Jesse B. v. Tylee H.

Nebraska Supreme Court Online Library
www.nebraska.gov/apps-courts-epub/
06/24/2016 09:09 AM CDT
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Nebraska A dvance Sheets
293 Nebraska R eports
JESSE B. v. TYLEE H.
Cite as 293 Neb. 973Jesse B., individually and as Guardian and next friend
of Jaelyn B., a minor child, appellant, v. Tylee H.
and Douglas J. Peterson, Attorney General
of the State of Nebraska, appellees.
___ N.W.2d ___
Filed June 24, 2016. No. S-15-870.
1. Actions: Judicial Notice. A court may judicially notice adjudicative
facts, which are not subject to reasonable dispute, at any stage of the
proceeding.
2. Actions: Judicial Notice: Appeal and Error. In interwoven and inter-
dependent cases, an appellate court may examine its own records and
take judicial notice of the proceedings.
3. Judgments: Jurisdiction. A jurisdictional issue that does not involve a
factual dispute presents a question of law.
4. Statutes. The meaning and interpretation of a statute present questions
of law.
5. Constitutional Law: Statutes. The constitutionality of a statute is a
question of law.
6. Judgments: Appeal and Error. When reviewing questions of law,
an appellate court resolves the questions independently of the lower
court’s conclusions.
7. Jurisdiction: Appeal and Error. Before deciding the merits of an
appeal, an appellate court must determine if it has jurisdiction.
8. ____: ____. If the court from which a party takes an appeal lacks juris-
diction, then the appellate court acquires no jurisdiction.
9. ____: ____. An appellate court has the power to determine whether it
has jurisdiction over an appeal and to correct jurisdictional issues even
if it does not have jurisdiction to reach the merits.
10. Habeas Corpus: Parental Rights: Child Custody. Habeas corpus
is an appropriate proceeding to test the legality of custody and best
interests of a minor, including the rights of fathers of children born out
of wedlock.
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293 Nebraska R eports
JESSE B. v. TYLEE H.
Cite as 293 Neb. 97311. Constitutional Law: Habeas Corpus: Child Custody. Habeas corpus
is a civil remedy constitutionally available in a proceeding to challenge
and test the legality of a person’s detention, imprisonment, or custodial
deprivation of the person’s liberty. It is an appropriate proceeding to test
the legality of custody and best interests of a minor, when the party hav-
ing physical custody of the minor has not acquired custody under a court
order or decree.
12. Habeas Corpus: Jurisdiction. Because the privilege of the writ of
habeas corpus is part of Nebraska’s organic law, district courts have
general jurisdiction over these proceedings.
13. Courts: Jurisdiction: Child Custody. District courts have inherent
equity jurisdiction to resolve custody disputes.
14. Constitutional Law: Legislature: Courts: Jurisdiction. The
Legislature cannot limit or take away the broad and general jurisdiction
of the district courts, as conferred by the Nebraska Constitution. But it
can give county courts concurrent original jurisdiction over the same
subject matter.
15. Courts: Adoption. A parent can challenge the legality of an adoption by
objecting to the proceeding in county court.
16. Legislature: Courts: Jurisdiction: Adoption: Habeas Corpus. Despite
the Legislature’s grant of exclusive jurisdiction over adoption matters to
county or juvenile courts, when a parent claims his or her child is being
illegally detained for an adoption, a district court has original overlap-
ping jurisdiction over the matter in a habeas proceeding.
17. Courts: Jurisdiction. Where courts have concurrent jurisdiction, the
first to assume jurisdiction retains it to the exclusion of the other.
18. Courts: Jurisdiction: Child Custody: Habeas Corpus. When a district
court acquires jurisdiction over a habeas proceeding involving the per-
manent custody of a child, no other court can acquire jurisdiction over
the matter until after the first court’s order is carried out.
19. Actions: Courts: Jurisdiction. Where an action is pending in two
courts, the court first acquiring jurisdiction will hold jurisdiction to the
exclusion of the other.
20. Actions: Standing: Time. A court determines standing as it existed
when a plaintiff commenced an action.
21. Paternity: Child Custody: Time. A paternity acknowledgment in
Nebraska operates as a legal finding of paternity after the 60-day rescis-
sion period has expired. At that point, the acknowledged father is the
child’s legal father—not a presumed father. And he has the same right
to seek custody as the child’s biological mother, even if genetic testing
shows he is not the biological father.
22. Parental Rights: Public Policy: States: Appeal and Error. It is not
contrary to Nebraska’s public policy to recognize an acknowledged
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Nebraska A dvance Sheets
293 Nebraska R eports
JESSE B. v. TYLEE H.
Cite as 293 Neb. 973father’s parental rights under another state’s statutes when the Nebraska
Supreme Court has recognized an acknowledged father’s parental rights
under Nebraska’s statutes.
23. Constitutional Law: Foreign Judgments: Jurisdiction: States. The
Full Faith and Credit Clause requires states to give the same effect to a
judgment in the forum state that it has in the state where the court ren-
dered the judgment.
24. Constitutional Law: Foreign Judgments: States: Paternity: Adoption:
Parental Rights. Neb. Rev. Stat. § 43-1406(1) (Reissue 2008) extends
the constitutional requirement of giving full faith and credit to a sister
state’s paternity determination through a voluntary acknowledgment. So
whether a paternity acknowledgment made in a sister state requires a
legal father’s consent to an adoption depends upon whether the laws of
the sister state confer that right.
25. Adoption: Parent and Child. Adoption terminates the parent-child
relationship.
26. Courts: Jurisdiction: Adoption: Parental Rights. To terminate a
father’s rights through an adoption procedure, the consent of the adju-
dicated father of a child born out of wedlock is required for the adop-
tion to proceed unless the Nebraska court having jurisdiction over the
custody of the child determines otherwise, pursuant to Neb. Rev. Stat.
§ 43-104.22 (Reissue 2008).
27. Adoption: States: Statutes. Neb. Rev. Stat. § 43-104.22(11) (Reissue
2008) does not apply to an acknowledged father with the right to con-
sent to an adoption under the laws of a sister state.
28. Judgments: Collateral Attack: Jurisdiction. For judgments, collateral
attacks on previous proceedings are impermissible unless the attack is
grounded upon the court’s lack of jurisdiction over the parties or subject
matter. Only a void judgment is subject to collateral attack.
29. Judgments: Collateral Attack: Paternity. The collateral attack rules
that apply to judgments also apply to a voluntary paternity acknowl-
edgement that has the same effect as a judgment.
