Scalise v. Davis

Nebraska Supreme Court Online Library
www.nebraska.gov/apps-courts-epub/
10/28/2022 09:05 AM CDT
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Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets
312 Nebraska Reports
SCALISE V. DAVIS
Cite as 312 Neb. 518Nicholas N. Scalise, appellant, v.
Jeffrey L. Davis and the Sarpy County
Sheriff’s Office, appellees.
___ N.W.2d___
Filed September 30, 2022. No. S-21-031.
1. Courts: Appeal and Error. In an appeal from the county court general
civil docket, the district court acts as an intermediate appellate court and
not as a trial court.
2. ____: ____. Both the district court and a higher appellate court gener-
ally review appeals from the county court for error appearing on the
record.
3. Judgments: Appeal and Error. When reviewing a judgment for errors
appearing on the record, an appellate court’s inquiry is whether the deci-
sion conforms to the law, is supported by competent evidence, and is
neither arbitrary, capricious, nor unreasonable.
4. Appeal and Error. An appellate court independently reviews questions
of law in appeals from the county court.
5. Statutes: Appeal and Error. Statutory interpretation presents a ques-
tion of law, for which an appellate court has an obligation to reach an
independent conclusion irrespective of the determination made by the
court below.
6. Misdemeanors. For purposes of 18 U.S.C. § 921(a)(33)(A) (2018), a
misdemeanor crime of domestic violence is a misdemeanor offense that
(1) has, as an element, the use of force and (2) is committed by a person
who has a specified domestic relationship with the victim.
7. Statutes: Words and Phrases. A divisible statute is a statute that sets
out one or more elements of the offense in the alternative.
8. Criminal Law: Statutes: Convictions. The circumstance-specific
approach applies where the underlying statute refers to specific circum-
stances rather than to generic crimes and allows a court to look beyond
the elements of the prior offense and consider the facts and circum-
stances underlying an offender’s conviction.
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SCALISE V. DAVIS
Cite as 312 Neb. 518Appeal from the District Court for Sarpy County, Stefanie
A. Martinez, Judge, on appeal thereto from the County
Court for Sarpy County, Todd J. Hutton, Judge. Judgment of
District Court affirmed.
Hugh I. Abrahamson, of Abrahamson Law Office, and
Phillip G. Wright for appellant.
No appearance for appellees.
Heavican, C.J., Miller-Lerman, Cassel, Stacy, Funke,
Papik, and Freudenberg, JJ.
Funke, J.
INTRODUCTION
In 2020, the Sarpy County, Nebraska, sheriff’s office denied
Nicholas N. Scalise’s application for a certificate to possess a
handgun. In doing so, the sheriff determined that Scalise’s prior
conviction for third degree assault qualified as a “misdemeanor
crime of domestic violence” under 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(9)
(2018). Scalise filed a handgun appeal with the county court,
arguing that he had never been convicted of a crime of domes-
tic violence. The county court denied Scalise’s relief, as did
the district court on appeal. For reasons set forth herein, we
affirm the order of the district court, affirming the order of the
county court.
BACKGROUND
In 2018, Scalise was arrested and charged with strangulation
from an incident arising out of an argument with the victim.
Pursuant to a plea agreement, an amended criminal complaint
was filed, which charged Scalise with third degree assault, a
Class I misdemeanor, and alleged that Scalise “did intention-
ally, knowingly or recklessly cause bodily injury to, and/or
did threaten [the victim] in a menacing manner, in violation
of Section 28-310(1).” Scalise pled guilty to the amended
complaint and was sentenced to a term of probation. After
successfully completing probation in 2020, Scalise attempted
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SCALISE V. DAVIS
Cite as 312 Neb. 518to purchase a handgun, but was advised by the retailer that
he needed to obtain a permit from the Sarpy County sher-
iff’s office.
The Sarpy County sheriff’s office denied Scalise’s appli-
cation for a handgun certificate pursuant to Neb. Rev. Stat.
§ 69-2404 (Reissue 2016) and 18 U.S.C. 922(g)(9), finding
that Scalise’s conviction for third degree assault met the cri-
teria for domestic violence under federal law. Scalise then
filed an appeal pursuant to Neb. Rev. Stat. § 69-2406 (Reissue
2016) in the county court for Sarpy County, asserting that he
had never been convicted of domestic violence or a crime of
domestic violence.
