Rafert v. Meyer

Nebraska Advance Sheets
RAFERT v. MEYER 219
Cite as 290 Neb. 219
We agree that the court overlooked exhibit 22. Exhibits
22 and 53 contain mileage for trips to the same providers for
the same services, such as mileage to and from occupational
therapy. It is not apparent why the court would award mileage
expenses for Armstrong’s occupational therapy on November
13, 2013, documented in exhibit 53, but not her trip to occu-
pational therapy on November 8, 2013, documented in exhibit
22. We therefore direct the court to consider on remand
which of the trips described in exhibit 22, if any, the State
should pay.
CONCLUSION
We affirm the compensation court’s finding that Armstrong
is permanently partially disabled and has suffered a 75-
percent loss of earning capacity. A worker is not, as a mat-
ter of law, totally disabled solely because she is unable to
work full time. We also conclude that the court did not err by
denying Armstrong a waiting-time penalty, attorney fees, and
interest under § 48-125. But we conclude that the court failed
to consider the mileage expenses detailed in exhibit 22. We
therefore remand the cause and direct the court to consider
exhibit 22 and determine the mileage of the trips, if any, the
State should pay.
Affirmed in part, and in part reversed
and remanded with directions.
Heavican, C.J., participating on briefs.
Jlee R afert et al., appellants, v.
Robert J. Meyer, appellee.
___ N.W.2d ___
Filed February 27, 2015. No. S-14-003.
1. Motions to Dismiss: Pleadings: Appeal and Error. An appellate court reviews
a district court’s order granting a motion to dismiss de novo, accepting all allega-
tions in the complaint as true and drawing all reasonable inferences in favor of
the nonmoving party.
2. Motions to Dismiss: Pleadings. To prevail against a motion to dismiss for failure
to state a claim, a plaintiff must allege sufficient facts to state a claim to relief
that is plausible on its face.
Nebraska Advance Sheets
220 290 NEBRASKA REPORTS
3. Trusts. As a general rule, the authority of a trustee is governed not only by the
trust instrument but also by statutes and common-law rules pertaining to trusts
and trustees.
4. ____. A trustee has a duty to fully inform the beneficiary of all material facts so
that the beneficiary can protect his or her own interests where necessary.
5. ____. Every violation by a trustee of a duty required of him by law, whether will-
ful and fraudulent, or done through negligence, or arising through mere oversight
or forgetfulness, is a breach of trust.
6. Dismissal and Nonsuit: Pleadings: Appeal and Error. When analyzing a lower
court’s dismissal of a complaint for failure to state a claim, an appellate court
accepts the complaint’s factual allegations as true and construes them in the light
most favorable to the plaintiff.
7. Trusts. A trustee has the duty to administer the trust in good faith, in accordance
with its terms and purposes and the interests of the beneficiaries, and in accord­
ance with the Nebraska Uniform Trust Code.
8. Trusts: Liability: Damages. A violation by a trustee of a duty required by law,
whether willful, fraudulent, or resulting from neglect, is a breach of trust, and the
trustee is liable for any damages proximately caused by the breach.
9. Trusts. A term of a trust relieving a trustee of liability for breach of trust is unen-
forceable to the extent that it relieves the trustee of liability for breach of trust
committed in bad faith or with reckless indifference to the purposes of the trust
or the interests of the beneficiaries.
Appeal from the District Court for Richardson County:
Daniel E. Bryan, Jr., Judge. Reversed and remanded for fur-
ther proceedings.
Gary J. Nedved and Joel Bacon, of Keating, O’Gara, Nedved
& Peter, P.C., L.L.O., for appellants.
Mark C. Laughlin and Jacqueline M. DeLuca, of Fraser
Stryker, P.C., L.L.O., for appellee.
Heavican, C.J., Wright, Connolly, Stephan, McCormack,
Miller-Lerman, and Cassel, JJ.
Wright, J.
NATURE OF CASE
This is an action for breach of trust. The settlor, Jlee Rafert,
directed her attorney, Robert J. Meyer, to prepare an irrevo-
cable trust that named Meyer as the trustee. The corpus of the
trust was three insurance policies on the life of Rafert, issued
in the total amount of $8.5 million. The policies were payable
Nebraska Advance Sheets
RAFERT v. MEYER 221
Cite as 290 Neb. 219
on Rafert’s death to the trustee for the benefit of Rafert’s four
daughters. The trust instrument provided that the trustee had
no duty to pay the insurance premiums, had no duty to notify
the beneficiaries of nonpayment of such premiums, and had no
liability for any nonpayment.
