In re Interest of Jeremiah L.

IN THE NEBRASKA COURT OF APPEALS
MEMORANDUM OPINION AND JUDGMENT ON APPEAL
(Memorandum Web Opinion)
IN RE INTEREST OF JEREMIAH L.
NOTICE: THIS OPINION IS NOT DESIGNATED FOR PERMANENT PUBLICATION
AND MAY NOT BE CITED EXCEPT AS PROVIDED BY NEB. CT. R. APP. P. § 2-102(E).
IN RE INTEREST OF JEREMIAH L.,
A CHILD UNDER 18 YEARS OF AGE.
STATE OF NEBRASKA, APPELLEE,
V.
JUSTIN L., APPELLANT, AND MEAGHAN L., APPELLEE.
Filed April 7, 2020. No. A-19-692.
Appeal from the County Court for Hall County: JOHN P. RADEMACHER, Judge. Affirmed.
Mitchell C. Stehlik, of Stehlik Law Firm, P.C., L.L.O., for appellant.
James H. Truell, of Truell, Murray & Associates, for appellee Meaghan L.
Katherine J. Doering and Katherine J. Collins, Deputy Hall County Attorneys, for appellee
State of Nebraska.
Grady C. Erickson, guardian ad litem.
MOORE, Chief Judge, and RIEDMANN and WELCH, Judges.
MOORE, Chief Judge.
INTRODUCTION
Justin L. and Meaghan L. appeal an order of adjudication entered by the County Court of
Hall County, sitting as a juvenile court, which found Jeremiah L. to be a child under Neb. Rev.
Stat. § 43-247(3)(a) (Reissue 2016). For the following reasons, we affirm.
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BACKGROUND
Justin and Meaghan are the parents of Jeremiah, born in February 2018. On January 11,
2019, the State of Nebraska filed a Juvenile Petition alleging that Jeremiah lacked proper parental
care by the fault of his parents and was in a dangerous situation. Specifically, the State alleged:
Jeremiah’s siblings were previously placed into DHHS custody in February 2017
because of domestic violence, dad’s alcohol abuse and physical abuse. In September 2018,
the older children were placed with mom while dad was incarcerated. DHHS has received
reports that dad has been abusive towards the children, including shaking and throwing
Jeremiah. Dad continues to drink and will not participate in court ordered treatment. Mom
admits that she is not following the safety plan, which included having dad’s visits with
the children be supervised.
On January 11, 2019, an ex parte custody order was issued, placing Jeremiah in the custody of the
Nebraska Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS). On July 2, a contested adjudication
hearing was held. The following evidence was presented at the hearing.
Jennifer Whitney, a caseworker for DHHS, testified about her work with the family.
Whitney indicated that Jeremiah has two older brothers who were removed from the parents’ care
in February 2017 after “there had been a physical altercation between Meaghan and Justin that
involved alcohol use when there was a safety plan put into place.” A certified copy of the juvenile
case concerning Jeremiah’s brothers was received into evidence.
At the time of Jeremiah’s birth, Meaghan was living at Hope Harbor homeless shelter and
Justin was incarcerated. DHHS had initially determined that Jeremiah was safe living with
Meaghan at Hope Harbor. At the time, the two older children were in foster care. In May 2018,
Meaghan left Hope Harbor, moved to a hotel for a brief time, and then obtained an apartment.
Meaghan had been asked to leave Hope Harbor after leaving the children unattended and for hitting
one of her older children.
In September 2018, the two older children were returned to Meaghan’s care while Justin
was still incarcerated. The juvenile case regarding the older children remained open. Justin was
released from his incarceration approximately a week later and returned to the home to live with
Meaghan and the children. Subsequently, DHHS received an intake regarding possible physical
abuse by Justin towards one of the older children. The brother had sustained an injury defending
Meaghan during a verbal fight she was having with Justin. A safety plan was then put into place
(first safety plan). This safety plan included the provision that Meagan and Justin were not to argue
in front of the children. Specifically, the plan required that if an argument began, one of the parents
was supposed to leave and they were supposed to utilize text messaging to talk about the matter.
Meaghan admitted to not following the first safety plan, and that she and Justin continued to have
yelling arguments around the children.
In December 2018, there was another incident between Meaghan and Justin. During this
incident, Justin allegedly threw Jeremiah on the couch. Meaghan and the children left the home
for a period of time until Justin returned to jail as a result of a probation violation, at which time
Meaghan and the children returned to the home. A new safety plan was implemented in December
2018 (second safety plan) that required that all contact between Justin and the children be
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supervised through providers and not Meaghan. The children were removed from Meaghan’s care
on January 11, 2019. Whitney testified that, based on her individual visits with the boys and with
Meaghan, she determined that the safety plan was not being followed and that unsupervised contact
was being allowed. Whitney testified that she believed that there was a safety threat and Jeremiah
lacked proper parental care.