30. Adoption. In a private adoption, the child is relinquished directly into
the hands of the prospective adoptive parent or parents without interfer-
ence by the state or a private agency.
31. Parental Rights. A valid relinquishment of parental rights is irrevo-
cable, and a natural parent who relinquishes his or her rights to a child
by a valid written instrument gives up all rights to the child at the time
of the relinquishment.
32. Parental Rights: Adoption: Appeal and Error. A natural parent’s
knowing, intelligent, and voluntary relinquishment of a child for adop-
tion is valid. An appellate court will generally uphold relinquishments
absent evidence of threats, coercion, fraud, or duress.
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293 Nebraska R eports
JESSE B. v. TYLEE H.
Cite as 293 Neb. 97333. Parental Rights: Adoption. Under Neb. Rev. Stat. § 43-111 (Reissue
2008), it is the adoption itself which terminates the parental rights, and
until the adoption is granted, the parental rights are not terminated.
When a parent’s relinquishment of his or her child is invalid or void,
§ 43-111 governs when the parent’s rights are terminated.
34. Parental Rights: Adoption: Child Custody: Habeas Corpus. A par-
ent’s fundamental rights apply in a habeas corpus proceeding to regain
custody of his or her child who is the subject of an adoption proceeding
if the parent’s relinquishment is invalid or void.
35. Constitutional Law: Parent and Child. The best interests standard is
subject to the overriding recognition that the relationship between parent
and child is constitutionally protected.
36. Child Custody: Parental Rights. A parent’s superior right to custody
over a stranger to the parent-child relationship protects both the parent’s
and the child’s fundamental interest in maintaining it.
37. Constitutional Law: Due Process: Parent and Child. The Due Process
Clause precludes the State from breaking apart a family over a parent’s
objections absent a powerful countervailing interest.
38. Parental Rights: Adoption: Child Custody: Habeas Corpus. The
parental preference doctrine applies in a habeas proceeding to obtain
custody of a child. A court in a habeas proceeding may not deprive a
parent of custody of his or her minor child unless a party affirmatively
shows that the parent is unfit or has forfeited the right to perform his
or her parental duties. This reasoning applies to a habeas proceed-
ing challenging an adoption when a parent’s parental rights remain
intact because a court determines that the relinquishment is invalid or
is void.
Appeal from the District Court for Lancaster County:
Jodi Nelson, Judge. Reversed and remanded for further
proceedings.
George T. Babcock, of Laws Offices of Evelyn N.
Babcock, and Jennifer Gaughan, of Legal Aid of Nebraska,
for appellant.
Shawn D. Renner and Susan K. Sapp, of Cline, Williams,
Wright, Johnson & Oldfather, L.L.P., for appellee Tylee H.
Heavican, C.J., Wright, Connolly, Miller-Lerman, and
Cassel, JJ., and Pirtle and R iedmann, Judges.
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Nebraska A dvance Sheets
293 Nebraska R eports
JESSE B. v. TYLEE H.
Cite as 293 Neb. 973Connolly, J.
I. SUMMARY
This appeal is the companion case to In re Adoption of
Jaelyn B.1 In both cases, the appellant, Jesse B., claimed that
his child, Jaelyn B., could not be adopted without his consent
because he was her legal father. In this appeal, he specifically
challenged in the district court the constitutionality of several
Nebraska adoption statutes,2 including statutes that permitted
Jaelyn’s adoption without his consent. And he claimed that
Nebraska must give full faith and credit to Ohio’s paternity
determination. The district court postponed deciding his claims
until after the county court had issued an adoption decree.
Afterward, it concluded that it did not have jurisdiction to
grant habeas relief. It determined that Jesse lost standing to
challenge Jaelyn’s adoption after the county court found that he
was not her biological father.
We reverse. Without addressing Jesse’s constitutional chal-
lenges, we conclude that under Neb. Rev. Stat. 43-1406(1)
(Reissue 2008), the district court erred in failing to deter-
mine that Nebraska had to give full faith and credit to Ohio’s
determination of Jesse’s paternity. Under Ohio law, Jesse
has the right to withhold consent to the adoption of Jaelyn.
So, the district court erred in failing to determine that the
county court could not order an adoption when Jesse had not
consented. We reverse the judgment and remand the cause
with instructions for further proceedings on issues relevant to
Jaelyn’s custody.
II. BACKGROUND
[1,2] The facts and procedural history of this appeal are fully
set out in In re Adoption of Jaelyn B. We summarize them here.
In doing so, we apply two judicial notice principles. A court
1
In re Adoption of Jaelyn B., ante p. 917, ___ N.W.2d ___ (2016).
2
See, generally, Neb. Rev. Stat. §§ 43-104 to 43-104.25 (Reissue 2008 &
Cum. Supp. 2014).
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293 Nebraska R eports
JESSE B. v. TYLEE H.
Cite as 293 Neb. 973may judicially notice adjudicative facts, which are not subject
to reasonable dispute, at any stage of the proceeding.3 In inter-
woven and interdependent cases, we may examine our own
records and take judicial notice of the proceedings.4
In April 2013, Jaelyn was born in Ohio. The next day,
the mother, Heather K., and Jesse signed in the presence of
a notary an “Acknowledgment of Paternity Affidavit.” They
affirmed that Jesse was Jaelyn’s father. A notice on the form
explained that its purpose “is to acknowledge the legal exis-
tence of a father and child relationship through voluntary
paternity establishment.” The notice explained that Ohio stat-
utes limited the signatories’ right to rescind an acknowledg-
ment. The signatories could seek an administrative rescission
within 60 days. They could also seek a judicial rescission on
limited grounds, but only after the 60-day period and within 1
year of the acknowledgment’s becoming final under specified
Ohio statutes. Alternatively, a potential signatory could ask for
genetic testing at no charge. On June 3, Ohio’s office of vital
statistics recorded Heather and Jesse as Jaelyn’s mother and
father on her birth certificate.
In January 2014, Jesse received adoption paperwork from
Heather’s Nebraska attorney, Kelly Tollefsen. The letter stated
that Heather had identified Jesse as a possible biological
father and that Heather intended to relinquish Jaelyn for an
adoption. It informed him that if he intended to claim pater-
nity and seek custody, he should obtain his own attorney, or
he could sign the enclosed forms for relinquishing Jaelyn and
consenting to her adoption. Jesse could not afford an attorney
and did not obtain legal assistance in Nebraska until later
that spring.
