Bank of the W. v. Sunset Mem'l Park Cemetery Ass'n, Inc. (In Re Trust Known Fund of the Sunset Mem'l Park Chapel Mausoleum Co. of Scottsbluff)

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Nebraska Supreme Court A dvance Sheets
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IN RE MAINT. FUND TRUST OF SUNSET MEM. PARK CHAPEL
Cite as 302 Neb. 954
In Trust known as the M aintenance Fund of the
re
Sunset Memorial Park Chapel M ausoleum
Company of Scottsbluff, Nebraska.
Bank of the West, formerly known as The Guardian
State Bank and Trust Co., Trustee, appellee and
cross-appellant, v. Sunset M emorial Park
Cemetery Association, Inc., and Myrtle
Hughbanks, interested parties,
appellants and cross-appellees.
___ N.W.2d ___
Filed April 19, 2019. No. S-18-517.
1. Standing: Jurisdiction: Parties. Standing is a jurisdictional com-
ponent of a party’s case because only a party who has standing may
invoke the jurisdiction of a court.
2. Jurisdiction: Appeal and Error. The question of jurisdiction is a ques-
tion of law, upon which an appellate court reaches a conclusion indepen-
dent of the trial court.
3. Trusts: Equity: Appeal and Error. Absent an equity question, an
appellate court reviews trust administration matters for error appear-
ing on the record; but where an equity question is presented, appellate
review of that issue is de novo on the record.
4. Decedents’ Estates: Trusts: Equity: Appeal and Error. The removal
of a trustee is a question of equity, and therefore an appellate court
reviews de novo the question of whether a trustee was properly removed.
5. Standing: Words and Phrases. Standing is the legal or equitable right,
title, or interest in the subject matter of the controversy.
6. Jurisdiction: Standing. The requirement of standing is fundamental to
a court’s exercise of jurisdiction, and either a litigant or a court before
which a case is pending can raise the question of standing at any time
during the proceeding.
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IN RE MAINT. FUND TRUST OF SUNSET MEM. PARK CHAPEL
Cite as 302 Neb. 954
7. Standing: Jurisdiction: Proof. A party invoking a court’s or tribunal’s
jurisdiction bears the burden of establishing the elements of standing.
8. Standing: Jurisdiction. Standing requires that a litigant have such a
personal stake in the outcome of a controversy as to warrant invocation
of a court’s jurisdiction and justify exercise of the court’s remedial pow-
ers on the litigant’s behalf.
9. Standing: Claims: Parties. To have standing, a litigant must assert the
litigant’s own rights and interests, and cannot rest a claim on the legal
rights or interests of third parties.
10. Trusts. In the case of a special purpose trust, trustees cannot on their
own decide that carrying out the trust as originally planned has become
impossible or inexpedient.
11. Trusts: Fees. A trustee will generally not be allowed to resign if the
terms of the trust agreement, agreed to by the settlor and trustee, became
inadequate according to the present market value of a trustee’s services.
Appeal from the County Court for Scotts Bluff County:
James M. Worden, Judge. Affirmed in part, and in part reversed
and remanded for further proceedings.
Robert M. Brenner, of Robert M. Brenner Law Office, for
appellants.
John A. Selzer, of Simmons Olsen Law Firm, P.C., L.L.O.,
for appellee.
Heavican, C.J., Miller-Lerman, Cassel, Stacy, Funke,
Papik, and Freudenberg JJ.
Miller-Lerman, J.
NATURE OF CASE
Bank of the West, formerly known as The Guardian State
Bank and Trust Co. (Trustee), as trustee for a trust fund created
for the perpetual care and maintenance of the Sunset Memorial
Park Mausoleum, petitioned the county court for Scotts Bluff
County to resign as trustee; to be paid trustee fees, expenses,
and attorney fees; and to terminate the perpetual care trust due
to circumstances not anticipated at the time the trust was cre-
ated. Several objectors opposed terminating the trust, including
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302 Nebraska R eports
IN RE MAINT. FUND TRUST OF SUNSET MEM. PARK CHAPEL
Cite as 302 Neb. 954
Myrtle Hughbanks, a person who owns a crypt in the mauso-
leum, and Sunset Memorial Park Cemetery Association, Inc.