Miranda Wagner was employed through Owens and Associates to supervise visits between
Justin and the children. At this point, all interactions between Justin and the children were
supposed to be supervised. On January 10, 2019, Wagner observed an unsupervised interaction
between Justin and the children when he delivered a vehicle to Meaghan and the children
proceeded to get in the vehicle. Neither Meghan nor Justin were forthright in their explanations to
Wagner as to why Justin was at Meaghan’s apartment; nonetheless, it was obvious that Justin’s
presence at the apartment was planned. When Wagner confronted Justin, he told Wagner that he
was leaving, stating that he had just had visitation with the children.
Rene Aranda, Justin’s probation officer, testified that Justin was required to attend drug
and alcohol treatments and to undergo alcohol testing. Justin had two positive alcohol tests in
November 2018.
Jeremiah’s older brother, Jake, also testified. Jake testified that Justin threw Jeremiah on
the couch during a fight with Meaghan, who watched the incident but did not intervene. Jake
testified that before this incident, Justin had been drinking beer.
Jake’s therapist, Chrissy Peard, testified that she spoke to Justin about Jake’s report that
Justin threw Jeremiah on the couch, but Justin did not remember the incident, claiming he had
drank a lot of alcohol that evening. Although he could not remember, Justin told Peard he believed
Jake’s claims about the night. Peard testified that she had concerns about inappropriate parenting
with Jake and further concerns that if his needs were not being addressed, it may affect Jeremiah.
At the time of removal, Meaghan and Justin were not attending Jake’s therapy sessions.
Grand Island Police Investigator Timothy Champion investigated the December 2018
incident in which Justin allegedly threw Jeremiah on the couch. Meaghan told Champion that on
December 10, 2018, she was arguing with Justin who pushed one of the children out of the house.
She admitted that it was possible that Justin threw Jeremiah on the couch. She also testified that
she knew Justin had been drinking, despite being on probation. Champion had watched Jake’s
forensic interviews about the December 2018 incident, but it was inconclusive as to whether or
not Jeremiah was injured in the incident.
Prior to its rest, the State re-called Whitney. Whitney testified that Justin did not go to
alcohol treatment until after the children were removed. Although DHHS had safety concerns prior
to the removal, they waited until January 11, 2019, to remove the children after Wagner discovered
the safety plan was not being followed. Whitney testified that DHHS did not remove the children
after the December incident because they felt that Meaghan had acted appropriately, but that
opinion had changed after Meaghan failed to follow the safety plan.
The parents did not offer any evidence. In an order entered on July 8, 2019, the juvenile
court sustained the allegations of the petition, finding that “Jeremiah is in harm and continues to
be in harm.” The juvenile court concluded that Jeremiah is a child under Neb. Rev. Stat.
§ 43-247(3)(a). The court continued Jeremiah’s out of home placement. Justin appealed on July
17, and Meaghan filed a second notice of appeal on July 19.
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ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR
Jeremiah assigns that the juvenile court erred in finding that the State met its burden of
proof that Jeremiah is as defined under § 43-247(3)(a). Meaghan has filed a “Brief of Appellee”
asserting that the juvenile court erred in the same respect.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
An appellate court reviews juvenile cases de novo on the record and reaches a conclusion
independently of the juvenile court’s findings. In re Interest of Jeremy U. et al., 304 Neb. 734, 936
N.W.2d 733 (2020). When the evidence is in conflict, an appellate court may give weight to the
fact that the lower court observed the witnesses and accepted one version of the facts over the
other. In re Interest of LeVanta S., 295 Neb. 151, 887 N.W.2d 502 (2016).
ANALYSIS
Under § 43-247(3)(a), a juvenile court has jurisdiction of any juvenile
who is homeless or destitute, or without proper support through no fault of his or her parent,
guardian, or custodian; who is abandoned by his or her parent, guardian, or custodian; who
lacks proper parental care by reason of the fault or habits of his or her parent, guardian, or
custodian; whose parent, guardian, or custodian neglects or refuses to provide proper or
necessary subsistence, education, or other care necessary for the health, morals, or
well-being of such juvenile; whose parent, guardian, or custodian is unable to provide or
neglects or refuses to provide special care made necessary by the mental condition of the
juvenile; who is in a situation or engages in an occupation, including prostitution,
dangerous to life or limb or injurious to the health or morals of such juvenile; or who,
beginning July 1, 2017, has committed an act or engaged in behavior described in
subdivision (1), (2), (3)(b), or (4) of this section and who was under eleven years of age at
the time of such act or behavior[.]
The State then has the burden to prove the allegations of the petition by a “preponderance of the
evidence,” which is the equivalent of the greater weight of the evidence. In re Interest of Jeremy
U. et al., supra. The greater weight of the evidence means evidence sufficient to make a claim
more likely true than not true. Id.