In June 2014, Jesse filed a complaint in Lancaster County
District Court for a writ of habeas corpus and a declaratory
3
Bauermeister Deaver Ecol. v. Waste Mgmt. Co., 290 Neb. 899, 863
N.W.2d 131 (2015).
4
Id.- 979 -
Nebraska A dvance Sheets
293 Nebraska R eports
JESSE B. v. TYLEE H.
Cite as 293 Neb. 973judgment. On July 22, Jesse filed a complaint for custody
in the Ohio Court of Common Pleas. Eight days later, on
July 30, Jesse filed an objection to Jaelyn’s adoption and
requested notice of any adoption proceeding for Jaelyn in
Douglas County Court. Later, in August 2014, Tylee H., the
prospective adoptive parent, filed a petition to adopt Jaelyn in
Douglas County Court.
1. Jesse’s Complaint
Jesse filed an amended complaint in September 2014 after
he discovered that the prospective adoptive parent was Tylee.
The named respondents were John Doe, a possible unknown
adoptive parent; Tollefsen; Tylee; and Tylee’s attorney. He
also named the Attorney General as a respondent because he
challenged the constitutionality of Nebraska statutes.5 Jesse
alleged that Tollefsen would not disclose where the adop-
tion proceeding would be filed, but that she did disclose the
name of the attorney representing Tylee. Tylee’s attorney also
would not disclose where the adoption proceeding would
be filed.
Jesse asked the district court to declare the following statutes
unconstitutional because they violated his constitutional due
process and equal protection rights: Sections 43-104, 43,104.01
to 43-104.05, 43-104.12, 43-104.13, 43-104.17, 43-104.22, and
43.104.25. Jesse asserted 11 claims, which we condense to
four sets of allegations regarding his statutory and constitu-
tional claims.
First, Jesse alleged that under Ohio law, an acknowledgment
of paternity is a legal finding of paternity, and that neither he
nor Heather had rescinded the acknowledgment. He claimed
that the U.S. Constitution and § 43-1406 required Nebraska to
give full faith and credit to Ohio’s paternity determination.
Second, Jesse claimed that he was Jaelyn’s legal father
under Nebraska law. He asserted that under the law of both
5
See Neb. Rev. Stat. § 25-21,159 (Reissue 2008).
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293 Nebraska R eports
JESSE B. v. TYLEE H.
Cite as 293 Neb. 973states, the respondents—Heather, Tylee, and their separate
attorneys—had unlawfully restrained Jaelyn of her liberty and
kept her from her rightful custodian.
Third, Jesse claimed that he had an established familial
relationship with Jaelyn that was constitutionally protected. He
alleged that the respondents knew or should have known of this
relationship and that the notice he received for a putative father
was insufficient and violated his substantive and procedural
due process rights.
Fourth, Jesse alleged two equal protection claims resting on
marital status and gender: (1) The notice and protections he
would have received if he were married were inferior to those
he received as an unmarried legal father; and (2) the notice
that he received was inferior to the notice that is required for
a legal mother.
2. Court Postpones Deciding Jesse’s
Claims at Tylee’s R equest
In September 2014, the district court issued a writ of habeas
corpus that ordered the respondents to bring Jaelyn to court
and respond to these allegations. The respondents moved to
dismiss the complaint for lack of subject matter jurisdiction.
In October, at Jesse’s request, the court dismissed John Doe
and the attorneys as respondents. The respondents had also
moved to continue the hearing on their motion to dismiss
Jesse’s complaint until after the county court decided whether
to allow an adoption. They alleged that a continuance would
promote judicial efficiency and save them costs. They also
alleged that genetic testing had shown that another man, Tyler
T., was Jaelyn’s biological father and that Tyler had waived his
parental rights.
At an October 2014 hearing on the respondents’ motions to
dismiss or postpone the proceedings, Tylee contended that the
district court lacked subject matter jurisdiction over Jesse’s
habeas proceeding. She argued that Jesse could have com-
menced a proceeding under § 43-104.05 and alleged that he
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JESSE B. v. TYLEE H.
Cite as 293 Neb. 973was excused from the filing time limits and entitled to have
the court determine whether his consent was required under
§ 43-104.22. But she argued that even if he had done that, his
consent to an adoption was not required under § 43-104.22
because he was not Jaelyn’s biological father.
Jesse responded that the putative father statutes did not
apply to him and that the father of a child born in another state
cannot comply with those statutes. He argued that a habeas
proceeding was the correct procedure to challenge Jaelyn’s
unlawful detention and that Nebraska’s adoption statutes were
unconstitutional facially and as applied to him. He argued that
Tylee had no standing to challenge his legal status as Jaelyn’s
father. He asked for visitation pending the court’s determina-
tion. The court took the motions under advisement. The record
does not contain a ruling on the respondents’ continuance
motion, but the court did not issue a judgment until almost a
year later.
In February 2015, 4 months after the hearing on Tylee’s
motion to dismiss or continue the proceedings, the court sus-
tained Tylee’s motion to present new evidence. That hearing
occurred in April. Tylee submitted three documents from the
adoption proceeding in county court: (1) genetic testing results
showing that Tyler was Jaelyn’s biological father; (2) the
county court’s order denying Jesse’s motion to intervene under
§ 43-104.22 because he was not Jaelyn’s biological father;
and (3) the county court’s January 2015 adoption decree.
Jesse argued that those exhibits were irrelevant to whether the
court had jurisdiction over his habeas proceeding. He submit-
ted evidence of his paternity acknowledgment, Jaelyn’s birth
certificate, and an order from the Ohio Court of Common
Pleas showing that he had a custody case pending there since
July 2014.
In September 2015, the district court entered its judg-
ment. It concluded that it had jurisdiction over Jesse’s com-
plaint. But it nonetheless determined that it did not have
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293 Nebraska R eports
JESSE B. v. TYLEE H.
Cite as 293 Neb. 973jurisdiction to grant habeas relief. It reasoned that under Neb.
Rev. Stat. § 43-102 (Reissue 2008), a county court has juris-
diction over adoption proceedings, and that the county court
had already found that Jesse was not Jaelyn’s biological father.
Because the county court had already decreed a legal adop-
tion, the district court concluded that it could not exercise
jurisdiction:
[Jesse] is in essence asking this court to nullify the
Douglas County Court’s order finding that another man
is the biological father of [Jaelyn] and then find that
[Jesse’s] signing of an acknowledgment of paternity
trumps the scientific evidence received by another court.