Meyer executed all three insurance policy applications, each
identifying the trust as owner of the policy. On each policy
application executed by Meyer, he provided the insurer with
a false address for the trust. The initial premiums were paid
in 2009, but in 2010, the policies lapsed for nonpayment of
the premiums due. Rafert, Meyer, and the beneficiaries did
not receive notice until August 2012 from the insurers that the
policies had lapsed. Rafert paid $252,841.03 to an insurance
agent who did not forward the payment to the insurers.
Rafert and her daughters (collectively Appellants) sued
Meyer for breach of his duties as the trustee and damages
that occurred as a result of the breach. The trial court sus-
tained Meyer’s motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim
against Meyer.
For the reasons stated herein, we reverse the judgment of
the district court and remand the cause for further proceedings.
SCOPE OF REVIEW
[1,2] An appellate court reviews a district court’s order
granting a motion to dismiss de novo, accepting all allega-
tions in the complaint as true and drawing all reasonable
inferences in favor of the nonmoving party. Doe v. Board of
Regents, 280 Neb. 492, 788 N.W.2d 264 (2010). To prevail
against a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim, a
plaintiff must allege sufficient facts to state a claim to relief
that is plausible on its face. State v. Mamer, 289 Neb. 92, 853
N.W.2d 517 (2014).
FACTS
Background
On March 17, 2009, Rafert executed an irrevocable trust
for the benefit of her four adult daughters. Meyer prepared the
trust instrument and named himself as the trustee. Meyer did
not meet with Rafert to explain the provisions of the trust or
Nebraska Advance Sheets
222 290 NEBRASKA REPORTS
who would be responsible for monitoring the insurance poli-
cies owned by the trust.
As trustee, Meyer signed three applications for life insurance
that named Rafert as the insured and the trust as the owner of
the policies. On each application, Meyer gave the insurer a false
address in South Dakota for Meyer as trustee. Since the creation
of the trust, Meyer was a resident of Falls City, Nebraska, and
never received mail at the South Dakota address. The insurers
were TransAmerica Life Insurance Company (TransAmerica),
Lincoln Benefit Life Company (Lincoln Benefit), and Lincoln
National Life Insurance Company (Lincoln National) (col-
lectively insurers). In 2009, Rafert paid initial premiums on
each of the policies in the amounts of $97,860, $63,916, and
$100,230, respectively.
TransAmerica sent a notice to Meyer at the false address
that premiums of $97,860 were due and a subsequent notice
that the policy was in danger of lapsing. In November 2010,
a final notice and letter were sent to Meyer stating that the
policy had lapsed effective August 11, 2010, but that the policy
allowed for reinstatement.
Lincoln Benefit sent a notice to Meyer at the false address
that a premium of $60,150 was due on May 26, 2010, and a
subsequent letter to inform Meyer that the policy was in its
grace period and was in danger of lapsing. On February 23,
2011, a final notice was sent to Meyer stating that the grace
period had expired but that the policy could be reinstated.
Appellants asserted that Lincoln National would have sent
similar notices in 2010 to the false address given to Lincoln
National by Meyer.
Appellants alleged that Meyer breached his fiduciary duties
as trustee and that as a direct and that as a proximate result
of the breach of Meyer’s duties, the policies lapsed, result-
ing in the loss of the initial premiums. And after the policies
had lapsed, Rafert paid additional premiums in the amount of
$252,841.03. These premiums were paid directly to an insur-
ance agent by issuing checks to a corporation owned by the
agent. However, the premiums were never forwarded to the
insurers by the agent or his company, and Appellants do not
know what happened to the premiums.
Nebraska Advance Sheets
RAFERT v. MEYER 223
Cite as 290 Neb. 219
Appellants alleged that Rafert’s daughters, as qualified ben-
eficiaries, had an immediate interest in the premiums paid by
Rafert. As a result of Meyer’s providing the insurers with a
false address, Appellants did not receive notices of the lapses
of the three policies until August 2012.