(Cemetery Association), a nonprofit corporation that owns and
operates the surrounding cemetery in which the mausoleum is
located. The county court found that the Cemetery Association
lacked standing and accepted the resignation of the Trustee.
The county court ordered the Trustee to pay trustee fees, attor-
ney fees, costs, and expenses incurred during the prosecution
of the petition, which payments would exhaust the balance of
the trust fund. The county court denied both parties’ motions
for attorney fees, and its order did not provide for future
trust management. The Cemetery Association and Hughbanks
appealed, and the Trustee cross-appealed. We determine that
in addition to Hughbanks, the Cemetery Association possesses
standing, and that the county court’s ruling to the contrary
was error. Further, because of the perpetual nature of a mau-
soleum trust, it was error to grant the Trustee’s request for
resignation and discharge without the Trustee’s having iden-
tified and requested the appointment of a successor trustee.
Accordingly, we affirm the county court’s denial of the parties’
motions for attorney fees, but we reverse the order of discharge
and associated award of fees and remand the cause for fur-
ther proceedings.
STATEMENT OF FACTS
The issues in this case must be decided by reference to
the mausoleum-related statutes and the Trust agreement.
The statutes are found at Neb. Rev. Stat. § 12-601 et seq.
(Reissue 2012) and include the following language applicable
to this case.
Section 12-613 provides:
It shall be unlawful for any person, firm, partnership,
limited liability company, corporation, or association to
sell, transfer, or assign any niche or crypt in a columbar-
ium or mausoleum without establishing a trust fund for
the perpetual care and maintenance of such columbarium
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IN RE MAINT. FUND TRUST OF SUNSET MEM. PARK CHAPEL
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or mausoleum as provided by sections 12-603 and 12-606
to 12-618.
Section 12-614 provides in part:
Any person, partnership, limited liability company,
firm, corporation, or association which sells, assigns, or
transfers any crypt or niche in a mausoleum or colum-
barium shall set aside a sum of not less than fifty dollars
for each crypt and not less than twenty-five dollars for
each niche or ten percent of the sale price of each crypt
or niche whichever sum is the greater.
Section 12-616 provides:
The truste or trustees [of the trust fund] shall have
the authority to receive gifts or bequests of money and
other personal property and devises of real estate and
any interest therein, to be placed in the perpetual care
fund. The principal of the perpetual care fund shall be
forever held inviolate as a perpetual trust, by said trustee
or trustees, and shall be maintained separate and distinct
from any other funds. The principal of the perpetual
care fund shall be invested and, from time to time, rein-
vested and kept invested in securities, authorized by the
State of Nebraska, for the investment of trust funds, and
the income earned therefrom shall be used solely for
the general care, maintenance, and embellishment of the
mausoleum or columbarium, and shall be applied in such
manner as the person or persons owning or operating
the mausoleum or columbarium may, from time to time,
determine to be for the best interests of such mausoleum
or columbarium.
Where relevant, we view these specific mausoleum statutes as
controlling our trust analysis. See Neb. Rev. Stat. § 30-3835
(Reissue 2016).
This case concerns a perpetual care and maintenance trust
fund known as the Maintenance Fund of the Sunset Memorial
Park Chapel Mausoleum Company of Scottsbluff, Nebraska
(Trust), associated with the Sunset Memorial Park Mausoleum
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IN RE MAINT. FUND TRUST OF SUNSET MEM. PARK CHAPEL
Cite as 302 Neb. 954
in Scotts Bluff County, Nebraska. The Sunset Memorial Park
Chapel Mausoleum Company (Mausoleum Company) was cre-
ated in 1976 as a mausoleum association established as a pri-
vate corporation under the provisions of § 12-601 et seq. In
1978, the Mausoleum Company acquired property and built the
mausoleum building. The mausoleum is located in the Sunset
Memorial Park Cemetery. The record suggests that ideally, the
Mausoleum Company would manage and care for the mauso-
leum building.
The Trust.