Said another way, [Jesse] is asking this court to find that
he is the father of [Jaelyn] when the evidence shows he is
not. Under the circumstances of this case, this court finds
it does not have jurisdiction to do so.
. . . Because there is a legal adoption that has been
decreed by a court of competent jurisdiction, this court
cannot find that there has been an illegal detention of
[Jaelyn] by [Tylee].
Likewise, the court concluded that the county court’s order
deprived Jesse of standing to challenge the constitutionality of
Nebraska’s adoption statutes:
[Jesse’s] standing to complain about the adoption stat-
utes must derive from him being situated as [Jaelyn’s]
father. That issue was decided by the Douglas County
Court based upon the uncontested genetic testing
results. . . .
Because he has been determined not to be the father
of [Jaelyn], the core that is necessary for him to proceed
on his declaratory judgment action, i.e. standing, does
not exist.
The court ruled that Jesse could not make curative amendments
to his complaint and dismissed it.
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JESSE B. v. TYLEE H.
Cite as 293 Neb. 973III. ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
Jesse assigns, restated, that the court erred as follows:
(1) in concluding that Jesse lacked standing to challenge the
Nebraska’s adoption statutes;
(2) in concluding that the court lacked subject matter juris-
diction over his complaint for a writ of habeas corpus and a
declaratory judgment; and
(3) in concluding that the Douglas County Court had juris-
diction over the adoption proceedings.
IV. STANDARD OF REVIEW
[3-6] A jurisdictional issue that does not involve a factual
dispute presents a question of law.6 The meaning and interpre-
tation of a statute present questions of law.7 The constitution-
ality of a statute is a question of law.8 And when reviewing
questions of law, we resolve the questions independently of the
lower court’s conclusions.9
V. ANALYSIS
[7-9] Before deciding the merits of an appeal, an appel-
late court must determine if it has jurisdiction.10 If the court
from which a party takes an appeal lacks jurisdiction, then
the appellate court acquires no jurisdiction.11 But we have
the power to determine whether we have jurisdiction over an
appeal and to correct jurisdictional issues even if we do not
have jurisdiction to reach the merits.12
6
Pearce v. Mutual of Omaha Ins. Co., ante p. 277, 876 N.W.2d 899 (2016).
7
See Adair Asset Mgmt. v. Terry’s Legacy, ante p. 32, 875 N.W.2d 421(2016).
8
See Bryan M. v. Anne B., 292 Neb. 725, 874 N.W.2d 824 (2016).
9
Pearce, supra note 6.
10
See In re Interest of Jackson E., ante p. 84, 875 N.W.2d 863 (2016).
11
Shasta Linen Supply v. Applied Underwriters, 290 Neb. 640, 861 N.W.2d
425 (2015).
12
See id.- 984 -
Nebraska A dvance Sheets
293 Nebraska R eports
JESSE B. v. TYLEE H.
Cite as 293 Neb. 9731. District Court Incorrectly Determined
That It Lacked Jurisdiction Over
Jesse’s H abeas Proceeding
(a) Parties’ Contentions
The court determined that it lacked subject matter juris-
diction to issue a writ of habeas corpus because the county
court had already found that Jesse was not Jaelyn’s biological
father and had decreed an adoption. Jesse contends that our
case law conclusively shows that he had standing to seek a
writ of habeas corpus when he filed his complaint and that
he filed his complaint before Tylee filed an adoption petition
in county court. He contends that the district court delayed
deciding the issues raised by his complaint until after the
county court decreed an adoption and then relied on that
decree to conclude that it lacked jurisdiction to grant relief.
He contends that the court’s action violated the doctrine of
jurisdictional priority and the purpose for allowing a habeas
proceeding to challenge an adoption. Similarly, Jesse con-
tends that he had standing to seek a declaratory judgment
when he commenced his action and that the county court’s
orders did not defeat his claim that he had a legal right to
custody of Jaelyn.
Tylee argues that under Neb. Rev. Stat. § 24-517(11) (Cum.
Supp. 2012), county courts have “[e]xclusive original jurisdic-
tion in matters of adoption, except if a separate juvenile court
already has jurisdiction over the child to be adopted, concur-
rent original jurisdiction with the separate juvenile court.”
We note that the Legislature first conferred this exclusive
jurisdiction on county courts in 1973.13 Since 1998, however,
a county court has concurrent original jurisdiction with a sepa-
rate juvenile court if the juvenile court already has jurisdiction
over the child to be adopted.14
13
See 1973 Neb. Laws, L.B. 226, § 6.
14
See Armour v. L.H., 259 Neb. 138, 608 N.W.2d 599 (2000).
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JESSE B. v. TYLEE H.
Cite as 293 Neb. 973Tylee argues that a county court’s exclusive jurisdiction
over adoption matters does not impinge upon a district court’s
general jurisdiction because adoption statutes do not have
common-law origins. And she points to a case in which we
affirmed a district court’s dismissal of a man’s petition seek-
ing to establish his paternity under § 43-104.05 and obtain
custody of his child. In Armour v. L.H.,15 we concluded that
a proceeding commenced under § 43-104.05 was an adoption
matter, as distinguished from a paternity action commenced
under chapter 43, article 13, of the Nebraska Revised Statutes.
We reasoned that § 43-104.05 applies only when a biological
mother is seeking to relinquish her child for adoption and an
unmarried father is trying to establish his paternity under the
putative father statutes. “Accordingly, the district courts lack
subject matter jurisdiction over a petition to adjudicate pater-
nity brought pursuant to § 43-104.05.”16 But Armour does not
control here.
(b) District Court Had Exclusive Jurisdiction
Over Jesse’s Claims for Habeas
and Declaratory Relief
[10] Unlike the putative father in Armour, Jesse did not
claim jurisdiction under § 43-104.05, and he was not a puta-
tive father seeking to establish his paternity. He claimed that
he was already Jaelyn’s legal father and sought her custody.
And we have long held that habeas corpus is an appropriate
proceeding to test the legality of custody and best interests of
a minor, including the rights of fathers of children born out
of wedlock.17
[11] The Nebraska Constitution provides for the remedy of
habeas corpus.18 We have held that habeas corpus is a civil
15
See id.
16
Id. at 145, 608 N.W.2d at 604.
17
See, e.g., Shoecraft v. Catholic Social Servs. Bureau, 222 Neb. 574, 385
N.W.2d 448 (1986) (citing 1948 case).
18
See Neb. Const. art. I, § 8.