P rocedural Background
Meyer moved to dismiss Appellants’ second amended com-
plaint, asserting that he did not cause the nonpayment of the
premiums, that he had no notice from the insurers of nonpay-
ment, and that his failure to submit annual reports to the ben-
eficiaries had no causal connection to the damages claimed,
because the lapses had occurred after his report would have
been submitted.
The district court dismissed the second amended complaint
with prejudice, finding that pursuant to the terms of the trust,
Meyer did not have a duty to pay the premiums or to notify
anyone of the nonpayment of the premiums. Nor, it observed,
did he have any responsibility for the failure to pay the premi-
ums. It concluded the pleadings failed to allege how Meyer’s
actions had caused the lapses of the policies.
Appellants timely appealed.
ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
Appellants assign that the district court erred in granting
Meyer’s motion to dismiss their second amended complaint.
They claim the court erred in concluding that they had not
stated a plausible claim that Meyer had breached his manda-
tory duties under the Nebraska Uniform Trust Code (Code) to
act in good faith and in the interest of the beneficiaries. They
assert that the court erred in finding that Appellants did not
state a plausible claim that Meyer breached his mandatory duty
to keep qualified beneficiaries reasonably informed about the
administration of the trust and of the material facts necessary
for them to protect their interests.
ANALYSIS
This case is presented as a motion to dismiss under Neb.
Ct. R. Pldg. § 6-1112(b)(6). We therefore consider whether
Appellants’ factual allegations set forth a plausible claim for
Nebraska Advance Sheets
224 290 NEBRASKA REPORTS
which relief may be granted. The issue is whether Appellants
stated a plausible claim that Meyer breached his fiduciary
duties to act in good faith and in accordance with the terms and
purposes of the trust and the interests of the beneficiaries and
whether Appellants were damaged as a result.
Our decision is controlled by certain common-law rules
pertaining to trusts and trustees and by the provisions of
the Code.
[3,4] As a general rule, the authority of a trustee is gov-
erned not only by the trust instrument but also by statutes and
common-law rules pertaining to trusts and trustees. Wahrman v.
Wahrman, 243 Neb. 673, 502 N.W.2d 95 (1993). A trustee has
a duty to fully inform the beneficiary of all material facts so
that the beneficiary can protect his or her own interests where
necessary. Karpf v. Karpf, 240 Neb. 302, 481 N.W.2d 891
(1992). “‘[A] trustee owes beneficiaries of a trust his undivided
loyalty and good faith, and all his acts as such trustee must be
in the interest of the [beneficiary] and no one else.’” Id. at 311,
481 N.W.2d at 897.
[5] Every violation by a trustee of a duty required of him
by law, whether willful and fraudulent, or done through negli-
gence, or arising through mere oversight or forgetfulness, is a
breach of trust. Johnson v. Richards, 155 Neb. 552, 52 N.W.2d
737 (1952). It is generally held that an exculpatory clause will
not excuse the trustee from liability for acts performed in bad
faith or gross negligence. George Gleason Bogert & George
Taylor Bogert, The Law of Trusts and Trustees § 542 (2d rev.
ed. 1993).
The relevant provisions of the Code provide:
(a) Except as otherwise provided in the terms of the trust,
the . . . Code governs the duties and powers of a trustee,
relations among trustees, and the rights and interests of
a beneficiary.
(b) The terms of a trust prevail over any provision of
the [C]ode except:
....
(2) the duty of a trustee to act in good faith and in
accordance with the terms and purposes of the trust and
the interests of the beneficiaries;
Nebraska Advance Sheets
RAFERT v. MEYER 225
Cite as 290 Neb. 219
....
(8) the duty under subsection (a) of section 30-3878
to keep the qualified beneficiaries of the trust rea­
sonably informed about the administration of the trust
and of the material facts necessary for them to protect
their interests, and to respond to the request of a quali-
fied beneficiary of an irrevocable trust for . . . infor-
mation reasonably related to the administration of a
trust; [and]
(9) the effect of an exculpatory term under section
30-3897.
Neb. Rev. Stat. § 30-3805 (Reissue 2008).
A trustee must “administer the trust in good faith, in
accord­ance with its terms and purposes and the interests of
the beneficiaries, and in accordance with the . . . Code.” Neb.
