Weaver v. Weaver

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www.nebraska.gov/apps-courts-epub/
08/18/2020 09:24 AM CDT
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Nebraska Court of Appeals Advance Sheets
28 Nebraska Appellate Reports
WEAVER v. WEAVER
Cite as 28 Neb. Ct. App. 716
Meaghann Shaw Weaver, appellee, v.
John Glen Weaver, appellant.
___ N.W.2d ___
Filed August 11, 2020. No. A-19-1058.
1. Modification of Decree: Appeal and Error. Modification of a dis-
solution decree is a matter entrusted to the discretion of the trial court,
whose order is reviewed de novo on the record, and which will be
affirmed absent an abuse of discretion by the trial court.
2. Child Custody. Ordinarily, custody of a minor child will not be modi-
fied unless there has been a material change in circumstances showing
that the custodial parent is unfit or that the best interests of the child
require such action.
3. Modification of Decree: Child Custody: Proof. In a child custody
modification case, first, the party seeking modification must show a
material change in circumstances, occurring after the entry of the previ-
ous custody order and affecting the best interests of the child. Next, the
party seeking modification must prove that changing the child’s custody
is in the child’s best interests.
4. Divorce: Judgments: Property Settlement Agreements: Final
Orders. A decree is a judgment, and once a decree for dissolution
becomes final, its meaning, including the settlement agreement incorpo-
rated therein, is determined as a matter of law from the four corners of
the decree itself.
5. Divorce: Intent. If the contents of a dissolution decree are unam-
biguous, the decree is not subject to interpretation and construction,
and the intention of the parties must be determined from the contents of
the decree.
6. Divorce. If the contents of a dissolution decree are unambiguous, the
effect of the decree must be declared in the light of the literal meaning
of the language used.
7. Constitutional Law: Foreign Judgments: States. The Full Faith and
Credit Clause requires states to give the same effect to a judgment
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WEAVER v. WEAVER
Cite as 28 Neb. Ct. App. 716
in the forum state that it has in the state where the court rendered
the judgment.
8. Stipulations: Parties: Trial: Courts. Stipulations voluntarily entered
into between the parties to a cause or their attorneys, for the govern-
ment of their conduct and the control of their rights during the trial
or progress of the cause, will be respected and enforced by the courts,
where such stipulations are not contrary to good morals or sound pub-
lic policy.
9. Stipulations: Parties: Courts: Good Cause. Courts will enforce valid
stipulations unless some good cause is shown for declining to do so,
especially where the stipulations have been acted upon so that the par-
ties could not be placed in status quo.
10. Stipulations: Parent and Child. Disposition of a question pertaining
to a child’s best interests is not governed exclusively by a parental
stipulation.
11. Appeal and Error. An appellate court is not obligated to engage in an
analysis that is not necessary to adjudicate the case and controversy
before it.
Appeal from the District Court for Douglas County: James
T. Gleason, Judge. Reversed and remanded with directions.
John A. Kinney and Jill M. Mason, of Kinney Mason, P.C.,
L.L.O., for appellant.
Virginia A. Albers, of Slowiaczek Albers, P.C., L.L.O., for
appellee.
Moore, Chief Judge, and Riedmann and Arterburn,
Judges.
Riedmann, Judge.
INTRODUCTION
John Glen Weaver (Glen) filed a complaint to modify
the judgment of absolute divorce entered by the District of
Columbia Superior Court, which complaint he had registered
in the district court for Douglas County, Nebraska. Attached to
the decree was a separation and property settlement agreement
signed by the parties which gave Meaghann Shaw Weaver
physical custody of their minor child. Although the district
court found that additional time with Glen would be in the
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WEAVER v. WEAVER
Cite as 28 Neb. Ct. App. 716
best interests of the child, the court found no material change
in circumstances had occurred; thus, it declined to modify the
decree. We conclude that the agreement allowed modifica-
tion of custody without a material change in circumstances.
Therefore, because the court found modification would be in
the child’s best interests, we reverse the order and remand
the cause for the district court to reconsider the relief sought
by Glen.
BACKGROUND
Glen and Meaghann were married in 2004 and had a child
in 2015. They separated shortly after their child was born, and
Meaghann later filed to dissolve the marriage. The parties were
living in Washington, D.C., at the time, and they were able to
reach an agreement on all aspects of their divorce, including
custody of the child, parenting time, and child support. Thus,
the District of Columbia Superior Court entered a decree in
May 2016. The court incorporated the parties’ agreement into
the decree and dissolved the marriage.