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293 Nebraska R eports
JESSE B. v. TYLEE H.
Cite as 293 Neb. 973remedy constitutionally available in a proceeding to challenge
and test the legality of a person’s detention, imprisonment, or
custodial deprivation of the person’s liberty.19 And a habeas
corpus proceeding is appropriate to test the legality of custody
and best interests of a minor, when the party having physical
custody of the minor has not acquired custody under a court
order or decree.20
[12,13] Because the privilege of the writ of habeas cor-
pus is part of Nebraska’s organic law, district courts have
general jurisdiction over these proceedings. Many of our
cases have implicitly recognized district courts’ jurisdiction
over a habeas proceeding challenging an adoption, despite
the Legislature’s 1973 grant of exclusive jurisdiction over
adoption matters to county courts.21 We have also held that
district courts have inherent equity jurisdiction to resolve
custody disputes.22
[14] The Legislature cannot limit or take away the broad and
general jurisdiction of the district courts, as conferred by the
Nebraska Constitution.23 But it can give county courts concur-
rent original jurisdiction over the same subject matter.24
[15] We have exercised jurisdiction over an appeal from a
county court’s adoption decree, in which we decided a father’s
objection to the adoption on constitutional grounds.25 That case
19
See, Flora v. Escudero, 247 Neb. 260, 526 N.W.2d 643 (1995); Uhing
v. Uhing, 241 Neb. 368, 488 N.W.2d 366 (1992), citing Neb. Const.
art. I, § 8.
20
See id.
21
See, e.g., Monty S. & Teresa S. v. Jason W. & Rebecca W., 290 Neb. 1048,
863 N.W.2d 484 (2015); Brett M. v. Vesely, 276 Neb. 765, 757 N.W.2d
360 (2008); Flora, supra note 19; Uhing, supra note 19; Shoecraft, supra
note 17.
22
See Charleen J. v. Blake O., 289 Neb. 454, 855 N.W.2d 587 (2014).
23
See Susan L. v. Steven L., 273 Neb. 24, 729 N.W.2d 35 (2007).
24
See id.25
See In re Application of S.R.S. and M.B.S., 225 Neb. 759, 408 N.W.2d 272(1987).
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293 Nebraska R eports
JESSE B. v. TYLEE H.
Cite as 293 Neb. 973shows that a parent can challenge the legality of an adoption by
objecting to the proceeding in county court.
[16] But despite the Legislature’s grant of exclusive jurisdic-
tion over adoption matters to county or juvenile courts, when
a parent claims his or her child is being illegally detained for
an adoption, a district court has original overlapping jurisdic-
tion over the matter in a habeas proceeding. That is, a writ of
habeas corpus is an equally available remedy for a claim of a
child’s illegal detention for adoption. And a habeas proceed-
ing was appropriate here because Jesse knew only the name
of Heather’s attorney and did not know where the prospective
adoptive parent(s) would commence an adoption proceeding.
Equally important, when he commenced his action in district
court, objecting to an adoption proceeding was not an avail-
able remedy.
[17-19] Our common-law jurisprudence recognizes the
“‘fundamental’ proposition that ‘where courts have concur-
rent jurisdiction, the first to assume jurisdiction retains it to
the exclusion of the other.’”26 More than 100 years ago, we
held that when a district court acquires jurisdiction over a
habeas proceeding involving the permanent custody of a child,
no other court can acquire jurisdiction over the matter until
after the first court’s order is carried out.27 Relying on that
case, we have said that “[w]here an action is pending in two
courts, the court first acquiring jurisdiction will hold jurisdic-
tion to the exclusion of the other.”28 These holdings express the
doctrine of jurisdictional priority.29 And under these holdings,
the district court erred in failing to recognize that as the first
court to exercise jurisdiction over Jesse’s claims in the habeas
26
Susan L., supra note 23, 273 Neb. at 34, 729 N.W.2d at 43, citing
McFarland v. State, 172 Neb. 251, 109 N.W.2d 397 (1961).
27
Terry v. State, 77 Neb. 612, 110 N.W. 733 (1906).
28
Olsen v. Olsen, 254 Neb. 293, 298, 575 N.W.2d 874, 878 (1998).
29
See, Charleen J., supra note 22; Molczyk v. Molczyk, 285 Neb. 96, 825
N.W.2d 435 (2013).
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sion of the county court.
[20] And because the district court had jurisdiction over
Jesse’s habeas proceeding, it also had jurisdiction over his
related declaratory judgment action challenging Nebraska’s
adoption statutes.30 The district court incorrectly avoided
Jesse’s challenges by determining that he lost standing.
Contrary to the court’s reasoning, Jesse did not lose standing
because genetic testing later showed that he was not Jaelyn’s
biological father. A court determines standing as it existed
when a plaintiff commenced an action.31
Neither was the action moot. Jesse’s central claim was that
his status as Jaelyn’s legal father and his established familial
relationship was sufficient to show that his consent to her
adoption was constitutionally and statutorily required. He did
not ask the district court to determine that he was Jaelyn’s
biological father. And by reasoning that Jesse lacked standing
because the evidence showed he was not the biological father,
the court effectively relied on the same statutes that Jesse was
challenging as being unconstitutional.
In short, the district court erred in its apparent agreement
with Tylee that it should delay a decision in this case until
after the county court issued a decision. Instead, it should
have determined that the county court could not exercise
jurisdiction over the adoption petition until it determined
whether Jaelyn was being lawfully detained for an adoption.
Similarly, the court erred in dismissing Jesse’s action for lack
of standing. As Jaelyn’s legal father, Jesse had a real inter-
est in the subject matter of the controversy.32 And his claims
30
See Neb. Rev. Stat. §§ 25-21,149 (Reissue 2008) and 25-21,150 (Cum.
Supp. 2014).
31
In re 2007 Appropriations of Niobrara River Waters, 278 Neb. 137, 768
N.W.2d 420 (2009).
32
See In re Interest of Jackson E., supra note 10.
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logical father.33
Finally, Tylee’s reason for delaying the habeas proceed-
ing—to wait for the county court’s findings on Jesse’s biologi-
cal connection to Jaelyn—were irrelevant to Jesse’s claim that
§ 43-1406 requires Nebraska to give full faith and credit to
Ohio’s paternity determination. Like the county court in the
companion case, the district court failed to analyze Jesse’s full
faith and credit claim. But because we conclude that this claim
is dispositive, we do not address Jesse’s constitutional chal-
lenges to Nebraska’s adoption statutes.