At the hearing before the county court, the sheriff’s office
offered exhibit 1, which contained the following documents: the
amended complaint charging Scalise with third degree assault,
the order placing Scalise on probation, Scalise’s request for sat-
isfactory discharge from probation, the order releasing Scalise
from probation, incident reports from the Papillion, Nebraska,
police department, and the victim/witness statement.
Scalise offered exhibits 2, 3, and 4, which consisted of
the criminal complaint charging him with strangulation; the
amended complaint charging him with third degree assault; the
journal entry and order showing his entry of a guilty plea to
the amended charge; the complete transcript from the January
24, 2019, sentencing hearing; the order placing him on proba-
tion; his request for satisfactory discharge from probation; the
order releasing him from probation; the sheriff’s denial of his
application for a handgun certificate; and a copy of his hand-
gun appeal.
After the hearing, the county court issued an order deny-
ing the appeal and finding that the sheriff’s office acted in
accordance with state and federal law. In its order, the court
explained that § 922(g)(9) “prohibits any person who has been
convicted in any court of a misdemeanor crime of domestic
violence to . . . possess in or affecting commerce, any firearm
or ammunition.”
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SCALISE V. DAVIS
Cite as 312 Neb. 518In discussing what constitutes a domestic violence convic-
tion, the county court looked to the U.S. Supreme Court’s
opinion in United States v. Hayes, 1 which found that a domes-
tic relationship need not be a defining element of the predi-
cate offense under consideration when evaluating whether a
handgun certificate can properly be issued. Because Scalise
was convicted of third degree assault, which is a misdemeanor
under Neb. Rev. Stat. § 28-310 (Reissue 2016) that contains
elements of “[i]ntentionally, knowingly, or recklessly caus[ing]
bodily injury to another person” or “threatens another in a
menacing manner,” and because the adduced evidence showed
that Scalise and the victim of the assault were in a domestic
relationship, the court found the restrictions established by
§ 922(g)(9) apply to Scalise.
Scalise appealed to the district court, which entered an
opinion and order affirming the county court’s order and con-
cluding that the restrictions established by § 922(g)(9) apply
to Scalise, resulting in his ineligibility to obtain a handgun
certificate.
Scalise timely appealed, but the sheriff’s office declined to
file a brief in this appeal. We moved this case to our docket on
our own motion.
ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
Scalise assigns, consolidated, that the district court erred in
affirming the county court’s finding that Scalise’s third degree
assault conviction qualified as a predicate offense for the pur-
pose of a federal prohibition on firearms under § 922(g)(9).
Scalise also argues the court erred in failing to advise him that
if convicted, he would lose the right to bear arms. Scalise fur-
ther makes a number of constitutional arguments pertaining to
the Second Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, double jeop-
ardy, and due process.
1
United States v. Hayes, 555 U.S. 415, 129 S. Ct. 1079, 172 L. Ed. 2d 816(2009).
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SCALISE V. DAVIS
Cite as 312 Neb. 518STANDARD OF REVIEW
[1-3] In an appeal from the county court general civil
docket, the district court acts as an intermediate appellate court
and not as a trial court. 2 Both the district court and a higher
appellate court generally review appeals from the county court
for error appearing on the record. 3 When reviewing a judgment
for errors appearing on the record, an appellate court’s inquiry
is whether the decision conforms to the law, is supported by
competent evidence, and is neither arbitrary, capricious, nor
unreasonable. 4
[4,5] We independently review questions of law in appeals
from the county court. 5 Statutory interpretation presents a
question of law, for which an appellate court has an obligation
to reach an independent conclusion irrespective of the determi-
nation made by the court below. 6
ANALYSIS
Applicable Federal Law
Scalise applied for his handgun certificate under § 69-2404.
However, § 69-2404 states that an applicant cannot obtain a
handgun certificate if the applicant is prohibited from pur-
chasing or possessing a handgun by § 922. Section 922(g)(9)
makes it unlawful for any person who has been convicted of a
“misdemeanor crime of domestic violence” to possess a fire-
arm. Under 18 U.S.C. § 921(a)(33)(A) (2018), the term “mis-
demeanor crime of domestic violence” means an offense that
(i) is a misdemeanor under Federal, State, or Tribal
law; and
(ii) has, as an element, the use or attempted use of
physical force, or the threatened use of a deadly weapon,
2
See In re Conservatorship of Mosel, 234 Neb. 86, 449 N.W.2d 220 (1989).