As required by statute, the Trust was established for the per-
petual care and maintenance of the mausoleum. See §§ 12-613
to 12-616. On March 28, 1980, the Trust was executed
between the Mausoleum Company and The Guardian State
Bank and Trust Co. The Trust agreement provides that the
trustee includes not only “THE GUARDIAN STATE BANK
AND TRUST CO., of Alliance, Nebraska . . . but also any
successor, legal merger, or assignees thereof.”
Several portions of the Trust agreement, reflecting com-
pliance with the mausoleum statutes, are relevant to the
issues considered at trial. The Trust agreement provides for a
“­SEPARATE PERPETUAL CARE TRUST” account kept apart
from other funds, “to be forever conserved for the perpetual
maintenance of [the] mausoleum.” See § 12-613. It provided
that the principal of the Trust “shall be forever held inviolate
as a perpetual trust, by the TRUSTEE.” See § 12-616. Income
earned from investments “shall be used solely for the general
care, maintenance, and embellishment of the mausoleum.” The
Trust agreement required the Trustee to pay the net income
from the Trust semiannually to the “person, firm or corpora-
tion, who shall be lawfully in actual possession, management,
and operation of said mausoleum at the time a particular semi-
annual payment is due.”
Under paragraph 2(b) of the Trust agreement, the trustee
shall be “a disinterested trust company organized to do business
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IN RE MAINT. FUND TRUST OF SUNSET MEM. PARK CHAPEL
Cite as 302 Neb. 954
in the State of Nebraska.” The trustee “shall derive its author-
ity and be selected by, the officers of the cemetery association,
in which [the Mausoleum Company] is a part, namely [the]
Cemetery Association.” Paragraph 12 of the Trust agreement
provides, in part, that the trustee may resign and discharge
itself of the duties and obligations of a trustee by applying to
the court for the appointment of a successor trustee.
Accounting records show that in 1980, the Trust was seeded
with a $5,000 bond contributed by the Mausoleum Company.
The total principal contributed to the Trust from the sale of
niches and crypts or as a gift, devise, or bequest is approxi-
mately $7,500.
Mausoleum Decline.
Shortly after the construction of the mausoleum, the
Mausoleum Company took on debt which it was ultimately
unable to pay. The Mausoleum Company was forced to
replace all but one of its trustees, and a company from outside
of the community took control of the Mausoleum Company
in an unsuccessful effort to satisfy the debt. The appointed
trustees continued to operate the Mausoleum Company to a
point after 1990, and thereafter, the Mausoleum Company
became inactive. By 2001, several of the officers who had
been in control of the Mausoleum Company were deceased.
The accountings of the Trustee show that the last distribu-
tion of income to the Mausoleum Company was in 1998 and
represented the balance of the 1997 income of the Trust.
The Trustee has made no distributions to the Mausoleum
Company since 1998. Although the evidence establishes that
the Mausoleum Company has not been active since July 1,
1998, the Trust remains in existence.
A new mausoleum association was formed in 1993 in
an attempt to access the Trust funds, but the new asso-
ciation could not show it was the legal successor to the
Mausoleum Company and was unable to acquire ownership of
the mausoleum.
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IN RE MAINT. FUND TRUST OF SUNSET MEM. PARK CHAPEL
Cite as 302 Neb. 954
Over the years, the administration of the Trust moved from
one banking entity to another due to name changes and merg-
ers, and it appears undisputed that Bank of the West is now
serving as Trustee. In recent years, the income from the Trust
has been insufficient to cover the Trustee’s fees and other
expenses, and the value of the Trust account has declined. A
trust officer of the Trustee testified that in his opinion, the
value of the Trust did not justify the cost of administering the
Trust and that if the Trust was allowed to continue, it would
continue to decline in value. The trust officer also testified that
in his opinion, no other entity would accept the trusteeship of
the Trust under the present circumstances.
The county court found, and the evidence supports, that the
mausoleum property was not actively managed and that over
time, the condition of the mausoleum building deteriorated
from lack of care and maintenance.
Proceedings to Terminate the Trust.
In 2017, the Trustee filed a petition to terminate the Trust
due to circumstances not anticipated at the time of the creation
of the Trust. The petition alleged that the mausoleum was
abandoned. The Trustee sought authorization from the court
for the Trust to pay trustee fees, tax preparation expenses,
and attorney fees. The petition suggested that the Trustee be
allowed to transfer the remaining assets of the Trust to Scotts
Bluff County, Nebraska.
