R. Co. 70 Minn. 219, 72 N. W. 962; Nadau v. White River Lumber Co. 76 Wis. 120, 20 Am. St. Rep. 29, 43 N. W. 1135.

The fifth instruction challenged here (e), also, is only a part of a sentence, the complete instruction being as follows: “I further charge you that it was the duty of the defendant in this case to furnish the plaintiff with safe and suitable appliance with which to perform the work required of him, and also to see that the same were kept in proper repair, and if this duty was negligently performed and the plaintiff sustaiñed any injury thereby, the defendant was responsible in damages; provided that such negligence of the defendant was the direct and próximate cause of the injury, and that the plaintiff did not contribute to the direct and proximate cause of the injury by his own negligence.” The error urged with reference to this instruction — and this applies in part to the instruction considered under point (c) above —all goes to the question of the defect in the cable, and is fully covered by'what we have said under point (d) above and in our previous discussion.

The trial court clearly was justified in refusing to instruct the jury to disregard, all testimony relative to the breaking of the cable. This point has already been fully discussed. In our opinion, the defendant received far more favorable instructions from the court upon this feature of the case than he was entitled to receive. The court, among others, gave the following instruction: “I charge you, as a matter of law, that you cannot infer that the defendant was negligent, merely because of the happening of the accident. The plaintiff must prove by a fair preponderance of the evidence that the accident was caused by some fault or- neglect on the part of the defendant, irrespective of, and independent ,of} the happening of the accident.” We believe that the court would have-been justified in instructing the jury that, under the evidence in the' case, the breaking of the cable in the manner and under the conditions which it did raised a presumption that such cable was defective, and that the burden was upon the defendant to rebut such. presumption. See Uggla v. West End Street R. Co. 160 Mass. 351, 39 Am. St. Rep. 481, 35 N. E. 1126.

The court’s instructions should be taken as a whole, and when this is done, we are unable to see where appellant has any cause to complain. “The charge is entitled to a reasonable interpretation. It is construed as a whole, in the same connected way in which it was given, upon the presumption that the jury did not overlook any portion, but gave due weight to it as a whole; and this4s so, although it consists of clauses originating with different counsel and applicable to different phases of the evidence. If, when so construed, it presents the law fairly and correctly to the jury, in a manner not calculated to mislead them, it will afford no ground for reversing the judgment, although some of its expressions, if standing alone, might be regarded as erroneous; or because they may' be an apparent conflict between isolated sentences; or because its parts may be in some respects slightly repugnant to each other, or because some one of them, taken, abstractly, may have been erroneous. If, therefore, a single instruction is found which states the law incorrectly, ánd yet it is qualified by others in such a manner that the jury were probably not misled by it, it will not be ground for reversing the judgment.” Thomp. Trials, § 2407. See also Gagnier v. Fargo, 12 N. D. 219, 96 N. W. 841.

But even though it he conceded that the instructions are in part erroneous (which we by no means do), this would not of itself justify a reversal. “Courts of error do not sit to decide moot questions, but to redress real grievances. It is, therefore, a rule of nearly all the courts, that no judgment will be reversed on account of the giving of erroneous instructions, unless it appear probable that the jury were misled by them. Expressions of this rule could be multiplied almost without limit. Thus, it is said that instructions faulty, or technically erroneous, will not work a reversal of the judgment, if the jury were not misled, or if, as a whole, the ease was fairly presented to them, and especially if their verdict is obviously correct. So, although an instruction given to the jury contained matter technically erroneous, yet if the objectionable part was merely superfluous, and not calculated to mislead, the judgment will not be reversed because of the giving of it.” Thomp. Trials, § 2401.

“There is a marked distinction between submitting to the jury an instruction based upon a hypothetical state of facts which there is no evidence tending to prove, and what is termed an abstract instruction. As a general rule, the former will be error, and the latter not. By the giving of an abstract instruction is understood the statement of an abstract proposition of law, which is irrelevant to the issues on trial. The general rule, perhaps, is that this is not ground of reversal in a civil case, even where the proposition of law may he erroneously stated, since it would not he likely to influence the jury either way. ‘Every charge of a court,’ said Willie, Ch. J., ‘must be tested by the facts to which it is applicable.’ The announcement, therefore, of a general principle in a charge which in the abstract may be wrong, will not be cause for reversing the judgment, if it be so modified by the charge, in view of the facts of the case, that it could not affect the rights of the party complaining.” Thomp. Trials, § 2321.

“Of course, it can never be said that the jury were misled by the giving of erroneous instructions, where they have reached the correct result by their verdict. Accordingly, it is the practice of most of the courts, before passing upon exceptions to instructions, to look into the evidence and see if the verdict was right; and if it is found to he so, the court will look no further. The rule of these courts is, that a good verdict cures all errors in the intermediate steps by which it was reached. In England, it is no ground for a new trial that the judge misdirected the jury, unless it is shown that the jury were thereby induced to form a wrong conclusion. If the revising court sees that justice has been done between the parties, they will not set aside the verdict, nor enter into a discussion of the questions of law.” Thomp. Trials, § 2402. “We waste time in multiplying forms of expression, beyond saying that the courts which entertain this conception refuse to reverse judgments because of errors in giving or refusing instructions, where they can see from the whole record that substantial justice has been done, and that another trial ought to produce the same result.” Thomp. Trials, § 2403.

The small amount of the damages found by the jury shows that it was not actuated by passion or prejudice. In our opinion, the verdict is. just and right; and the judgment based thereon should be affirmed. It is so ordered.