3
State v. Avey, 288 Neb. 233, 846 N.W.2d 662 (2014).
4
Id.5
Id.6
State v. Beitel, 296 Neb. 781, 895 N.W.2d 710 (2017).
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SCALISE V. DAVIS
Cite as 312 Neb. 518committed by a current or former spouse, parent, or
guardian of the victim, . . . by a person who is cohabiting
with or has cohabited with the victim as a spouse, parent,
or guardian, or by a person similarly situated to a spouse,
parent, or guardian of the victim.
[6] In Hayes, the U.S. Supreme Court simplified this
definition and determined that the most sensible reading of
§ 921(a)(33)(A) defines the term “misdemeanor crime of
domestic violence” as a misdemeanor offense that “(1) ‘has,
as an element, the use [of force],’ and (2) is committed by
a person who has a specified domestic relationship with the
victim.” 7 The Court emphasized that such definition does not
require the specified domestic relationship to be an element of
the predicate-offense statute. 8
In United States v. Castleman, 9 the U.S. Supreme Court
articulated the definition of the phrase “use of physical force”
for purposes of § 921(a)(33)(A). In Castleman, the appellant
pled guilty to “‘intentionally or knowingly caus[ing] bodily
injury’” to the mother of his child, in violation of Tennessee
state law. In a subsequent prosecution for being a prohib-
ited person in possession of a firearm, the appellant argued
his Tennessee conviction did not qualify as a “misdemeanor
crime of domestic violence” under § 922(g)(9), because it did
not have, as an element, the use of physical force. The U.S.
Supreme Court disagreed and held that the Tennessee statute
under which the appellant was convicted defined three types
of assault, one of which was “‘[i]ntentionally, knowingly or
recklessly caus[ing] bodily injury to another.’” 10 The Court
concluded that the appellant’s conviction qualified as a “‘mis-
demeanor crime of domestic violence’” because the appellant
7
Hayes, supra note 1, 555 U.S. at 426.
8
Id.9
United States v. Castleman, 572 U.S. 157, 159, 134 S. Ct. 1405, 188 L.
Ed. 2d 426 (2014).
10
Id., 572 U.S. at 168 (quoting Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-101 (2006)).
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SCALISE V. DAVIS
Cite as 312 Neb. 518pleaded guilty to having “‘intentionally or knowingly cause[d]
bodily injury’” to the mother of his child and because the
knowing or intentional causation of bodily injury necessarily
involves the use of force. 11
Then, in Voisine v. United States, 12 the U.S. Supreme Court
extended the definition of the phrase “misdemeanor crime of
domestic violence” to include misdemeanor assault statutes
covering reckless conduct. In doing so, the Voisine Court held
that a statute which prohibits the reckless causing of bodily
injury also has, as an element, the use of physical force.
As such, in determining whether an applicant is prohibited
from possessing a firearm, a court must consider whether the
predicate conviction involved the use of force and whether the
offender and the victim were involved in a domestic relation-
ship. In making these determinations, a court is limited as to
what evidence can be considered.
Approaches
Federal courts have outlined three separate approaches a
court may employ in determining if a prior conviction qualifies
as a predicate offense to trigger a federal consequence. First,
the U.S. Supreme Court has developed and refined a method-
ology referred to as the “categorical approach” to determine
whether a person’s prior state conviction qualifies as a generic
federal offense described in the relevant statute. 13
Under the categorical approach, a court must determine only
whether the defendant was convicted under a criminal statute
11
Id., 572 U.S. at 169.
12
Voisine v. United States, 579 U.S. 686, 136 S. Ct. 2272, 195 L. Ed. 2d 736(2016).
13
See, Gonzales v. Duenas-Alvarez, 549 U.S. 183, 127 S. Ct. 815, 166
L. Ed. 2d 683 (2007) (considering generic federal offenses for purposes
of immigration law); Taylor v. United States, 495 U.S. 575, 110 S. Ct.
2143, 109 L. Ed. 2d 607 (1990) (considering generic federal offenses for
purposes of Armed Career Criminal Act of 1984). See, also, Orellana v.
Mayorkas, 6 F.4th 1034 (9th Cir. 2021).