In considering whether a juvenile lacks proper parental care, our case law has incorporated
a risk of harm component. Id. This stems from the part of the definition of proper parental care
“command[ing] that the child not be placed in situations dangerous to life or limb, and not be
permitted to engage in activities injurious to his health or morals.” Id. While the State need not
prove that the child has actually suffered physical harm, Nebraska case law is clear that at a
minimum, the State must establish that without intervention, there is a definite risk of future harm.
Id.
In this case, the petition was filed alleging that Jeremiah’s siblings were placed in DHHS
custody due to concerns of domestic violence, physical abuse, and alcohol used by Justin; that
DHHS received reports that Justin threw Jeremiah; that Justin continued to drink and failed to
participate in court-ordered treatment; and that Meaghan was not following the safety plan.
Through various testimony, the State proved all of these allegations. Whitney testified that
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Jeremiah’s siblings were previously in DHHS custody for abuse and neglect; that Meaghan was
asked to leave Hope Harbor due to concerns of physical abuse, that DHHS implemented the first
safety plan due to concerns of domestic violence and alcohol abuse, and that the first safety plan
was not followed. The record shows that Justin and Meaghan continued to argue in front of the
children and that in December 2018, Justin had been drinking alcohol and he threw Jeremiah on
the couch. Justin moved from the family home and a second safety plan was adopted which
required that all visitation between Justin and the children be supervised. Meaghan and Justin did
not follow this safety plan.
Justin’s Appeal.
Justin asserts that, at the time of the petition, the juvenile children were not in his care--they
were in Meaghan’s care. Therefore, Justin argues that any issues related to his substance abuse
were irrelevant. However, Justin’s substance abuse and domestic violence concerns were the
reason the safety plans were put into place. The violation of these safety plans is what ultimately
led to the removal of the children. Thus, Justin’s substance abuse is a valid, continuing concern
for DHHS.
Justin also asserts that Jake was not a credible witness, as he was only six years old at the
time of the hearing. Justin does not separately assign as error the admission of Jake’s testimony.
Nevertheless, we note that the question of competency of a child witness lies within the discretion
of the trial court, and that determination will not be disturbed in the absence of an abuse of
discretion. State v. Earl, 252 Neb. 127, 560 N.W.2d 491 (1997). While no certain age has been
deemed to be the age at which a child becomes competent to testify in a court of law, the court
generally takes into consideration whether he or she is able to receive correct impressions by the
senses, to recollect and narrate accurately, and to appreciate the moral duty to tell the truth. Id. In
this case, the juvenile court questioned Jake to ensure that he knew the difference between a truth
and a lie and was competent to testify. Further, although Justin disputes Jake’s testimony in his
brief, Justin previously told Peard that he had no reason to doubt Jake’s recollection of the
December 2018 incident. Thus, we give deference to the trial court who heard and observed Jake’s
testimony.
Justin further asserts that it was improper for the juvenile court to conclude that he was
having unsupervised contact based on Wagner’s testimony, as she did not observe any
unsupervised contact between Justin and the minor children. However, Wagner’s testimony
indicates that Justin admitted to having unsupervised contact with the children, and Whitney’s
testimony indicated that she reached the same conclusion through her contact with the boys and
Meaghan.
The records shows that DHHS had valid concerns for the safety of Jeremiah. It is
well-established that the State does not have to wait for a child to be harmed or in immediate
danger to intervene--they solely must show that the child is in definite risk of future harm. See In
re Interest of Jeremy U. et al., supra. The juvenile court did not err in finding that Jeremiah was
in definite risk of future harm and that there was sufficient evidence to adjudicate Jeremiah.
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Meaghan’s Cross-Appeal.
At the outset, we note that Meaghan failed to comply with the rules regarding
cross-appeals. See Neb. Ct. R. App. P. §2-109(D)(4). Justin was the first party to file a notice of
appeal, and therefore, he was the appellant. Pursuant to Neb. Ct. R. App. P. § 2-101(C), once a
notice of appeal is filed, all other parties become appellees and can file a cross-appeal. Here,
Meaghan properly designated herself as an appellee in her brief, but she failed to properly
designate herself as a cross-appellant.
As a cross-appellant, Meaghan was required to comply with the rules on cross-appeals,
including the requirement that she designate on the cover of her brief that it is a cross-appeal, and
set forth her cross-appeal in a separate division of the brief entitled “Brief on Cross-Appeal.” See
§ 2-109(D)(4). On her brief’s cover, Meaghan does not specifically indicate that the brief contains
a cross appeal although her brief is prepared consistently with § 2-109(D)(1), which sets out the
requirements for an appellant’s brief. Given Meaghan’s failure to fully comply with § 2-109(D)(4),
we must determine whether her brief sufficiently complies with our appellate court rules in order
for this court to consider her assigned errors, or, alternatively, whether we should limit our
examination of the record for plain error only or provide no review at all. See, e.g., In re Interest
of Justine J. & Sylissa J., 288 Neb. 607, 849 N.W.2d 509 (2014) (holding that where brief of party
fails to comply with mandate of § 2-109(D), appellate court may proceed as though party failed to
file brief, or alternatively, may examine proceeding for plain error.)