An answer to the petition was filed by the Cemetery
Association that owns and operates the cemetery in which
the mausoleum building was constructed. The Cemetery
Association appeared and asserted it had standing because,
inter alia, the Trust agreement provides in paragraph 2 that it
selects the Trustee and has served as caretaker of the mauso-
leum. For completeness, we note that the Cemetery Association
claims to be the same entity as the Sunset Memorial Park
Cemetery Association, the latter of which is named in the Trust
agreement and of which the mausoleum is said to be “a part.”
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IN RE MAINT. FUND TRUST OF SUNSET MEM. PARK CHAPEL
Cite as 302 Neb. 954
The Cemetery Association asserted various objections and
affirmative defenses. The Cemetery Association alleged, sum-
marized and restated, that the Trustee violated the Trust and
Nebraska statutes in various ways and that the Trustee allowed
niches and crypts to be sold in the mausoleum without recover-
ing money from those sales for the Trust fund. It objected to
transferring the trust funds to Scotts Bluff County.
Hughbanks also appeared in the case. She appeared for her-
self as a person who owns a crypt in the mausoleum and for
her late husband who was entombed there after his death in
1993. According to the purchase agreement, the purchase price
of the crypt included funds necessary for a perpetual care trust
fund. In this regard, we note that paragraph 2(a) of the Trust
agreement provides that the greater of $50 or 10 percent of the
sale price of each crypt shall be set aside to the Trust fund, as
required by statute. See § 12-614. Hughbanks testified that she
has been active in the Cemetery Association and was an offi-
cer of the 1993 association, but that the 1993 association was
not able to acquire the control of the mausoleum. Hughbanks
testified that she did not agree with any action which would
deplete the Trust and did not agree to terminating the Trust or
transferring it to Scotts Bluff County.
Following a trial, the county court determined that the
Cemetery Association lacked standing to object to the Trustee’s
petition. The court reasoned that the Cemetery Association
did not have a legal interest in the Trust and was merely an
adjacent landowner. Nonetheless, the county court reviewed
the Cemetery Association’s claims and found them to be with-
out merit.
With regard to the Trustee’s petition, the county court found
that “[t]here does not appear to be anything preventing the
Trustee from resigning and becoming discharged.” It stated that
“the court finds the Trustee’s request for discharge is granted.”
It further stated that the “Trustee shall retain authority to
pay . . . fees, costs, and expenses from the trust property.” It
found that based on the Trustee’s evidence, attorney fees and
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IN RE MAINT. FUND TRUST OF SUNSET MEM. PARK CHAPEL
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expenses for the prosecution of the petition were fair and rea-
sonable. The court otherwise denied both parties’ motions to
assess attorney fees, costs, and expenses incurred in defending
the others’ claims. The court stated that “[b]ased upon the cur-
rent Trust accounting and the above expenses there will not be
any funds remaining in the trust” and concluded that the court
need not appoint future trust management. The court denied the
Trustee’s petition to terminate the Trust. The court ordered that
the Trustee will be discharged upon filing a final accounting of
the payments and disbursements.
The Cemetery Association and Hughbanks appealed, and the
Trustee cross-appealed.
ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
The Cemetery Association and Hughbanks claim, summa-
rized and restated, that the county court erred (1) when it found
that the Cemetery Association lacked standing and (2) and
when it directed the Trustee to disburse “inviolate” funds to
itself from the principal of the Trust.
The Trustee assigns in its cross-appeal that the county court
erred when it failed to (1) order the Cemetery Association to
pay the Trustee’s attorney fees, costs, and expenses; (2) pro-
vide for future trust management; and (3) terminate the Trust.
STANDARDS OF REVIEW
[1,2] Standing is a jurisdictional component of a party’s case
because only a party who has standing may invoke the jurisdic-
tion of a court. Wisner v. Vandelay Investments, 300 Neb. 825,
916 N.W.2d 698 (2018). The question of jurisdiction is a ques-
tion of law, upon which an appellate court reaches a conclusion
independent of the trial court. Id.