Pursuant to the agreement, the parties share joint legal
custody of the child, but physical custody was placed with
Meaghann subject to Glen’s parenting time. The agree-
ment contemplated that both parties would move to Omaha,
Nebraska, and set forth increased parenting time for Glen upon
relocation to Omaha. The parties moved to Omaha in the sum-
mer of 2016. At the time of the modification hearing, Glen had
parenting time with the child every other weekend from Friday
evening through Sunday evening and every other Wednesday
from 4:30 to 6:30 p.m.
Paragraph 4.2 of the agreement is entitled “Modification of
Physical Custody” and states:
Upon a material and significant change in circumstance
of either party, or in the needs or interests of [the child],
either party may request a modification to the physical
custody of [the child]. Upon such a request, the parties
will discuss the modification in good faith and attempt to
agree upon a resolution that is in the best interests of [the
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Cite as 28 Neb. Ct. App. 716
child]. If either party believes the terms of this Agreement
related to custody are not in [the child’s] best interest
at a future time, the parties may discuss negotiation of
a modification of custody in good faith and attempt to
agree upon a resolution that is in the best interests of [the
child]. If the parties are unable to agree, they shall fol-
low the protocols for Dispute Resolution Regarding Child
Custody set forth herein.
The protocols for “Dispute Resolution Regarding Child
Custody” are set forth in paragraph 4.4, which provides:
The parties agree that if a dispute arises in the future
about any important parenting issue and they are unable
to resolve the dispute through several discussions on their
own, they agree to meet with a mutually agreed upon
mediator or facilitator, or they will meet with an expert
in the field of the dispute (physician, teacher, etc.) to gain
more information and advice. Parents share a commit-
ment to resolve any future parenting disagreements via
an alternat[ive] dispute resolution process that remains
outside of Court. In the event the parties are unable
to reach an agreement through this dispute resolution
proc­ess, including agreements related to modifications in
the physical custody schedule as provided in Paragraph
4.1 and 4.2 supra, either party may petition a court of
competent jurisdiction for relief, provided however that
any court of competent jurisdiction shall apply the then-­
governing legal standard to such a request for modifica-
tion of custody.
In February 2017, Glen filed a petition for registration of the
foreign decree in the Douglas County District Court. The court
entered an order of confirmation in May. In December, Glen
filed the operative complaint to modify the decree, asking the
court to award him joint physical custody of the child, allocate
holidays and vacation time, and recalculate child support.
A modification hearing was held in April 2019, and the evi-
dence established that Glen is a lieutenant colonel in the U.S.
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Air Force and is currently stationed at Offutt Air Force Base.
He owns a home in Omaha, where the child has her own bed-
room, and his home is close to a park and a school. Glen was
fairly certain he would not be relocated to another city in the 4
months that he has remaining in the military before he is retire-
ment eligible and testified that thereafter, if he were asked to
move, he would simply retire from the military.
Glen is allotted no specific holidays or vacation time in the
agreement, and he testified that he requested additional parent-
ing time on at least 50 occasions during the 2 years preceding
the hearing, but his requests were denied. He also explained
that although the agreement allows him to see the child for
additional parenting time while she is at daycare, he is pre-
cluded from exercising that time in Meaghann’s home, and cur-
rently, Meaghann’s mother provides full-time daycare for the
child at Meaghann’s home while Meaghann is working. The
child informed him that she is attending a preschool program
two mornings per week, so he has attended an event at her
school on one occasion. Otherwise, he has been unaware of the
child’s daycare arrangements, other than Meaghann’s telling
him that the child is “in a safe place.”
Glen acknowledged that he agreed to the current custody
and parenting time arrangement but explained that the child
was an infant when the agreement was created and Meaghann
was nursing her. Consequently, his priority was that the child
be with Meaghann during that time. He testified that he never
contemplated having so little time with the child when she was
at daycare and explained that he wants to be an equal parent
with equal time with the child, including alternating holidays
and vacation time. He proposed a modified decree awarding
the parties joint physical custody with a graduated parent-
ing plan so that he has equal time, under a week-on-week-off
schedule, by the time the child is 6 years old.
Meaghann works as a pediatric palliative and hospice physi-
cian. She testified that she has no objection to Glen’s seeing
their child as long as it is conducive to the child’s development
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WEAVER v. WEAVER
Cite as 28 Neb. Ct. App. 716
and schedule. She explained that the current schedule is work-
ing well for the child and that she is thriving. Nevertheless,
she offered to give Glen additional parenting time, while still
allowing her to retain physical custody.