Recently, in In re Interest of Steven S. et al, 27 Neb. Ct. App. 831, 936 N.W.2d 762 (2020),
this court set forth a detailed analysis of cases involving non-compliance with § 2-109(D)(4). We
noted cases in which an appellate court has considered alleged errors of an appellee despite failure
to comply with the rule. See, In re Interest of Becka P. et al, 27 Neb. Ct. App. 489, 933 N.W.2d 873
(2019) (mother filed “Brief of Appellee on Cross Appeal,” prepared brief in form of appellant’s
brief, but did not separately respond to father’s appellant’s brief other than to accept his statement
of basis of jurisdiction and statement of case); Knaub v. Knaub, 245 Neb. 172, 512 N.W.2d 124
(1994) (appellee designated himself on cover of brief as appellant rather than as
appellee/cross-appellant). On the other hand, we noted cases where our appellate courts declined
to waive the rules and address the assigned errors of the purported cross-appellant. See, In re
Interest of Natasha H. & Sierra H., 258 Neb. 131, 602 N.W.2d 439 (1999); In re Interest of Chloe
P., 21 Neb. Ct. App. 456, 840 N.W.2d 549 (2013) (parent titled brief as that of appellee, did not
designate cross-appeal on cover page or set forth a separate division of brief as cross-appeal yet
sought affirmative relief).
As we noted in In re Interest of Steven S. et al., supra, the key distinction in the above-cited
cases is whether the cover and content of the brief puts an appellate court on notice that a party is
seeking affirmative relief, whether identifying as an appellant or a cross-appellant. Designation as
an appellee only does not provide such notification. We recognize that if an appellee and
cross-appellant’s position aligns with the appellant’s position, as is often the case in juvenile court
adjudications, there is usually no reason to separately respond as an appellee.
In this case, Meaghan labeled the cover of her brief “Brief of Appellee” but did not
designate, either through the cover or an appropriately labeled section, that she was submitting a
cross appeal. In addition, Meaghan’s brief reveals that her position was not aligned with that of
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Justin, the appellant. Here, Meaghan’s brief was similar to those in In re Interest of Natasha H. &
Sierra H., supra, and In re Interest of Chloe P., supra, where our appellate courts declined to waive
the rules and address the assigned errors. We conclude that the same result is required here. Where
the brief of a party fails to comply with the mandate of Neb. Ct. R. App. P. § 2-109(D)(1)(e) (rev.
2012), we may proceed as though the party failed to file a brief or, alternatively, may examine the
proceedings for plain error. In re Interest of Justin J. & Sylissa J., supra. Plain error is error plainly
evident from the record and of such a nature that to leave it uncorrected would result in damage to
the integrity, reputation, or fairness of the judicial process. Id. We examine Meaghan’s assigned
error under this plain error analysis.
Meaghan first asserts that Jake was not a competent witness due to his age. However,
Meaghan did not object to Jake’s testimony at the hearing. To preserve a claimed error in
admission of evidence, a litigant must make a timely objection which specifies the ground of the
objection to the offered evidence. Richardson v. Children’s Hosp. 290 Neb. 396, 787 N.W.2d 235
(2010). Because Meaghan failed to object at the hearing, she did not properly preserve the claimed
error. Therefore, we find no plain error in the admission of Jake’s testimony.
Meaghan next asserts that it was Justin who put the children at risk for harm, and she has
been unfairly penalized for his actions. However, the record showed that Meaghan violated the
safety plans and allowed Justin to have unsupervised contact with the children. These facts
demonstrate that Meaghan did not take appropriate steps to protect her children. We find no plain
error in the juvenile court’s finding in this regard.
We find no error in the juvenile court’s conclusion that Jeremiah was at a risk for harm and
in adjudicating him. While it is inconclusive whether Jeremiah was actually injured during the
December 2018 incident, the State only needed to prove that there was a risk of harm, not that he
was actually injured. Further, both parent’s inability to comply with the safety plan shows potential
for future harm despite the measures in place intended to prevent such harm. Therefore, we affirm
the juvenile court’s adjudication of Jeremiah under § 43-247(3)(a).
CONCLUSION
We conclude that the juvenile court did not err in adjudicating Jeremiah, and in finding that
the State proved by a preponderance of the evidence that there was a risk of harm. For the reasons
set forth above, we affirm.
AFFIRMED.
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