2. § 43-1406 M andates Giving Full Faith
and Credit to A nother State’s
Paternity Determination
As we explained in In re Adoption of Jaelyn B.,34 recogniz-
ing Jesse’s parental rights under Ohio’s paternity determination
is not contrary to Nebraska’s public policy. Section 43-1406
specifically requires Nebraska courts to give full faith and
credit to a “determination of paternity made by any other
state, whether established through voluntary acknowledgment,
genetic testing, or administrative or judicial processes.”
[21] We reject Tylee’s argument that under Nebraska’s
statutes, Jesse’s acknowledgment can only create a rebut-
table presumption of paternity. As we explained in Cesar C.
v. Alicia L.,35 a paternity acknowledgment in Nebraska oper-
ates as a legal finding of paternity after the 60-day rescission
period has expired.36 At that point, the acknowledged father
is the child’s legal father—not a presumed father. And he
33
See Nebuda v. Dodge Cty. Sch. Dist. 0062, 290 Neb. 740, 861 N.W.2d 742(2015).
34
In re Adoption of Jaelyn B., supra note 1.
35
See Cesar C. v. Alicia L., 281 Neb. 979, 800 N.W.2d 249 (2011).
36
See Neb. Rev. Stat. §§ 43-1402 and 43-1409 (Reissue 2008).
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mother, even if genetic testing shows he is not the biologi-
cal father.37
[22] It is not contrary to Nebraska’s public policy to recog-
nize an acknowledged father’s parental rights under another
state’s statutes when we have recognized an acknowledged
father’s parental rights under Nebraska’s statutes. Moreover,
we have previously recognized a man’s legal status as a child’s
father that rested on a statutory paternity determination instead
of a court’s judgment.38
[23,24] The Full Faith and Credit Clause requires states to
give the same effect to a judgment in the forum state that it has
in the state where the court rendered the judgment.39 Section
43-1406(1) extends the constitutional requirement of giving
full faith and credit to a sister state’s paternity determination
through a voluntary acknowledgment. So whether a paternity
acknowledgment made in a sister state requires a legal father’s
consent to an adoption depends upon whether the laws of the
sister state confer that right.40
And as we explained in In re Adoption of Jaelyn B.,41
Ohio’s statutes confer that right. Because Tylee does not dis-
pute Jesse’s claim that his consent is required under Ohio law,
we do not repeat that full analysis here. In sum, under Ohio’s
statutes, Jesse’s acknowledgment created a “parent and child
relationship between a child and the natural father.”42 Jaelyn
is his child “as though born to him in lawful wedlock.”43
37
See Cesar C., supra note 35.
38
See Riddle v. Peters Trust Co., 147 Neb. 578, 24 N.W.2d 434 (1946).
39
In re Trust Created by Nixon, 277 Neb. 546, 763 N.W.2d 404 (2009).
40
See Matter of Gendron, 157 N.H. 314, 950 A.2d 151 (2008). See, also, In
re Mary G., 151 Cal. App. 4th 184, 59 Cal. Rptr. 3d 703 (2007); Burden v.
Burden, 179 Md. App. 348, 945 A.2d 656 (2008).
41
In re Adoption of Jaelyn B., supra note 1.
42
Ohio Rev. Code Ann. § 3111.02(A) (LexisNexis 2008).
43
Ohio Rev. Code Ann. § 3111.26 (LexisNexis 2008).
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his consent.44
3. § 43-1406 Precludes Disestablishing
a Legal Father’s Paternity
Through an A doption
[25] Adoption terminates the parent-child relationship.45 We
recognize that Nebraska’s statutes ostensibly permit an adop-
tion if genetic testing shows that a man is not a child’s bio-
logical father. For example, § 43-104.05 sets out the require-
ments for a putative father’s petition to establish paternity of
his child born out of wedlock. Under this section, a putative
father can file such a petition only if he previously filed an
administrative objection to a child’s adoption within 5 days
of the child’s birth or receiving notice of the mother’s intent
to relinquish custody. At that proceeding, § 43-104.05 autho-
rizes a court to order genetic testing to determine whether
the putative father’s consent to an adoption is required
under § 43-104.22(11). Similarly, § 43-104(4) provides that
“[c]onsent shall not be required of an adjudicated or putative
father who is not required to consent to the adoption pursuant
to section 43-104.22.”
[26] We have stated that “to terminate a father’s rights
through an adoption procedure, the consent of the adjudicated
father of a child born out of wedlock is required for the adop-
tion to proceed unless the Nebraska court having jurisdiction
over the custody of the child determines otherwise, pursuant to
§ 43-104.22.”46 That section sets out 11 circumstances under
which consent to an adoption is not required from an unmar-
ried adjudicated or putative biological father. Tylee claims
44
Ohio Rev. Code Ann. §§ 3107.06 and 3107.07 (LexisNexis Supp. 2009).
45
See, Neb. Rev. Stat. §§ 43-410 (Cum. Supp. 2014) and 43-411 (Reissue
2008); In re Adoption of Luke, 263 Neb. 365, 640 N.W.2d 374 (2002).
46
Jeremiah J. v. Dakota D., 287 Neb. 617, 623, 843 N.W.2d 820, 826
(2014).
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Cite as 293 Neb. 973that Jesse’s consent is not required under § 43-104.22(11).
Under § 43-104.22(11), consent is not required if “[t]he man
is not, in fact, the biological father of the child.”
[27] We conclude that Jesse is not a “man” within the mean-
ing of subsection (11). By its terms, § 43-104.22 applies only
to determine the “parental rights of an adjudicated biologi-
cal father or putative biological father of a minor child born
out of wedlock.” But Jesse is neither an adjudicated father
nor a putative father. He is an acknowledged father. More
important, to hold that subsection (11) applies to Jesse would
directly conflict with the requirement under § 43-1406(1) that
Nebraska give full faith and credit to another state’s paternity
determination. As we have explained, to do that we must look
to the effect of that determination under Ohio law. And Ohio
law gives an acknowledged father the full rights of a biologi-
cal father whose child was born to him in lawful wedlock, and
he has the right to withhold consent to an adoption. Under
§ 43-1406(1), Ohio’s statutory determination of Jesse’s pater-
nity has the effect of a judgment.