Rev. Stat. § 30-3866 (Reissue 2008). Regarding a trustee’s
duty to keep the beneficiaries of the trust reasonably informed
of the trust assets, “[a] trustee shall keep the qualified benefi-
ciaries of the trust reasonably informed about the administra-
tion of the trust and of the material facts necessary for them to
protect their interests.” Neb. Rev. Stat. § 30-3878(a) (Reissue
2008). The Code provides that a term limiting a trustee’s
liability for breach of trust is unenforceable to the extent it
“relieves the trustee of liability for breach of trust committed
in bad faith or with reckless indifference to the purposes of
the trust or the interests of the beneficiaries.” Neb. Rev. Stat.
§ 30-3897(a)(1) (Reissue 2008). Furthermore, an exculpatory
clause in a trust is invalid “unless the trustee proves that the
exculpatory term is fair under the circumstances and that its
existence and contents were adequately communicated to the
settlor.” § 30-3897(b).
[6] To prevail against a motion to dismiss for failure to
state a claim, a plaintiff must allege sufficient facts to state
a claim to relief that is plausible on its face. State v. Mamer,
289 Neb. 92, 853 N.W.2d 517 (2014). When analyzing a
lower court’s dismissal of a complaint for failure to state
a claim, an appellate court accepts the complaint’s factual
allegations as true and construes them in the light most favor-
able to the plaintiff. Doe v. Omaha Pub. Sch. Dist., 273 Neb.
Nebraska Advance Sheets
226 290 NEBRASKA REPORTS
79, 727 N.W.2d 447 (2007). Consequently, we look to the
factual pleadings in the second amended complaint, accept-
ing all allegations as true and drawing all reasonable infer-
ences therefrom in favor of Appellants to determine whether
Appellants have stated a plausible claim.
Appellants allege that Meyer breached his duties as trustee
by providing a false address to the insurers, failing to keep
Appellants informed of the facts necessary to protect their
interests, failing to furnish annual statements, failing to com-
municate the terms of the trust to Rafert, and failing to act in
good faith and in accordance with the terms and purposes of
the trust and in the interests of the beneficiaries.
Meyer contends that his duties were limited by articles
II and IV of the trust and that providing a false address to
the insurers and failing to furnish annual reports did not
cause the premiums not to be paid. Articles II and IV of the
trust provide:
ARTICLE II
The Trustee shall be under no obligation to pay the
premiums which may become due and payable under the
provisions of such policy of insurance, or to make certain
that such premiums are paid by the Grantor or others, or
to notify any persons of the noon-payment [sic] of such
premiums, and the Trustee shall be under no responsibil-
ity or liability of any kind in the event such premiums are
not paid as required.
....
ARTICLE IV
. . . The Trustee shall not be required to make or file
an inventory or accounting to any Court, or to give bond,
but the Trustee shall, at least annually, furnish to each
beneficiary a statement showing property then held by the
Trustee and the receipts and disbursements made.
Meyer claims that he had no obligation as trustee to moni-
tor or notify any person of the nonpayment of premiums and
that the district court correctly relied upon the language of
article II in dismissing Appellants’ action. We disagree. The
Code provides deference to the terms of the trust, but this
deference does not extend to all the trustee’s duties. Those
Nebraska Advance Sheets
RAFERT v. MEYER 227
Cite as 290 Neb. 219
duties to which the Code does not defer are described above
in § 30-3805.
[7,8] A trustee has the duty to administer the trust in good
faith, in accordance with its terms and purposes and the inter-
ests of the beneficiaries, and in accordance with the Code.
§ 30-3866. A violation by a trustee of a duty required by law,
whether willful, fraudulent, or resulting from neglect, is a
breach of trust, and the trustee is liable for any damages proxi-
mately caused by the breach. Trieweiler v. Sears, 268 Neb. 952,
689 N.W.2d 807 (2004).
In drafting the trust, Meyer could not abrogate his duty
under § 30-3805 to keep Appellants reasonably informed of
the material facts necessary for them to protect their inter-
ests. Notice of nonpayment of the premiums would have
profoundly affected Appellants’ actions to protect the policies
from lapsing. Notice that the policies had lapsed would have
affected the subsequent payment by Rafert as settlor to the
insurance agent.
Meyer admittedly provided a false address on each of the
insurance applications. This had the obvious result that the
insurers’ notices regarding premiums due would not reach any
of the parties. Despite this, Meyer argues that article II limits
his liability for any claims related to nonpayment of the premi-
ums. Meyer goes so far as to suggest that he did not have the
duty to inform Appellants even if he had received notices of
the nonpayment of the premiums.