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SCALISE V. DAVIS
Cite as 312 Neb. 518that categorically matches the generic federal offense, without
considering the particular facts underlying the defendant’s con-
viction. 14 In doing so, the court considers only the statutory
language of the criminal statute of conviction and the generic
federal offense, and may not consider any evidence relating to
the defendant’s conduct. 15
[7] However, for the limited purpose of “help[ing to] imple-
ment the categorical approach,” the U.S. Supreme Court has
recognized a narrow range of cases in which courts may apply
a different approach: the modified categorical approach. 16
Courts may use the modified categorical approach only where
the criminal statute of conviction is divisible. 17 A divisible
statute is a statute that sets out one or more elements of the
offense in the alternative. 18
Under this approach, a court must determine “‘which of
the [alternative] statutory offenses . . . formed the basis of
the defendant’s conviction.’” 19 To make this determination,
a court may look to only a narrow category of documents,
colloquially known as Shepard documents, 20 such as “‘the
indictment or information and jury instructions or, if a guilty
plea is at issue, . . . the plea agreement, plea colloquy or some
comparable judicial record of the factual basis for the plea.’” 21
However, a court may not look at other evidence, such as
14
Orellana, supra note 13 (citing Taylor, supra note 13).
15
Id.16
Descamps v. United States, 570 U.S. 254, 263, 133 S. Ct. 2276, 186 L. Ed.
2d 438 (2013).
17
Id.18
Descamps, supra note 16.
19
Orellana, supra note 13, 6 F.4th at 1039 (quoting Descamps, supra note
16).
20
Shepard v. United States, 544 U.S. 13, 125 S. Ct. 1254, 161 L. Ed. 2d 205(2005).
21
Orellana, supra note 13, 6 F.4th at 1040 (quoting Nijhawan v. Holder, 557
U.S. 29, 129 S. Ct. 2294, 174 L. Ed. 2d 22 (2009)).
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SCALISE V. DAVIS
Cite as 312 Neb. 518police reports or victim statements, to determine what crime
the defendant actually committed, because such review would
amount to a collateral trial and raise concerns pertaining to the
Sixth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. 22
[8] More recently, in Nijhawan v. Holder, 23 the U.S.
Supreme court recognized a third approach: the “‘circum-
stance-specific’” approach. Such approach applies where the
underlying statute refers to specific circumstances, rather than
to generic crimes. This approach allows a court to look beyond
the elements of the prior offense and consider the “facts and
circumstances underlying an offender’s conviction.” 24 One
indication that a statute refers to specific circumstances rather
than to generic crimes is statutory language focusing on
“the conduct involved ‘in’” rather than “the elements of ” an
offense. 25 For example, the Nijhawan Court stated that the
Immigration and Nationality Act provides for the deporta-
tion of any alien convicted of an aggravated felony. Under
this act, the definition of “‘aggravated felony’” includes “‘an
offense that . . . involves fraud or deceit in which the loss
to the victim or victims exceeds $10,000.’” 26 In Nijhawan,
the U.S. Supreme Court determined that this particular pro-
vision in the Immigration and Nationality Act invoked the
circumstance-specific approach because the words “in which”
could refer to “the conduct involved ‘in’ the commission
of the offense of conviction, rather than to the elements of
the offense.” 27
A statute may also present a hybrid situation in which one
section of the statute is governed by one approach, while
22
See Orellana, supra note 13 (citing Shepard, supra note 20).
23
Nijhawan, supra note 21, 557 U.S. at 34.
24
Id. Accord U.S. v. White, 782 F.3d 1118 (10th Cir. 2015).
25
Nijhawan, supra note 21, 557 U.S. at 39. See, also, Bogle v. Garland, 21
F.4th 637 (9th Cir. 2021).
26
Nijhawan, supra note 21, 557 U.S. at 32.
27
Id., 557 U.S. at 39 (emphasis omitted).
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Cite as 312 Neb. 518another is subject to a different approach. For example,
although not expressly stated, it appears that the Hayes Court
employed a hybrid approach by applying the circumstance-spe-
cific approach to the specific domestic relationship requirement
and the categorical approach to the “use of physical force”
requirement. 28
Further, in U.S. v. Doss, 29 the Ninth Circuit analyzed 18
U.S.C. § 3559(e)(1) (2018), which delineates federal sentenc-
ing guidelines for repeat sex offenders and provides for a man-
datory minimum life sentence for certain federal sex offenses
if the defendant has a “prior sex conviction in which a minor
was the victim.” Relying on the U.S. Supreme Court’s rea-
soning in Nijhawan, the Doss court concluded that § 3559(e)
presents a hybrid situation because while the phrase “a prior
sex offense conviction” requires application of the categorical
approach, the phrase “in which a minor was the victim” calls
for application of the circumstance-specific approach.