In an order following the hearing, the district court found
that although it would be in the child’s best interests to have
more time with Glen, there was insufficient evidence of a
material change in circumstances which would warrant modifi-
cation of the decree. The court therefore denied the complaint
to modify. Thereafter, Glen filed a motion to alter or amend,
which was denied. Glen now appeals to this court.
ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
Glen assigns that (1) the district court erred in determining
that he was required to plead and prove a material change in
circumstances, (2) the court erred in determining that he failed
to prove a substantial and material change in circumstances had
taken place not within the contemplation of the parties at the
time of the original judgment, (3) the court erred in failing to
determine child custody modifications should be determined on
the basis of the best interests of minor children and should have
found that the original judgment violated Nebraska’s Parenting
Act, and (4) administrative dismissal of the first complaint to
modify was not a decision on the merits.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
[1] Modification of a dissolution decree is a matter entrusted
to the discretion of the trial court, whose order is reviewed de
novo on the record, and which will be affirmed absent an abuse
of discretion by the trial court. Hopkins v. Hopkins, 294 Neb.
417, 883 N.W.2d 363 (2016).
ANALYSIS
[2,3] Glen first argues that the district court erred in finding
that he was required to plead and prove a material change in
circumstances in order to modify custody. Ordinarily, custody
of a minor child will not be modified unless there has been a
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WEAVER v. WEAVER
Cite as 28 Neb. Ct. App. 716
material change in circumstances showing that the custodial
parent is unfit or that the best interests of the child require such
action. Id. First, the party seeking modification must show a
material change in circumstances, occurring after the entry of
the previous custody order and affecting the best interests of
the child. Id. Next, the party seeking modification must prove
that changing the child’s custody is in the child’s best inter-
ests. Id.
The parties’ agreement, which was incorporated into the
dissolution decree, addresses custody modification. Paragraph
4.2 states that upon a material and significant change in
circumstance of either party, or in the needs or interests of
the child, either party may request modification of physical
custody. What follows in the remainder of paragraph 4.2 and
paragraph 4.4 is the procedure for modifying physical cus-
tody. If those efforts are unsuccessful, the parties may turn to
the court.
[4-6] A decree is a judgment, and once a decree for dissolu-
tion becomes final, its meaning, including the settlement agree-
ment incorporated therein, is determined as a matter of law
from the four corners of the decree itself. Carlson v. Carlson,
299 Neb. 526, 909 N.W.2d 351 (2018). If the contents of a dis-
solution decree are unambiguous, the decree is not subject to
interpretation and construction, and the intention of the parties
must be determined from the contents of the decree. Rice v.
Webb, 287 Neb. 712, 844 N.W.2d 290 (2014). In such a case,
the effect of the decree must be declared in the light of the
literal meaning of the language used. Id. Based on the plain
language of paragraph 4.2, we conclude that the parties agreed
that upon the request of either Glen or Meaghann, modification
of physical custody was permissible without a material change
in circumstances if doing so would be in the best interests of
the child.
Glen argues on appeal that because the parties agreed to
allow custody modification based solely on the best interests
of the child, the district court erred in requiring that he prove
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WEAVER v. WEAVER
Cite as 28 Neb. Ct. App. 716
a material change in circumstances. We recognize that he did
not specifically raise this argument in the district court, and
generally, issues raised for the first time on appeal will not be
considered. See First Express Servs. Group v. Easter, 286 Neb.
912, 840 N.W.2d 465 (2013). However, Meaghann does not
claim that Glen waived this issue and, by contesting his request
for modification, she was asking that the terms of the decree
be enforced.
[7] Regardless of whether the specific language of the agree-
ment was raised in the district court, both state and federal law
require that we give full faith and credit to the decree, includ-
ing the parties’ agreement. The Full Faith and Credit Clause of
U.S. Const. art. IV, § 1, requires states to give the same effect
to a judgment in the forum state that it has in the state where
the court rendered the judgment. In re Adoption of Jaelyn B.,
293 Neb. 917, 883 N.W.2d 22 (2016). Acting under its author-
ity in art. IV, § 1, Congress enacted 28 U.S.C. § 1738A (2012)
to ensure states give full faith and credit to other states’ cus-
tody orders. See Gjertsen v. Haar, 347 P.3d 1117 (Wyo. 2015).