[28,29] For judgments, collateral attacks on previous pro-
ceedings are impermissible unless the attack is grounded
upon the court’s lack of jurisdiction over the parties or sub-
ject matter.47 Only a void judgment is subject to collateral
attack.48 We conclude the same rules apply to a voluntary
paternity acknowledgment that has the same effect as a judg-
ment. Tylee has not attacked Jesse’s paternity determination
for procedural or jurisdictional defects, nor do we see any
grounds for such a challenge. So the district court erred in
failing to determine that Nebraska’s adoption statutes could
not authorize a county court to disestablish Jesse’s pater-
nity through an adoption without his consent. That is why
we reversed the judgment and remanded the cause in the
consolidated appeals from the adoption proceedings with
47
Spady v. Spady, 284 Neb. 885, 824 N.W.2d 366 (2012).
48
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For the same reason, we reverse the district court’s dismissal.
We turn to the issues that the district court must resolve on
remand in this case.
4. Jaelyn’s Custody Going Forward
The primary issues going forward are whether Heather has
any right to claim custody of Jaelyn and, if so, how to resolve
a custody dispute between Heather and Jesse. Until the district
court after remand orders otherwise, Tylee’s status is only that
of temporary custodian.
[30,31] The record in the companion case, In re Adoption of
Jaelyn B.,49 shows that Heather relinquished Jaelyn for adop-
tion by Tylee. In a private adoption, the child is relinquished
directly into the hands of the prospective adoptive parent or
parents without interference by the state or a private agency.50
We have held that a valid relinquishment of parental rights
is irrevocable and that a natural parent who relinquishes his
or her rights to a child by a valid written instrument gives
up all rights to the child at the time of the relinquishment.51
But the invalidity of Heather’s specified adoption raises the
issue whether her relinquishment was voidable. That is, was
Tylee’s adoption of Jaelyn a condition precedent for Heather’s
relinquishment?52
[32] The invalidity of the adoption also calls into ques-
tion the validity of Heather’s relinquishment. A natural par-
ent’s knowing, intelligent, and voluntary relinquishment
of a child for adoption is valid. We will generally uphold
relinquishments absent evidence of threats, coercion, fraud,
49
In re Adoption of Jaelyn B., supra note 1.
50
See Monty S. & Teresa S., supra note 21.
51
See id. See, also, § 43-104(2)(a); In re Adoption of Corbin J., 278 Neb.
1057, 775 N.W.2d 404 (2009).
52
See, Matter of Pima Cty. Juv. Action S-2698, 167 Ariz. 303, 806 P.2d 892(Ariz. App. 1990); In re Christopher F, 260 A.D.2d 97, 701 N.Y.S.2d 171(1999).
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Cite as 293 Neb. 973or duress.53 But in the typical case, a biological mother, alone
or together with a biological father, had a change of heart and
was seeking the return of a child whom she had validly relin-
quished for an adoption. This case is distinguishable because
Heather appears to have relinquished her child only for adop-
tion by Tylee. That specified adoption is invalid and cannot be
completed without Jesse’s consent unless an exception applies
under Ohio law. The question regarding validity is whether
Heather relinquished Jaelyn with the understanding that the
planned adoption involved the risk that Jesse might be able to
block it and obtain custody.
[33] These questions appear to be issues of first impression
in Nebraska. So we do not decide them without giving the
parties an opportunity to litigate. But we clarify that the first
issue that the district court must resolve on remand is whether
Heather’s relinquishment was invalid or is void. If it finds that
her relinquishment was invalid because it was not knowing
and intelligent, or that it is void because a condition precedent
was not satisfied, then Heather’s parental rights are still intact.
Under § 43-111, “[i]t is the adoption itself which terminates the
parental rights, and until the adoption is granted the parental
rights are not terminated.”54 When a parent’s relinquishment of
his or her child is invalid or void, § 43-111 governs when the
parent’s rights are terminated.
[34] Second, we clarify that a parent’s fundamental rights
apply in a habeas corpus proceeding to regain custody of his
or her child who is the subject of an adoption proceeding if the
parent’s relinquishment is invalid or void. We have recently
restated a rule from a 1991 habeas appeal involving an adop-
tion: “Where the relinquishment of rights by a natural parent is
found to be invalid for any reason, a best interests hearing is
nevertheless held: ‘The court shall not simply return the child
53
See Monty S. & Teresa S., supra note 21.
54
In re Guardianship of Sain, 211 Neb. 508, 516, 319 N.W.2d 100, 105-06
(1982).
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Cite as 293 Neb. 973to the natural parent upon a finding that the relinquishment was
not a valid instrument.’”55
This statement comes directly from our decision in Yopp
v. Batt.56 In Yopp, we affirmed the trial court’s finding that
the natural mother’s relinquishment in a private and closed
adoption was valid. “Closed” meant that the identity of the
prospective adoptive parents was unknown to the mother.
Because the trial court concluded that the relinquishment was
valid, it refused to conduct a best interests hearing. The mother
assigned error to that ruling also.
We concluded that the Legislature had not treated relinquish-
ments for a private adoption the same as relinquishments for
an agency adoption. We explained that under Neb. Rev. Stat.
§ 43-106.01 (Reissue 1988), a valid written relinquishment for
an agency adoption cuts off the parent’s parental rights and
duties upon the agency’s written acceptance of responsibility
for the child. But there is not a corresponding statute governing
relinquishments for private adoptions. So under § 43-111, the
relinquishing parent’s parental rights are not extinguished until
the adoption decree is entered.
Because the Legislature has not clarified the parties’ rights
in a private adoption when a parent attempts to revoke a relin-
quishment, we set out rules to govern their rights. One of these
rules requires a best interests hearing even if the parent’s relin-
quishment was invalid:
When a conflict over custody of the child arises, the court
shall take custody of the child and conduct a hearing to
determine whether the best interests of the child require
the child to remain with the prospective adoptive family
or be returned to the natural parent. . . . Physical custody
of the child may remain with the prospective adoptive
family during the pendency of the proceedings if the
55
Monty S. & Teresa S., supra note 21, 290 Neb. at 1052, 863 N.W.2d at
489.
56
Yopp v. Batt, 237 Neb. 779, 467 N.W.2d 868 (1991).
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if the relinquishment of rights by the natural parent is
found to be invalid for any reason, a best interests hear-
ing shall also be held to determine custody of the child.
The court shall not simply return the child to the natural
parent upon a finding that the relinquishment was not
a valid instrument. By these rules, we have sought to
keep the best interests of the child at the forefront of
the inquiry.57
In Yopp, we did not cite any authorities for the italicized
rules above. But these statements cannot be interpreted to
mean that in a habeas proceeding, a best interests inquiry is
sufficient, in itself, to deprive a parent of custody if his or her
parental rights remain intact. We explicitly rejected that reason-
ing 2 years after we decided Yopp.