Thus, like § 3559(e), § 921(a)(33)(A)(ii) also implicates
the hybrid approach employed in Hayes and Doss. Here, as
mentioned earlier, § 921(a)(3)(A)(ii) can be broken into two
parts. One provision requires that the predicate offense be
committed by a current or former spouse, parent, or guard-
ian of the victim, by a person with whom the victim shares a
child in common, by a person who is cohabiting with or has
cohabited with the victim as a spouse, parent, or guardian, or
by a person similarly situated to a spouse, parent, or guardian
of the victim. Federal circuit courts generally agree that Hayes
can be construed as using a circumstance-specific approach to
28
See United States v. Hayes, supra note 1. See, also, U.S. v. Price, 777
F.3d 700 (4th Cir. 2015) (stating that Hayes Court reasoned that legislative
history supported use of factual analysis on specific issue of domestic
relationship); U.S. v. Gonzalez-Medina, 757 F.3d 425 (5th Cir. 2014)
(characterizing Hayes as holding that domestic relationship requirement
need not be element of predicate statute of conviction and could be
determined under circumstance-specific approach).
29
U.S. v. Doss, 630 F.3d 1181 (9th Cir. 2011).
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Cite as 312 Neb. 518determine the existence of the specified domestic relationship
as required by § 921(a)(33)(A)(ii). In reaching these conclu-
sions, federal circuit courts considered the statutory language
(“committed by”), the broad Congressional purpose of the
law, and the fact that only one-third of states had criminal
statutes that specifically proscribed domestic violence when
the provision was enacted. 30
By contrast, the other provision in § 921(a)(3)(A)(ii) requires
that the predicate offense has, as an element, “the use or
attempted use of physical force.” Although the Hayes court
employed the categorical approach to the second provision,
such approach is not appropriate here, because § 28-310(1) is
a divisible statute.
Under § 28-310(1), a person commits third degree assault
under two enumerated alternatives: “(a) Intentionally, know-
ingly, or recklessly causes bodily injury to another person;
or (b) [t]hreatens another in a menacing manner.” Because
§ 28-310(1) sets out one or more elements of the offense in the
alternative, the statute is a divisible statute. Though a convic-
tion secured under alternative (a) may trigger the prohibition
on firearms under federal law, a conviction under alternative
(b) will not.
As such, when considering an appeal from the denial of
an application for a handgun certificate, Nebraska courts
should employ the circumstance-specific approach to the
specified domestic relationship requirement, but employ the
modified categorical approach to the “use of physical force”
requirement.
Application
In this matter, Scalise’s primary argument is that his third
degree assault conviction under § 28-310 does not qualify as a
misdemeanor crime of domestic violence because he was not
convicted of domestic assault under Neb. Rev. Stat. § 28-32330
Gonzalez-Medina, supra note 28 (citing Hayes, supra note 1).
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SCALISE V. DAVIS
Cite as 312 Neb. 518(Reissue 2016) and because the sentencing court did not make
a finding of a domestic relationship.
In making this argument, Scalise fails to appreciate that
§ 921(a)(33)(A)(ii)’s definition of the phrase “misdemeanor
crime of domestic violence” does not require that the predicate
conviction be one of domestic assault or domestic violence.
Rather, the federal statute simply requires that the predicate
conviction have, as an element, the use of physical force and
be committed by a person who has a specified domestic rela-
tionship with the victim. 31 As such, a conviction under either
§ 28-310 or § 28-323 can satisfy the definition of a misde-
meanor crime of domestic violence depending on the circum-
stances of the offense. Further, to the extent Scalise argues that
§ 28-310 does not have a domestic relationship element, such
argument is negated by the fact that the circumstance-specific
approach, applicable to the domestic relationship requirement
of § 921(a)(33)(A)(ii), allows us to look beyond the elements
of § 28-310.