Section 1738A(a) provides: “The appropriate authorities of
every State shall enforce according to its terms, and shall not
modify except as provided in subsections (f), (g), and (h) of
this section, any custody determination or visitation determina-
tion made consistently with the provisions of this section by a
court of another State.” (Emphasis supplied.)
Likewise, the Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction and
Enforcement Act (UCCJEA), Neb. Rev. Stat. §§ 43-1226 to
43-1266 (Reissue 2016 & Cum. Supp. 2018), provides that a
court of this state shall accord full faith and credit to an order
issued by another state and consistent with the UCCJEA which
enforces a child custody determination by a court of another
state unless the order has been vacated, stayed, or modified
by a court having jurisdiction to do so under §§ 43-1238 to
43-1247. See § 43-1260. In addition, a court of this state shall
recognize and enforce a child custody determination of a court
of another state if the latter court exercised jurisdiction in
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WEAVER v. WEAVER
Cite as 28 Neb. Ct. App. 716
substantial conformity with the UCCJEA or the determination
was made under factual circumstances meeting the jurisdic-
tional standards of the UCCJEA and the determination has not
been modified in accordance with the UCCJEA. § 43-1250(a).
There is no dispute that the trial court in Washington, D.C.,
properly exercised jurisdiction in conformity with the UCCJEA
at the time the decree was entered or that Nebraska now
qualifies as the child’s home state under the UCCJEA. See
§§ 43-1227 and 43-1238. Therefore, the decree and agreement
must be enforced according to their terms.
In a case similar to the case at issue, the parties in Gjertsen
v. Haar, supra, reached an agreement regarding custody of
their child, visitation, and child support, which was incorpo-
rated into a judgment in a California court while California
was the child’s home state. The stipulated judgment recog-
nized that the father and child had moved to Wyoming and
that the mother planned to move there as well; it set forth
the mother’s visitation upon her relocation. The agreement
also provided that the mother’s visitation schedule “‘may be
adjusted on request by either party, without the necessity of
proving a change of circumstances, as is in the best interests
of [the child] as the Court, in its discretion, may believe to be
proper.’” Id. at 1123.
In that case, the father registered the judgment in Wyoming;
thereafter, the mother filed a petition to modify the California
judgment, asserting that there had been material changes in
circumstances since the California judgment was entered and
seeking modification of custody, child support, and visitation.
Following trial, the court found that the mother was required to
establish a material change of circumstances in order to war-
rant a change in custody or visitation but that she had not met
that burden. The trial court, therefore, denied her modification
motion, although it also indicated a change in the terms of visi-
tation may be in the child’s best interests.
On appeal, the Wyoming Supreme Court observed that
Wyoming law generally requires proof of a material change
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WEAVER v. WEAVER
Cite as 28 Neb. Ct. App. 716
in circumstances in order to modify an order concerning child
custody or visitation. Gjertsen v. Haar, 347 P.3d 1117 (Wyo.
2015). It noted that the California judgment, however, con-
tained a provision allowing modification upon a showing that
it is in the child’s best interests, without requiring proof of a
material change of circumstances. Id. The mother argued on
appeal that the trial court erred in failing to give full faith
and credit to this provision of the California judgment and,
instead, requiring her to establish a material change of cir-
cumstances before it would consider modifying visitation. The
father asserted that the mother waived this argument by fail-
ing to present it to the district court, but the Supreme Court
observed that it was the father who registered the judgment
in Wyoming and that in response to the mother’s petition, he
repeatedly asked the trial court to enforce the terms of the
California judgment. Id.
Further, the Supreme Court found that the significance of
the provision which allowed changes in visitation in the best
interests of the child without a showing of material change of
circumstances was clear. Id. It cited the Full Faith and Credit
Clause of the federal Constitution and 28 U.S.C. § 1738A, as
well as the UCCJEA of Wyoming. Gjertsen v. Haar, supra. The
court noted that under the Supremacy Clause, U.S. Const. art.
VI, cl. 2, federal law preempts state law in proper cases, and
in that case, the Wyoming Supreme Court found that federal
law required it to give full faith and credit to the California
judgment as long as it was in effect. Gjertsen v. Haar, supra.
The Supreme Court determined that pursuant to 28 U.S.C.
§ 1738A, the California judgment had to be enforced accord-
ing to its terms, and that those terms, which were stipulated by
the parties and approved by the California court, state that the
mother’s visitation rights may be altered upon a showing that
it is in the best interests of the child, even though no material
change in circumstances has occurred.