Such a position is clearly untenable and challenges the most
basic understanding of a trustee’s duty to act for the benefit
of the beneficiaries under the trust. Perhaps the most funda-
mental aspect of acting for the benefit of the beneficiaries is
protecting the trust property. Article II cannot be relied upon to
abrogate Meyer’s duty to act in good faith and in accordance
with the terms and purposes of the trust and the interests of
the beneficiaries.
[9] Our conclusion remains the same whether we treat arti-
cle II as an exculpatory clause or as a term limiting Meyer’s
duties or liability.
A term of a trust relieving a trustee of liability for breach
of trust is unenforceable to the extent that it:
Nebraska Advance Sheets
228 290 NEBRASKA REPORTS
(1) relieves the trustee of liability for breach of trust
committed in bad faith or with reckless indifference
to the purposes of the trust or the interests of the
beneficiaries[.]
§ 30-3897(a). Appellants have alleged sufficient facts for a
court to find that Meyer acted in bad faith or reckless indif-
ference to the purposes of the trust or the interests of the
beneficiaries by providing a false address to the insurers.
This is not a situation where a gratuitous trustee, who had no
involvement in the drafting of the trust or the administration
of the insurance policy, undertook only to distribute insur-
ance proceeds after the insured’s death. The trustee’s duties
must be viewed in the light of the trustee’s alleged involve-
ment in these matters. If there was none, the result might well
be different.
If article II is an exculpatory clause, it is invalid because
Meyer failed to adequately communicate its nature and effect
to Rafert. “An exculpatory term drafted or caused to be drafted
by the trustee is invalid as an abuse of a fiduciary or confiden-
tial relationship unless the trustee proves that the exculpatory
term is fair under the circumstances and that its existence
and contents were adequately communicated to the settlor.”
§ 30-3897(b) (emphasis supplied). Appellants alleged that
Meyer drafted the trust agreement but never met with Rafert
or explained the terms of the trust and the respective duties of
each party.
We next consider Meyer’s duty to furnish annual reports
to the beneficiaries. Meyer contends that the lapses of the
policies occurred prior to the time such reports were due. But
annual reporting was a minimum requirement in the ordinary
administration of the trust. A reasonable person acting in good
faith and in the interests of the beneficiaries would not wait
until such annual report was due before informing the ben-
eficiaries that the trust assets were in danger of being lost.
Meyer’s duty to report the danger to the trust property became
immediate when the insurers issued notices of nonpayment of
the premiums. As trustee, Meyer had a statutory duty “to keep
the qualified beneficiaries of the trust reasonably informed
. . . of the material facts necessary for them to protect their
Nebraska Advance Sheets
RAFERT v. MEYER 229
Cite as 290 Neb. 219
interests.” § 30-3805(b)(8). Here, again, according to the
allegations, Meyer was not an otherwise uninvolved and gra-
tuitous trustee.
The pleadings alleged that Meyer’s breach of his fiduciary
duties as trustee was a direct and proximate cause of the dam-
ages sustained by Appellants. Meyer contends the damages
claimed by Appellants cannot be traced to Meyer’s conduct.
And the district court concluded that Meyer’s actions did not
cause the premiums not to be paid by the insurance agent.
But Meyer’s actions prevented Appellants from knowing the
premiums had not been paid, and it is reasonable to infer that
Meyer’s actions prevented Appellants from acting to protect
their interests.
Appellants claimed that the subsequent payment of premi-
ums to the agent occurred after the policies had lapsed. It can
reasonably be inferred that a false address given to the insur-
ers caused the notices of the defaults in payment not to reach
Appellants and that as a result, Appellants paid premiums
amounting to $252,841.03 to the insurance agent after the poli-
cies had lapsed. It is reasonable to infer that had they known
of the lapses, they would have taken the necessary action to
protect their interests.
Meyer had a statutory duty to inform Appellants of the
material facts necessary for them to protect their interests. This
duty arose when the insurers issued the notices of nonpayment
of the premiums. The second amended complaint alleged suf-
ficient facts to state a plausible claim against Meyer for breach
of fiduciary duty.
CONCLUSION
For the reasons stated herein, we reverse the judgment of
the district court dismissing Appellants’ second amended com-
plaint and we remand the cause for further proceedings con­
sistent with this opinion.
R eversed and remanded for
further proceedings.