Uhing v. Uhing58 did not involve an adoption but it did
involve a child custody dispute in a habeas proceeding between
a mother and maternal grandmother. The unmarried mother had
left her child with the grandmother for a time but still provided
financial support. After the mother obtained stable employment
and housing, the grandmother refused to surrender the child
and the mother sought habeas relief. The district court con-
cluded that the child should remain with the grandmother until
the mother had a longer track record. We reversed, because the
trial court had abused its discretion in relying on its best inter-
ests findings, without making any determination regarding the
mother’s fitness for custody.
[35-37] We acknowledged we had previously stated that
“the ‘question present in every habeas corpus case is the best
interests of the child.’”59 But despite those statements, “we
57
Id. at 791-92, 467 N.W.2d at 877-78 (emphasis supplied).
58
Uhing, supra note 19.
59
Id. at 373, 488 N.W.2d at 370, quoting L.G.P. v. Nebraska Dept. of Soc.
Servs., 239 Neb. 644, 477 N.W.2d 571 (1991).
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Cite as 293 Neb. 973cannot overlook or disregard that the ‘best interests’ standard
is subject to the overriding recognition that ‘the relationship
between parent and child is constitutionally protected.’”60 We
explained that a parent’s superior right to custody over a
stranger to the parent-child relationship protects both the par-
ent’s and the child’s fundamental interest in maintaining it.61
The Due Process Clause precludes the State from breaking
apart a family over a parent’s objections absent a powerful
countervailing interest62:
“Accordingly, a court may not, in derogation of the supe-
rior right of a biological or adoptive parent, grant child
custody to one who is not a biological or adoptive parent
unless the biological or adoptive parent is unfit to have
child custody or has legally lost the parental superior right
in a child.”63
This court has recognized the parental preference principle
in many contexts involving child custody. And in Uhing, we
noted that we had recognized this principle in a habeas pro-
ceeding very early in Nebraska’s history:
As far back as Norval v. Zinsmaster, 57 Neb. 158, 77
N.W. 373 (1898), a habeas corpus proceeding involving
child custody, the court expressed what remains the law
of Nebraska concerning preeminence of the parental right
to custody of a minor. . . . Consequently, . . . [I]n a par-
ent’s habeas corpus proceeding directed at child custody,
a court may not deprive a parent of a minor’s custody
60
Id., quoting Quilloin v. Walcott, 434 U.S. 246, 98 S. Ct. 549, 54 L. Ed. 2d
511 (1978), and citing Santosky v. Kramer, 455 U.S. 745, 102 S. Ct. 1388,
71 L. Ed. 2d 599 (1982), and Shoecraft, supra note 17.
61
See Uhing, supra note 19, citing Bellotti v. Baird, 443 U.S. 622, 99 S. Ct.
3035, 61 L. Ed. 2d 797 (1979).
62
Id., citing Lassiter v. Department of Social Services, 452 U.S. 18, 101 S.
Ct. 2153, 68 L. Ed. 2d 640 (1981).
63
Id. at 375, 488 N.W.2d at 372, quoting Stuhr v. Stuhr, 240 Neb. 239, 481
N.W.2d 212 (1992).
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habeas corpus relief is unfit to perform the parental duties
imposed by the parent-child relationship or has legally
lost parental rights in the child.64
[38] Uhing emphatically holds that the parental preference
doctrine applies in a habeas proceeding to obtain custody of a
child. And under our decision in Nielsen v. Nielsen,65 a court
in a habeas proceeding may not deprive a parent of custody of
his or her minor child unless a party affirmatively shows that
the parent is unfit or has forfeited the right to perform his or
her parental duties. This reasoning applies to a habeas proceed-
ing challenging an adoption when a parent’s parental rights
remain intact because a court determines that a relinquishment
is invalid or is void. So on remand, if the court determines that
Heather’s relinquishment was invalid or void, it may not per-
manently deprive Heather of custody based solely on a finding
that Tylee’s continued custody of Jaelyn is in the child’s best
interests. But as stated, Tylee’s status is only as Jaelyn’s tem-
porary custodian until there is a temporary or final resolution
of the custody issues.
In contrast, Jesse did not voluntarily avail himself of
Nebraska’s adoption laws, relinquish his parental rights, or
consent to Jaelyn’s adoption. So, Ohio law governs whether
any exceptions apply to Ohio’s statutory requirement that his
consent is required.
Third, if the district court determines that Heather and Jesse
both have a right under the parental preference principle to
seek Jaelyn’s custody, it must determine the appropriate forum
to resolve a custody dispute between them: the district court or
the Ohio Court of Common Pleas, where Jesse’s custody pro-
ceeding is apparently still pending.66
64
Id. at 376-77, 488 N.W.2d at 372 (emphasis supplied).
65
Nielsen v. Nielsen, 207 Neb. 141, 296 N.W.2d 483 (1980).
66
See In re Adoption of Jaelyn B., supra note 1.
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Cite as 293 Neb. 973VI. CONCLUSION
We conclude that the district court erred in failing to con-
clude that it had exclusive jurisdiction over Jesse’s constitu-
tional challenges to Nebraska’s adoption statutes under the
jurisdictional priority doctrine. Similarly, the court erred in
concluding that it lacked subject matter jurisdiction to grant
habeas relief to Jesse after the district court found that he was
not Jaelyn’s biological father. Jesse’s challenges to Nebraska’s
statutes were not limited to whether he was the biologi-
cal father, and the county court’s findings were irrelevant to
Jesse’s claim that Nebraska must give full faith and credit to
Ohio’s paternity determination.
We conclude that § 43-1406 requires Nebraska to give
full faith and credit to Ohio’s paternity determination. Under
Ohio’s statutes, Jesse is Jaelyn’s legal father and must consent
to her adoption unless an exception applies.
As we stated in the companion case, we are sympathetic to
the heartache that undoing these errors will cause the parties
after this much time. This situation is partially the result of
Nebraska’s statutes that encourage biological mothers to mini-
mize the rights of legal fathers. And Tylee’s own delay tactics
have arguably lengthened the litigation. But we cannot ignore
our duty to uphold Jesse’s parental rights under Ohio law.
Accordingly, we reverse, and remand for further proceedings
consistent with this opinion.
R eversed and remanded for
further proceedings.
Stacy, J., not participating.