Specifically, the circumstance-specific approach allows this
court to go beyond the limited universe of Shepard docu-
ments 32 and to the facts and circumstances underlying Scalise’s
conviction for third degree assault. 33 Contrary to Scalise’s
claim that the evidence does not establish a domestic relation-
ship between himself and the victim, the police department’s
incident report, as well as the victim/witness statement, estab-
lishes that Scalise and the victim were in a dating relationship
for approximately 5 years, which included cohabitation for a
period of time.
Additionally, Scalise’s reliance on the definition of “intimate
partner” in § 28-323(8) to support his argument is misplaced
and erroneous. Section 28-323(8) states:
31
See Hayes, supra note 1.
32
Shepard, supra note 20.
33
See Lindo v. Secretary, U.S. Department of Homeland Security, 766 Fed.
Appx. 897 (11th Cir. 2019). See, also, Nijhawan, supra note 21.
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Cite as 312 Neb. 518For purposes of this section, intimate partner means
a spouse; a former spouse; persons who have a child
in common whether or not they have been married or
lived together at any time; and persons who are or were
involved in a dating relationship. For purposes of this
subsection, dating relationship means frequent, intimate
associations primarily characterized by the expectation of
affectional or sexual involvement, but does not include
a casual relationship or an ordinary association between
persons in a business or social context.
(Emphasis supplied.) It is clear that § 28-323(8)’s definition
of “intimate partner” is for purposes of that particular statute
and has no bearing on our analysis under § 921(a)(33)(A)(ii).
Thus, the district court properly found that Scalise’s conviction
satisfies the domestic relationship requirement of § 921(a)(33).
This assignment of error is without merit.
In regard to the “use of physical force” requirement, Scalise
assigns that the “trial court failed to determine if [his] simple
assault conviction contained the necessary elements of know-
ingly or recklessly causing bodily injury.” However, in his
brief, he makes no arguments regarding this assigned error.
Instead, he focuses on the alleged errors as to his relation-
ship with the victim. In order to be considered by an appellate
court, an alleged error must be both specifically assigned and
specifically argued in the brief of the party asserting the error. 34
Accordingly, we will not address this argument.
Notice Requirement
Scalise further contends that the county court failed to give
him notice that his conviction could prevent him from pos-
sessing a handgun in the future as required by Neb. Rev. Stat.
§ 29-2291(1) (Reissue 2016). Section 29-2291(1) provides:
When sentencing a person convicted of a misdemeanor
crime of domestic violence as defined in 18 U.S.C.
34
Humphrey v. Smith, 311 Neb. 632, 974 N.W.2d 293 (2022).
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Cite as 312 Neb. 518921(a)(33), as such section existed on July 18, 2008,
the court shall provide written or oral notification to the
defendant that it may be a violation of federal law for the
individual: To ship or transport in interstate or foreign
commerce, or possess in or affecting commerce, any fire-
arm or ammunition; or to receive any firearm or ammuni-
tion which has been shipped or transported in interstate or
foreign commerce.
The record before us clearly shows that the court gave
Scalise the requisite advisement pursuant to § 29-2291. As
such, this assignment of error is meritless.
Remaining Assignments of Error
Lastly, as previously mentioned, Scalise assigned as error
a number of constitutional arguments concerning the Second
Amendment, double jeopardy, and due process. We decline
to address these assignments of error because neither the
county court nor the district court addressed Scalise’s constitu-
tional claims. A constitutional issue not presented to or passed
upon by the trial court is not appropriate for consideration
on appeal. 35
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, the district court did not err
in affirming the county court’s denial of Scalise’s handgun
appeal.
Affirmed.
35
State v. Boche, 294 Neb. 912, 885 N.W.2d 523 (2016).
Stacy, J., concurring.
The majority opinion provides much‑needed guidance on the
requirement in Neb. Rev. Stat. § 69‑2404 (Reissue 2016) that
applicants who are “prohibited from purchasing or possess-
ing a handgun by 18 U.S.C. 922” shall not receive a handgun
certificate. I agree in all respects with the majority’s analysis
and disposition, but write separately to highlight some of the
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Cite as 312 Neb. 518procedural questions that remain unanswered in appeals from
the denial of handgun certificates.
This appeal is authorized by Neb. Rev. Stat. § 69‑2406
(Reissue 2016), which provides, in full:
Any person who is denied a certificate, whose certifi-
cate is revoked, or who has not been issued a certificate
upon expiration of the three‑day period may appeal
within ten days of receipt of the denial or revocation to
the county court of the county of the applicant’s place
of residence. The applicant shall file with the court the
specific reasons for the denial or revocation by the chief
of police or sheriff and a filing fee of ten dollars in
lieu of any other filing fee required by law. The court
shall issue its decision within thirty days of the filing of
the appeal.