[3,4] Absent an equity question, an appellate court reviews
trust administration matters for error appearing on the record;
but where an equity question is presented, appellate review
of that issue is de novo on the record. In re Henry B. Wilson,
Jr., Revocable Trust, 300 Neb. 455, 915 N.W.2d 50 (2018).
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IN RE MAINT. FUND TRUST OF SUNSET MEM. PARK CHAPEL
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The removal of a trustee is a question of equity, and therefore
an appellate court reviews de novo the question of whether a
trustee was properly removed. Id.
ANALYSIS
Standing.
The county court concluded that the Cemetery Association
lacked standing. Because our review of the record shows the
Cemetery Association possessed a legal interest in the proceed-
ings under the Trust document, we conclude that the Cemetery
Association had standing and that the county court’s conclu-
sion to the contrary was error as a matter of law.
[5-9] Standing is the legal or equitable right, title, or inter-
est in the subject matter of the controversy. Wisner v. Vandelay
Investments, supra. The requirement of standing is fundamen-
tal to a court’s exercise of jurisdiction, and either a litigant or
a court before which a case is pending can raise the question
of standing at any time during the proceeding. Id. A party
invoking a court’s or tribunal’s jurisdiction bears the burden of
establishing the elements of standing. Id. Standing requires that
a litigant have such a personal stake in the outcome of a con-
troversy as to warrant invocation of a court’s jurisdiction and
justify exercise of the court’s remedial powers on the litigant’s
behalf. Eagle Partners v. Rook, 301 Neb. 947, 921 N.W.2d 98
(2018). Thus, generally, a litigant must assert the litigant’s own
rights and interests, and cannot rest a claim on the legal rights
or interests of third parties. See id.
Under the Trust agreement, the legal relationship between
the Cemetery Association and the Mausoleum Company is
intertwined and consistent with the statutory framework estab-
lishing mausoleum perpetual care trusts. Under the Trust agree-
ment, the officers of the entity now known as the Cemetery
Association select the trustee. Paragraph 2(b) of the Trust pro-
vides that the trustee “shall derive its authority and be selected
by, the officers of the [C]emetery [A]ssociation, in which [the
Mausoleum Company] is a part, namely Sunset Memorial Park
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Cemetery Association.” This provision mirrors § 12-615(2),
which provides that “[t]he trustee or trustees [of the mauso-
leum perpetual care trust], as the case may be, shall be selected
by the officers of the cemetery association.” The Cemetery
Association established that it is effectively the successor to
the originally established association and that therefore, it has
the authority to select the trustee.
The Trustee’s petition concerns its resignation as the trustee,
and implicates the selection of a new trustee. The petition
raises the issue of the potential termination of the Trust itself
and, given its allegation of abandonment, the potential rever-
sion to Scotts Bluff County. See Neb. Rev. Stat. § 12-701(1)
(Reissue 2012) (providing upon abandonment of mausoleum
“[t]he ownership of or right in or to an unoccupied cemetery
lot or part of a lot in any cemetery in the state shall . . . revert
to the city, village, township, or cemetery association having
the ownership and charge of the cemetery containing such lot
or part of a lot”). The Cemetery Association has a legal interest
in these matters under the Trust agreement and, accordingly,
has standing in this case.
Other facts also support our conclusion that the Cemetery
Association has standing. The mausoleum is located in the
midst of the cemetery, as required by statute. See § 12-606.
In the absence of active management of the mausoleum by
the Mausoleum Company, the Cemetery Association’s agents
performed maintenance in and around the mausoleum, as the
county court acknowledged. The threat of reversion concerns
the Cemetery Association.
The Cemetery Association, responsible for the cemetery,
is acting in its own interest and is not merely an actor in the
“‘public interest’” as asserted by the county court and the
Trustee. See Ponderosa Ridge LLC v. Banner County, 250
Neb. 944, 554 N.W.2d 151 (1996). Accordingly, the Cemetery
Association established standing to assert its various arguments
in the county court and on appeal. The county court erred when
it concluded otherwise.
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IN RE MAINT. FUND TRUST OF SUNSET MEM. PARK CHAPEL
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Resignation of Trustee.
The Trustee’s petition sought an order approving the
accounting of the Trustee, discharging it as trustee, and seek-
ing termination of the Trust. As we explain below, the county
court erred when it effected the discharge of the Trustee with-
out meeting the terms of paragraph 12 of the Trust agreement
requiring consideration and evaluation of appointment of a
successor trustee.