Likewise here, we must enforce the agreement accord-
ing to its terms, which permitted a modification of custody
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WEAVER v. WEAVER
Cite as 28 Neb. Ct. App. 716
without showing a material change in circumstances. Pursuant
to ­paragraph 4.4 of the agreement, the court was to apply the
“then-governing legal standard to such a request for modifica-
tion of custody.”
[8-10] As previously explained, generally a material change
in circumstances is required before a court of this state can
modify custody. See Hopkins v. Hopkins, 294 Neb. 417, 883
N.W.2d 363 (2016). However, as we found above, the parties
agreed to allow modification of custody based solely on the
best interests of the child as an alternative to showing a mate-
rial change in circumstances. In Walters v. Walters, 12 Neb.
App. 340, 673 N.W.2d 585 (2004), this court recognized that
stipulations voluntarily entered into between the parties to a
cause or their attorneys, for the government of their conduct
and the control of their rights during the trial or progress of the
cause, will be respected and enforced by the courts, where such
stipulations are not contrary to good morals or sound public
policy. Courts will enforce valid stipulations unless some good
cause is shown for declining to do so, especially where the
stipulations have been acted upon so that the parties could not
be placed in status quo. Id. We also recognized, however, that
disposition of a question pertaining to a child’s best interests is
not governed exclusively by a parental stipulation. Id.
In Walters v. Walters, supra, the parties stipulated in their
divorce decree that the decree with respect to child visitation
would be subject to modification upon the application of either
party without a showing of a material change in circumstances.
This court noted that although whether there is a material
change in circumstances is one factor courts normally examine
when modifying child visitation, it is not the only factor; nor
is it the most important factor. Id. We reiterated that it is the
children’s best interests which are paramount to a decision to
modify. Id. We found that agreeing to allow visitation to be
modified without showing a material change in circumstances
potentially enhances the visitation rights of both parties by
reducing the potential for litigation over visitations, and it
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makes modification dependent solely on the best interests
of the children, not on the nuances of the parties’ circum-
stances. Id.
We also determined that the stipulation and the decree did
not contradict the statute controlling child visitation, as the stat-
ute looks to the best interests of the child as being paramount
in decisions of child visitation and does not require a mate-
rial change in circumstances. Walters v. Walters, supra. See
Neb. Rev. Stat. § 42-364(2) (Cum. Supp. 2018). We therefore
concluded that the parties’ stipulation, which was expressly
made part of the decree, was not against good morals or public
policy, and thus, the trial court abused its discretion in deny-
ing modification based on a finding that there was no material
change in circumstances. See Walters v. Walters, supra.
The same analysis is applicable with regard to custody
modification. As with visitation, the children’s best inter-
ests are also paramount to a custody award or modification.
Section 42-364(2) also governs custody awards and states that
custody shall be determined on the basis of the best interests
of the child. As cited above, a party who requests modification
of custody must show that doing so would be in the child’s
best interests. See Hopkins v. Hopkins, 294 Neb. 417, 883
N.W.2d 363 (2016). Thus, the “then-governing legal standard”
which would apply “to such a request for modification” refer-
enced in Glen and Meaghann’s agreement would refer to the
standard set forth in Walters v. Walters, 12 Neb. Ct. App. 340,
673 N.W.2d 585 (2004), which enforces agreements between
parties to allow modification of custody without requiring
proof of a material change in circumstances if modification is
in the best interests of the child. The district court therefore
abused its discretion in requiring proof of a material change
in circumstance. Because the district court found that it would
be in the child’s best interests to have more time with Glen,
we reverse, and remand for the district court to reconsider the
relief sought by Glen in accordance with the best interests of
the child.
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[11] Given the outcome of this assignment of error, we need
not address Glen’s remaining assigned errors. An appellate
court is not obligated to engage in an analysis that is not neces-
sary to adjudicate the case and controversy before it. Applied
Underwriters v. S.E.B. Servs. of New York, 297 Neb. 246, 898
N.W.2d 366 (2017).
CONCLUSION
Because the custody agreement incorporated into the parties’
dissolution decree stipulated that modification of custody could
be sought based solely on the best interests of the child, the
district court abused its discretion in requiring that Glen prove
a material change in circumstances. We therefore reverse the
court’s order and remand the cause with directions consistent
with this opinion.
Reversed and remanded with directions.