Although this statute affords individuals the right to appeal to
the county court from the denial or revocation of a handgun
certificate, it is largely silent on the procedure for such an
appeal. Who are the parties of record in such an appeal? Must
the chief of police or sheriff be served with a notice of the
appeal? What does the appellate record consist of and who has
the responsibility to prepare it? Is it appropriate to hold an evi-
dentiary hearing before the county court? Is the decision of the
chief of police or sheriff reviewed by the county court de novo,
reviewed for errors appearing on the record, or reviewed for an
abuse of discretion? What relief is the county court authorized
to order? 1 These procedural questions are not addressed in
§ 69‑2406, and they are not adequately addressed in any other
statute setting out default appeal procedures.
Neb. Rev. Stat. § 25‑1937 (Reissue 2016) addresses the
default procedure for appeals “[w]hen the Legislature enacts
1
Compare Neb. Rev. Stat. § 84‑917 (Reissue 2016) (providing that in
appeals under Administrative Procedure Act district court “may affirm,
reverse, or modify the decision of the agency or remand the case for
further proceedings”).
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Cite as 312 Neb. 518a law providing for an appeal without providing the procedure
therefor . . . .” It provides that “the procedure for appeal to the
district court shall be the same as for appeals from the county
court to the district court in civil actions” and states that in
such appeals, “[t]rial in the district court shall be de novo upon
the issues made up by the pleadings in the district court.” 2
But § 25‑1937 does not describe the appellate procedure or
standard of review for appeals that are to be initiated in county
court, as set forth in § 69‑2406.
Neb. Rev. Stat. § 25‑2701 (Reissue 2016) provides a proce-
dure for county courts to follow when no other specific proce-
dure has been enumerated by the Legislature. It provides:
All provisions in the codes of . . . civil procedure govern-
ing actions and proceedings in the district court not in
conflict with statutes specifically governing procedure in
county courts and related to matters for which no specific
provisions have been made for county courts shall govern
and apply to all actions and proceedings in the county
court. 3
While helpful, § 25‑2701 does not fill the procedural void
created by § 69‑2406. This is so because the statutory proce-
dures for appeals before the district court either conflict with
the limited statutory procedures announced in § 69‑2406 4 or
do not fit the statutory scheme described by § 69‑2406, under
2
§ 25‑1937.
3
§ 25‑2701.
4
Compare § 69‑2406 (providing that applicant has 10 days to appeal from
decision or revocation and must “file with the court the specific reasons
for the denial or revocation,” as well as pay filing fee of $10) with Neb.
Rev. Stat. § 25‑2729 (Cum. Supp. 2020) (providing that appealing party
has 30 days after entry of county court judgment or final order to file
notice of appeal with clerk of county court and deposit docket fee), Neb.
Rev. Stat. § 25‑2733 (Reissue 2016) (providing that “the district court
shall review the case for error appearing on the record made in the county
court”), and § 25‑1937 (providing that “[t]rial in the district court shall be
de novo upon the issues made up by the pleadings in the district court”)
(emphasis supplied).
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Cite as 312 Neb. 518which there is no judgment or final order from which to appeal.
Under the existing provisions of § 69‑2406, it is not even clear
whether the county court has a record to review beyond the
applicant’s description of the “specific reasons for the denial or
revocation by the chief of police or sheriff.” 5
Section 69‑2406 was intended to give applicants an expe-
dited appeal process when a handgun certificate is denied or
revoked by the chief of police or the sheriff. But until the
Legislature establishes a clear statutory procedure to govern
such appeals, there will be continued uncertainty and a lack of
uniformity in how these appeals are processed and resolved in
the county courts.
Cassel, J., joins in this concurrence.
5
See § 69‑2406. But, see, 272 Neb. Admin. Code, ch. 22, § 006.03 (2022)
(“[t]he agency to which an application was made will preserve evidence
of the reason(s) for denial or revocation for at least 30 days, should the
applicant appeal the denial or revocation”). Cf. Neb. Rev. Stat. § 69‑2414
(prescribing procedure for applicants denied right to purchase or receive
handgun to petition Nebraska State Patrol requesting “amendment of the
record pertaining to him or her”).