The trust at issue in this case is a trust for a specific non-
charitable purpose, i.e., care of the mausoleum, and is subject
to the mausoleum-related statutes noted above. See Unif. Trust
Code § 409, comment, 7D U.L.A. 152-53 (2018). The statutes
applicable to this special purpose trust endeavor to facilitate
“perpetual care” as opposed to care for a period of years. Id.
at 153. See §§ 12-613 and 12-616. We take seriously these
expressions of the Legislature’s intentions to the effect that the
structure of the Trust fund be preserved. The terms of the Trust
agreement reflect these objectives.
Resignation of a trustee was contemplated by the Trust
agreement. Under paragraph 12, a trustee seeking to be dis-
charged from its duties as trustee for the Trust must “apply
to [the applicable court] for the appointment of a successor
trustee.” The nature of the Trust, expressed in this language of
the Trust agreement and in the special statutory framework by
which it was created, requires that a perpetual care trust have
a trustee. See § 12-615. We read paragraph 12 to require con-
sideration of an identifiable successor trustee before a current
trustee may resign from its duties. Allowing a trustee to resign
without securing a successor trustee or otherwise providing for
future management is contrary to the intent of the settlors of
the Trust and § 12-615; such disposition is inconsistent with
the notion that reasonable steps must be taken to ensure per-
petual care. See §§ 12-613 and 12-616.
[10,11] It is generally understood, and we agree, that in
the case of a special purpose trust, trustees cannot on their
own decide that carrying out the trust as originally planned
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has become impossible or inexpedient. See George Gleason
Bogert & George Taylor Bogert, Trusts and Trustees § 435
(rev. 2d ed. 1991). We find supporting case law for the propo-
sition that a trustee will generally not be allowed to resign if
the terms of the trust agreement, agreed to by the settlor and
trustee, became inadequate according to the present market
value of a trustee’s services. See, In re Loree, 24 N.J. Super.
604, 95 A.2d 435 (Ch. Div. 1953); Town of Cody v. Buffalo
Bill Mem., 64 Wyo. 468, 196 P.2d 369 (1948); Empire Trust
Co. v. Sample, 50 N.Y.S.2d 5 (Sup. 1944); Bogert & Bogert,
supra, § 515 (rev. 2d ed. 1978). Although in recent years
the income from the Trust no longer covered or exceeded
the Trustee’s expenses, the Trustee had accepted the duty of
administering the Trust with full knowledge of the situation
and the nature of an inviolate fund and voluntarily assumed
the duties and obligations of a trustee. The Trust indisputably
has a lawful, statutorily authorized purpose, and the county
court must determine how it could continue to serve that pur-
pose. See § 12-613.
The Trustee did not fully comply with paragraph 12 of the
Trust. Under the circumstances of this case and based on the
Trust agreement language, the county court abused its discre-
tion when it allowed the Trustee to resign, without providing
for a successor trustee or future management.
It follows that the county court erred when it awarded the
Trustee “costs, fees, and expenses incurred as a result of liti-
gation.” Under the circumstances of this case, litigation costs
incurred by the Trustee’s seeking to be discharged in a manner
inconsistent with paragraph 12 of the Trust should not have
been awarded, nor should the Trustee have been paid from the
inviolate Trust. See Matter of Memory Gardens, 91 A.D.2d
1163, 458 N.Y.S.2d 737 (1983). We find no error in the denial
of awards for attorney fees, but set aside all other orders of the
county court raised in this appeal. In view of our disposition
of the controlling questions, the issues raised by the Trustee’s
cross-appeals are moot or without merit.
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CONCLUSION
For the reasons explained above, we conclude that the
Cemetery Association had standing to assert claims in the
county court and on appeal and that the county court erred
when it accepted the resignation of the Trustee. The orders
of the county court denying attorney fees were not erroneous,
but we set aside all other orders of the county court raised in
this appeal. We affirm in part, and in part reverse the order
and remand the cause for further proceedings consistent with
this opinion.
A ffirmed in part, and in part reversed and
remanded for further proceedings.